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定語從句知識點分析
上學期間,大家最不陌生的就是知識點吧!知識點是傳遞信息的基本單位,知識點對提高學習導航具有重要的作用。掌握知識點是我們提高成績的關鍵!以下是小編為大家整理的定語從句知識點分析,供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。
關系代詞有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。
關系副詞有:when,where,why,how。
關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間,起連接作用,同時又可做定語從句的一個成分。當關系代詞做賓語時可以省略。
定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數量上和先行詞保持一致。
定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。
關系代詞引導的定語從句
1)who,whom,that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換).
例如:
Please pass me the book whose (of which)cover is green.
3)which,that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等.
例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
(which / that在句中作賓語)
關系代詞that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法區別:
不用that的情況:
a)在引導非限定性定語從句時
(錯)The tree,that is four hundred years old,is very famous here.
b)介詞后不能用
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
c)多用who 的情況
①關系代詞在從句中做主語
A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.
②先行詞為those,people 時
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
③先行詞為all,anyone,ones,one 指人時
One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.
④在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.
⑤在被分隔的定語從句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
⑥在有兩個定語從句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個以上的并列定語從句時,后一個必須重復前一個關系代詞。
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.
只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a)在不定代詞,如:anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
b)先行詞有the only,the very,the just修飾時,只用that。
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
c)先行詞為序數詞(the last)、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。
The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.
d)先行詞既有人,又有物時。
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
e)當主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時,用that 以避免重復。
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
f)關系代詞在從句中做表語
He is not the man that he used to be.
關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點、方式或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
關系副詞when,where,why,how的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用.
例如:
There are occasions when (on which)one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which)I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which)he refused our offer?
I'm surprised the way how (by which)he works out the problem.
注意:
①在非限制性定語從句中,"介詞+ which"結構不能代替關系副詞。
如:They set up a state for their own ,where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
②含有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開,介詞仍放在動詞后面。
Is this the book which (that)she was looking for?
名詞/數詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關系代詞引導定語從句
She has written a book ,the name of which I have forgotten.
There are fifty-five students in our class ,all of whom are working hard.
There are five continents in the world ,the largest of which is Asia.
定語從句“三要素”
1、先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞
①指人的先行詞
②指物的先行詞
先行詞還可以是前面整個句子所敘述的事情。
He has passed the driving test,whichsurprises all of us。 (which替代前面所敘述的事情) 先行詞
2、關系詞:引導定語的詞
(1)關系詞的作用
①替代前面的先行詞(替代作用)
②連接主句和定語從句(連接作用)
③在定語從句中作句子成分(成分作用)
(2)關系詞的分類
①標準:根據關系詞在從句中做的句子成分種類
②關系代詞:在從句中做 主,賓,表,定
(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)
③關系副詞:在從句中作狀語(When/where/why)
3、定語從句:用來做定語,修飾限定先行詞的句子
定語從句的概念
在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
定語從句的關系詞
引導定語從句的關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞,常見的關系代詞包括that,which,who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關系副詞包括where,when,why等。關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。
定語從句的分類
根據定語從句與先行詞的關系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去,非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
關系代詞的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3.who,whom用于指人,who 用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
注意:
(1)當定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who,that,which可省略,但介詞在關系代詞前時,只能用“介詞+which/whom”結構。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。
(2)含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.這就是你要找的那個人。
(3)that 作介詞的賓語時,介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠。
(4)關系詞只能用that的情況:
a.先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數詞、基數詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個通過考試的人。
b.被修飾的先行詞為all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c.先行詞被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d.先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重復,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
f.主句是there be 結構,修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
(5)關系詞只能用which,而不用that的情況:
a.先行詞為that,those時,用which,而不用that.例如:
What's that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b.關系代詞前有介詞時,一般用which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.這是他居住的房間。
c.引導非限制性定語從句,用which,而不用that.例如:
Tom came back,which made us happy.湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
五、關系副詞的用法
(1)when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達的時間。
(2)where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例如:
This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點。
(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.沒人知道他為什么上學總遲到。
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