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初中英語語法總結
總結是事后對某一階段的學習、工作或其完成情況加以回顧和分析的一種書面材料，它有助于我們尋找工作和事物發展的規律，從而掌握并運用這些規律，因此我們需要回頭歸納，寫一份總結了。那么總結應該包括什么內容呢？下面是小編為大家收集的初中英語語法總結，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。
初中英語語法總結1
冠詞是虛詞，本身不能單獨使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞分為不定冠詞a(an)和定冠詞the兩種。不定冠詞僅用在單數可數名詞前面，表示“一”的意義，但不強調數目觀念，只表示名詞為不特定者。定冠詞則表示名詞為特定者，表示“這”、“那”、“這些”、“那些”的意思，在可數的單復數名詞或不可數名詞前面都可以用。
I不定冠詞
We need an apple and a knife.
我們需要一個蘋果和一把刀子。
1.a和an的區別
不定冠詞有a[+]和an[+Q]兩種形式，a用于輔音(不是輔音字母)開頭的`詞前。an用于元音(不是元音字母)開頭的詞前。
a boy, a university, a European country
u是元音字母，但發音是[U(]，是輔音。
an hour，an honor，an island
h是輔音字母，但它不發音，它的音標是是元音。
an elephant，an umbrella，an egg
2(1)不定冠詞的用法
①泛指—類人或物。
eg. This is a pencil case.
②指不具體的某個人或物。
eg. I met an old man On my way home.
③用在序數詞前,相當于another.
eg. There’s a third boy near the shop.
④表示“每—(個)”,相當于every.
eg. They have music lessons twice a week.
必背!
give a lesson take a bath have a rest
教(一堂)課洗(個)澡休息
have a talk have a fever have a good time
聽報告發燒過得愉快
have(take)a walk have a headache have a nice trip
散步頭疼旅途愉快
a lot of, a lot, a little, a few, a glass of, such a/an, have a word with, have a look, have a try, have a swim, a quarter, half an hour, three times a day, have a talk, give a talk, ten Yuan a kilo
(2)不定冠詞的位置
①不定冠詞—般放在所修飾的單數可數名詞前。
eg, a bike, an egg
②當名詞被such, what, many修飾時，不定冠詞放在這些詞之后。
eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.
He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.
What a dangerous job it is!
Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
③當名詞前的形容詞前有so, how, too等詞時，不定冠詞應放在形容詞之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
How nice a film this is!
④當名詞前面有形容詞和quite, rather, very時，不定冠詞放在quite, rather之后,very之前。
eg.It is quite a good book.
That is rather a useful too1.
This is a very interesting story.
初中英語語法總結2
【—need】didn't need to do的意思是過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。而needn't have done則表示過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。
初中英語語法大全：need "不必做"和"本不該做"
didn't need to do表示： 過去不必做某事, 事實上也沒做。.
needn't have done表示： 過去不必做某事, 但事實上做了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 約翰開車去車站接瑪麗，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，沒有遇上John的.車。)
典型例題
There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried B. couldn't have hurried C. must not hurry D. needn't have hurried
答案D。needn't have done. 意為 "本不必"，即已經做了某事，而時實際上不必要。
Mustn't have done 用法不正確，對過去發生的事情進行否定性推斷應為couldn't have done, "不可能已經"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般現在時）。
初中英語語法總結3
數詞時刻的'表達法：
一、 整點法：如果時間是整點，就用“鐘點數+o’clock”來表示。o’clock可省略。如：8：00可讀作eight
o’clock或eight
二、順讀法：順讀法，也叫直接讀法，此方法用于既有鐘點數，又有分鐘數的時間，通常先讀“鐘點數”，再讀分鐘數。如：7：20讀作seven-twenty
三、倒讀法：此方法是“先讀分鐘數”，再讀“鐘點數”，使用此方法要注意兩點：
1、如果分鐘數在30以內，就用“分鐘數+past+鐘點數”表示，介詞past意為“過”。如：6：10讀作ten past six.
2、當分鐘數正好是“三十分鐘”時，可用“順讀法”中的“鐘點數+thirty”,也可用“half+past+鐘點數”.如：7：30可讀作seven
thirty 或 half past seven.
