定語從句which

　　非限定性定語從句中,無論主語還是賓語,關系代詞用which不用that;即使which作賓語也不省去.以下是小編為大家整理分享的定語從句which，歡迎閱讀參考。

　　定語從句which

　　Which引導的定語從句在語法和語用功能有利于區別于that引導的定語從句的鮮明特色.

　　一、語法要點.

　　①有寬闊的指代范圍.不僅可措代主句中某一先行詞___名詞（A）,還可以指代主句中某些句子成分,如不定式賓補,不定式賓語,動賓結構等（B）,甚至整個主句

　　（C）.后兩項功能是that所沒有的.

　　（A）The computerwhich(=that) I bought yesterday is home made.

　　（B）Yesterday I asked him to go to the cinema with me,whichagreed(昨天我要他同我一道去看電影,他同意了).

　　He wishes to get quick rich without any labour,whichwe think only Wishful thinking (他想不勞而獲,迅速致富,我們認為這是想入非非).

　　（C）The sun heats the earth,Whichis very important to living things(太陽曬熱地球,這對于萬物是十分重要的).

　　②非限定性定語從句中,無論主語還是賓語,關系代詞用which不用that;即使which作賓語也不省去.

　　Football,whichis very interesting, is played all over the world.

　　I never give up learning foreign languages.WhichI fink to de a bridged to the world(我從沒有放棄過外語學習,因為我發現外語是通向世界的橋梁).

　　（比較下一句關系代詞作賓語可省去的限定性定語從句.二者在這一點上的區別一目了然：It is the computer (that /which) I bought last week.）

　　③“介詞+關系代詞”引導定語從句有一下四點值得注意.

　　A:當介詞前置時,關系代詞用which而非that；而且which不省去.

　　The pencil with he was writing broke.

　　無The pencil with that he was writing broke;也無The pencil with he was writing broke.

　　(注：當介詞后置于定語從句動詞后面,并且從句是定性的,關系代詞which, that可互換,能省略.This is the roomwhich/that the great man once worked in.)

　　B:先行詞表示時間,定語從句可用關系副詞（when;先行詞表示地點,定語從句可用關系副詞where:

　　We’ll never forget the day onwhich(-when )we visited the Great wall.

　　They went to the village where(-atwhich)the oil well was located定位）.

　　C：此結構再延伸,出現“名詞/代詞+of/among+關系代詞”的格局,名詞又有數量意義,如“許多,一些,大部分,20個等”,則整個短語譯作“其中許多；其中一些…”：

　　On the crowded bus were school children, many of whom were from Beijing.

　　也可以把名詞/代詞稱到關系代詞后面,整個短語的功能不變：

　　He borrowed from the library novels and magazines, amongwhichsome are in English.

　　D:此延伸結構若是“名詞+介詞of+關系代詞”的格局,名詞無數量意義,則同于whose+名詞：

　　He lives in the house the doors ofwhichface the south,=He lives in the house whose doors face the south.

　　二、語用功能.

　　Which定語從句（尤其是非限定性的）主要還是在語用功能上呈現that定語從句所沒有的亮點.

　　①表達主從句因果關系.

　　A Jew. Albert Einstein had to flee Germany.Whichthen was ruled by Hitler(愛因斯坦只得逃離德國,因為當時的德國是在希特勒的'統治之下).

　　NMET’99：Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancester to the Library Company,____he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary (Cory Luxmoore（千里迢迢）從英國趕來把祖先的日記交給（費城）圖收館公司,是因為他和妻子認為該圖書館才是此日記最好的歸宿處).

　　②表達主從句目的關系.

　　The Southern States set up a separate state of their own, inwhichthey would be free to keep Negroes as slaves(南方各州卻反叛建立一個獨立王國,以便好繼續維持奴隸制度).

　　③表達主從句讓步關系.

　　Einstein, who could have been very rich, cared for little money(愛因斯坦原本可以是非常富有的,但他卻不愛錢).

　　He gave up his cause inwhichhe had been very successful and joined in our project(他的事業盡管干得很出色,他還是放棄了,加入到我們的課題研究中來).

　　④表達主句動作產生的結果.

　　Many trucks and buses are jammed at the crossing,whichmade it impossible for us to go to work on time(許多車輛都堵在十字路口,造成我們不能準時上班).

　　European football is played in 80 countries,whichmakes it the most Popular sport in the world(歐式足球有30個國家在踢,因之成為全世界最流行的一項體育運動).

　　⑤表示主從句條件關系.

　　The past experience,whichis not forgotten, is the guide for the future(前事不忘,可為后事之師).

　　⑥表示主從句時間關系.

　　He was born on October 1,1949,whichsaw the foundation of the People’s Republic of China(他出身在一九四九年十月一日,恰好是中華人民共和國成立的那一天).

　　⑦對主句內容作補充說明.

　　Inspite of his glorious past, he has fallen into the people’s enemy at last,whichis a good lesson for all of us (盡管有著輝煌的過去,他最終還是墮落為人民的敵人,這對我們大家是個很好的教訓).

　　The sentence was announced on Nov. 8 following trials,whichstarted in Sept.(審判于九月開始.多次審判后,判刑才于十一月八日宣布).

　　⑧用于主從句對比關系.

　　He idled away his youthwhichhe should have spent in leaning(他的青春年華本應用于增長才干,而他卻虛度過去了).

　　⑨用于表示世界上獨一無二的人或事物；或當事人認為是獨一無二的事物.

　　China,whichhas a 5000_year_old civilization, is now taking a new

　　Look(已有5千年文明的中國現在正呈現新面貌).

　　All the books here,whichhave beautiful pictures in them, were written by him(這里所有的書都是他寫的,里面都有精美的插畫).

　　（比較：All the books here that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him (這里所有有著漂亮插畫書是他寫的__這里不僅關系詞要換成that,而且還暗示著有雖的書)）.

　　⑩表示與主句或先行詞的同位關系.

　　The speed of sound in air at ordinary temperature is about 1,100 feet per second,whichis about 700 miles per hour(常溫下聲在空氣中的速度是大約每秒1,100英尺,即大約是小時傳播700英里遠.)

　　可以看出,which定語從句不僅涵蓋that定語從句的功能__即純定語功能,而且還有that定語從句所不能表達語用領域___狀語用法.因此,只注意which定語從句的語法搭配而忽略其語用意義,就意味著對英語定語從句的認識還沒有到位.

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