3、如果分鐘數超過30，則用“(60-分鐘數)+ to +(鐘點數 + 1)”來表示，介詞to 為“差”的意思。如：6：35讀作twenty-five
to seven (差二十五分鐘到七點)
在“倒讀法”中，當分鐘數涉及到“15分鐘”時，一般不用fifteen,而用a quarter(一刻鐘)來表示。如：10：15讀作a quarter
past ten (一般不讀 fifteen past ten)
初中英語語法總結4
每年的中考試卷中，“句型轉換”題所占分值較大，是為了全面考查學生在初中階段所學的詞匯(同義或反義)、短語、句型和語法等方面的知識及其它的之間的靈活運用能力。
Ⅰ.題型介紹
所謂“句型轉換”就是先給一個完整的句子A，再根據括號內的要求(有時沒有明確，須自己觀察)，在第二個句子B的空白處填上適當的詞來完成的句型轉換。
Ⅱ.題型分類
從形式上看，有如下幾種形式：①某一詞或詞組的轉換;②詞組與句子的轉換;③同義句型的轉換;④為糾正常犯語言錯誤而設計的題目。
從內容上看，此題型涉及的面較廣，主要有：①句子功能方面的轉換。包括陳述句(肯定與否定)、四種題疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句的轉換;②句子結構方面的轉換。即簡單句、復合句、并列句之間的轉換;③語態的轉換。即主動語態與被動語態之間的轉換;④常用句型與詞匯手段的轉換。
Ⅲ.具體分類如下
一、陳述句與疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句間的轉換
1、陳述句中肯定句變為否定句，大部分是用not來改變謂語結構，但也有借用否定意義的詞，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改為疑問句。根據上下句的結構和詞的減少，來判斷變為哪一種形式的疑問句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B： Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改為感嘆句。根據所給的句子結構和單詞的詞性，來確定使用哪一種感嘆句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!
或 How interesting this book is!
二、同義句轉換。
根據上句，寫出一個意思相同(或相近)的下句，此類形式繁多，內容復雜，涉及面廣，歸類如下：
1、同義詞或詞組之間的轉換。(通常上下句時態保持一致)。
常見的同義詞或詞組有：(1)四個“花費”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三個“到達”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四個“收到…來信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)兩個“擅長于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)兩個“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三個“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)兩個“玩得開心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“給…打電話”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飛往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自學”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面幫助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/會…can-be able to(14)更喜歡…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充滿了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放棄干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顧/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展覽 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)舉手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后，終于at last-in the end(24)與…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)從…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火車/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行車去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)為…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)獨自地by oneself -alone等。例如：
A：The children had a good time in the park.
B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.
2、同義句型之間的轉化。常見的同義句型有①It seems that 從句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…與when/after/before引導的時間狀語從句的轉換 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?
例如：
A：I went to bed after I finished my homework.
B：I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.
3、if引導的條件狀語從句的轉化。例如：
A：If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
B：Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.
A：If you don't hurry, you'll be late.
B：Hurry up, or you'll be late.
A：Fish can't live if there is no water.
B：Fish can't live without water.
4、現在完成時態中的一句多譯。在現在完成時態中，結束性動詞不能與時間段連用，必須改成相應的延續性動詞。常見的動詞轉換有：buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+組織/be a +成員, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep，get up-be up.
例如：The old man died five months ago.
The old man has been dead since five months ago.
The old man has been dead for five months.
It's five months since the old man died.
Five months has passed since the old man died.
5、簡單句與復合句之間的轉換。
①含賓語從句的復合句與簡單句的轉換。例如：
A：I saw they were playing football on the playground.
B：I saw them playing football on the playground.
A：The teacher found that she was very clever.
B：The teacher found her very clever.
A：He found that it was hard to learn English well.
B：He found it hard to learn English well.
A：We are sure that we will win to first match.
B：We are sure to win to first match.
由疑問代詞/副詞引導的賓語從句可轉化為“疑問句+不定式”結構。例如：
A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?
A：We don't know what we should do next.
B：We don't know what to do next.
②由when/after/before/while/since/until引導的時間狀語從句可轉化為when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…
例如：
A：They went home after they finished their work.
B：The went home after finishing their work.
A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.
B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.
When sb. +be+數詞+years old→at the age of+歲數
A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.
③由so…that…引導的結果狀語從句可轉化為too…to do或…enough to do……例如：
A：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.
B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.
或：The box isn't light enough for me to carry.
A：The child is so old that he can go to school.
B：The child is old enough to go to school.
④由so that 引導的目的狀語從句可轉化為in order to do例如：
A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.
B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.
⑤由because 引導的原因狀語從句可轉化為because of…例如：
A：We didn't go to the park because it rained.
B：We didn't go to the park because of the rain.
⑥定語從句可以轉化為介詞短語或分詞短語。例如：
A：The man who is on the bike is Jim.
B：The man on the bike is Jim.
A：The man who is driving the red car is my boss.
B：The man driving the red car is my boss.
A：The girl who is called Mary is my sister.
B：The girl called Mary is my sister.
6、用并列連詞neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…連句。例如：
A：I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.
B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.
A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.
B：Tom is good at both maths and French.
neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞依靠近它的主語而定，即“就近原則”，但是both…and用來連接兩個主語時，謂語復數。
7、主動語與被動語態的互變。
“主動”變“被動”實行“三變二不變”原則。“三變”即是主語，謂語和賓語的變化，“二不變”即時態不變，句式不變。例如：
A：They make watches in the town.
B：Watches are made by them in the town.
A：I can finish the work before eight.
B：The work can be finished(by me)before eight.
A：Do they grow rice in South China?
B：Is rice grown in South China?
注：使役性動詞make或感觀性動詞see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主動語態中所帶省to的不定式賓補變為被動語態時，必須加上to.
A：I saw him take your umbrella.
B：He was seen to take your umbrella.
8、形容詞、副詞二級之間的轉化，例如
A：Chinese is the most important subject of all.
B：Chinese is more important than any other subject.
A：This exercise is easier than the other two.
B：This exercise is the easiest of the three.
Ⅵ.解題指導
要做好句型轉換題，必須注意如下幾點：
1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英語的不同結構表達技巧。
2、弄清題意，明確題目考查點，了解題目所給句子與答句之間的關系。
3、注意從多角度，全方位考慮問題，突破難點，注意復查，看是否按要求完成了轉換。
通過上述的歸納和指導，可以理清學生的“依章辦事”的解題思路，養成“有條不紊”的解題習慣，培養多角度思維解題的能力，從而達到提高學習效率的目的。
特殊疑問句
注：1、一般情況：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句構成。
2、特殊疑問詞在句中充當成分。
3、不用yes ,no回答，直接回答。
4、讀降調。
5、常用疑問詞：who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。
對劃線部分提問。(把各句變為特殊疑問句)
1、 對主語(人)提問：
The boy is running now. Who is running now?
2、 對表語(人)提問：
He is Lily's father. Who is he ?
3、 對介賓(人)提問：
She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?
4、 對動賓(人)提問：
I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?
5、 對間賓(人)提問：
Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?
6、 對主語(東西)提問：
The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?
7、 對表語(東西)提問：
These are boats. What are these?
8、 對動賓(東西)提問：
I want a cup of tea. What do you want?
9對職業(提問)提問：
The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?
10.對介賓(東西)提問：
He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?
11、對是什么提問：
It's a Chinese car. What is it?
12、對計算結果提問：
Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?
13、對年級提問：
I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?
14、對班級提問：
Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?
15、對年級和班級提問：
Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?
16、對排提問:
We are in Row One. What row are you in?
注：1、對年級、班級、排提問時，問句中的in 不能去掉.
2，what 后的grade ,class ，row用小寫形式.
3,what根據實際譯為漢語.
17、對學號提問:
Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?
18、對后置定語提問:
This is a map of China. What map is this ?
19、對顏色提問:
The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?
20、對幾點幾分提問:
It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?
21、對名字提問:
My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?
22、對前置定語提問:
These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?
The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?
23、對表語(名物代)提問:
This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?
24、對后置定語提問:
The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?
25、對后置定語提問:
I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?
26、對主語(名物代)提問:
Mine is red. Whose is red?
27、對定語(形物代)提問:
They are my books. Whose books are they?
28、對定語(名詞所有格)提問:
This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?
29、對表語(名詞所有格)提問：
This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?
30對身體提問：
I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?
31、對年齡提問：
The boy is fifteen. How old are you?
32、對天氣提問：
It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?
33、對語言提問：
I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?
34、對方式提問：
I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?
35、對程度提問：
She studies hard. How does she study?
36、對數量提問：
1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?
2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?
3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?
37、對價格提問：The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?
注：1，對價格提問，be 應根據后面的主語而定。
2，單位yuan在問句中去掉。
38、對距離提問：
The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?
39、對長度提問：
The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?
40、對for+一段時間提問：
We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?
He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?
注：how long 后面必須是延續性動詞。
41、對星期提問：
Today is Monday. What day is it today?
42、對in+一段時間提問：
The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?
43、對頻度副詞提問：
Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?
44、對范圍內的'次數提問：
I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?
45、對寬度提問：
The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?
46、對原因狀語提問：
He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?
注：表示“因為”的連詞有since, as , for, because.
47、對時間狀語提問：
We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?
48、對地點狀語提問：
The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?
49、對幾月幾日提問：
It's May 2 today. What's the date today?
50、對種類(后置定語)提問：
I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?
51、對作什么提問：
The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?
熟記變特殊疑問句時，容易判斷錯的情況。
1、 數詞
表示年齡：He is fifty-five. How old is he ?
表示時間：It's fifty-five. What's the time?
表示加法：Six and two is eight. What's six and two?
表示價格：The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?
表示多少：I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?
2、 姓名和人
表示人名：My name is Gina. What's your name?
表示人：The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?
3、 長度和距離
表示距離：It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?
表示長度：It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?
4、 顏色，東西
表示顏色：The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?
表示物：They are white sheep. What are they?
表示顏色：They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?
5、 名詞所有格和人
表示名詞所有格：She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?
表示人：She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?
同義句轉換的九種類型
同義句轉換題是近幾年中考英語的一個常考題型，其出題形式通常是同時給出兩個句子，第一句完整，第二句中設有幾處空格，要求考生填入適當的詞或詞組，使第二句的意思與第一句意思相同。它綜合考查考生的語法、詞匯、短語或習慣用語和句型結構等知識，要求運用所學的詞匯、語法知識和句型結構填寫句子，使句子結構完整、邏輯合理、語法知識無誤、意思與所給句子相同。通過對近幾年的中考英語試題中同義句轉換題的分析，我們發現中考英語同義句轉換題主要考查以下幾個方面：
一、運用同義詞(組)進行轉換
用同義詞或同義詞組對原句中的某些詞或詞組進行替換，注意轉換后的詞或詞組的詞形變化要與句子其他成分相適應。如：
1. That day we could see flowers here and there.
That day we could see flowers __________.
分析：答案為everywhere。everywhere與here and there都表示“到處”。
2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.
The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.
分析：答案為looks after。take good care of與look after…well都表示“好好照顧”。
二、運用反義詞(組)的否定式進行轉換
即用反義詞或詞組的否定式表達與原句相同的意思，主要考查學生對反義詞(詞組)的積累和換位思維的能力。如：
1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.
It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.
分析：答案為same as。be different from意為“與……不同”;the same as意為“與……相同”，其否定式與be different from同義。
2. I think wealth is less important than health.
I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.
分析：答案為don’t，more。less important的意思是“沒有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”，該結構與not連用，則表示“不比……更重要”。
另外，有的反義詞即使不與否定詞連用，而只需改變句子結構也可構成同義句。如：
He lent some money to his friend.
He friend ___ some money ___ him.
分析：答案為borrowed，from。borrow…from意為“向……借……”;lend…to意為“把……借給……”。兩個結構意思相反，但若變換“借出者”與“借入者”的位置，則可轉換為同義句。
三、運用不同語態進行轉換
即運用主動語態與被動語態的變化來轉換同義詞，但此時要特別注意時態、動詞一致性。如：
1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.
Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.
分析：答案為be given back。被動句中含有情態動詞should，因此助動詞用be。
2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.
Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.
分析：答案為are，used。computers是復數名詞，助動詞用are。
四、非延續性動詞與延續性動詞的相互轉換
即非延續性動詞與延續性動詞進行轉換，此時往往會涉及時態的變化。如：
1. The manager left two hours ago.
The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.
分析：答案為has been away。leave為非延續性動詞，不能與for two hours這樣的一段時間連用，而改成be away這樣的延續性動詞后，則可連用一段時間。
2. The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.
分析：答案為on for。has been提示時態是現在完成時態，“for+時間段”表示“持續(一段時間)”，常用在含有現在完成時態的句子里。
3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.
Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.
答案：has been in。短暫動詞join，意為“參加、加入(組織，政黨)”，不能與延續時間狀語連用，與延續性時間狀語連用時，將join改成be in或be a member in…。
五、運用不同引語進行轉換
即將直接引語變為間接引語或將間接引語轉換成直接引語。此時還要注意相關時態、人稱、動詞、狀語等相應的變化。如：
1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.
He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.
分析：答案為told，had found。此題是將直接引語轉換成間接引語。
2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.
分析：答案為asked if/ whether, before。此題是將疑問句的直接引語轉換成間接引語。
六、運用簡單句與復合句之間的轉換
即將簡單句變成同義的復合句或將復合句變成同義的簡單句。如：
1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.
We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.
分析：答案為because of。將原因狀語從句because it was raining改為表示原因的介詞短語because of the rain。
2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.
He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.
分析：答案為too excited to。將so…that…換成too…to…結構，原句的that從句為結果狀語從句，改寫句中的不定式仍表結果。
3. Now I will show you how to do the work.
Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.
分析：答案為how you can。即將原句中的“疑問詞+不定式”結構轉換成賓語從句。
4. You should put them back after you use them.
You should put them back _____ _____ them.
分析：答案為after using。即將after引導的狀語從句改寫為after引導的介詞短語。
七、運用并列句與復合句之間的轉換
即將并列句變成同義的復合句或將復合句變成同義的并列句。如：
1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.
____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.
分析：答案為If，don’t。if引導條件狀語從句。
2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.
The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.
分析：答案為who/ that，will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week為定語從句，修飾先行詞the man。
八、運用關聯連詞連接或合并句子
即運用關聯連詞both…and…，neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…等將兩個簡單句合并為一個簡單句。此時要注意的是，both…and…連接兩個主語時，謂語總是用復數，而neither…nor…，either…or…，not only…but also…連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞通常應與靠近的主語保持一致。如：
1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.
______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.
分析：答案填Neither，nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(兩者)都不”，剛好與原句的兩個否定結構的意思相吻合。
2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.
______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.
分析：答案為Both，and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(兩者)都”。
3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.
This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.
分析：答案為not only，but also。表示“不僅……而且……”之意。
九、利用某些典型句式或結構進行轉換
這類典型結構如so…that…，too…to…，enough to，not…until…，so do I等。如：
1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.
Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.
分析：答案為so do。句意為“……他的父母也一樣(一樣想去)”。
2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.
John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.
分析：答案為didn’t，until。not…until意為“直到……才”。
初中英語語法總結5
名詞
名詞的可數與不可數
可數名詞指表示的人或事物可以用數來計量，它有單數與復數兩種形式。不可數名詞指所表示的事物不能用數來計量。物質名詞與抽象名詞一般無法用數目，來統計，都成為不可數名詞。
不可數名詞前一般不能用冠詞a、an來表示數量，沒有復數形式。要表示“一個……”這一概念，就須加a piece
of這一類短語。要注意許多名詞在漢語里看來是可數名詞，在英語里卻不可數。如chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
名詞復數的規則變化
A.一般情況下加-s。
B.以s, x, ch, sh, 結尾的加-es
C.以輔音字母加y結尾的改y為i再加-es
D.以f，fe結尾的，去掉f或fe，變成v再加-es
名詞的所有格
A. 單數名詞詞尾加’s，復數名詞詞尾若沒有s，也要加’s。
如the worker's bike，the Children’ s ball
B. 表示幾個人共有一樣東西，只需在最后一個人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，則需在各個名字后’ s。
如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通過在詞尾加—s構成的復數形式的名詞，只加’。如the students’ books，the girls’ blouses
(另外名詞+of+名詞名詞是有生命的，我們就用’s結構來表示所有關系。如果名詞所表示的事物是無生命的，我們就要用名詞+of+名詞的結構來表示所有關系。)
代詞
人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，指示代詞，不定代詞
人稱代詞
第一人稱單數I me my mine myself復數 we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱單數 you you your yours yourself復數 you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱單數 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its
itself復數
they them their theirs themselves
物主代詞
物主代詞的用法形容詞性物主代詞后面一定要跟上一個名詞;名詞性物主代詞可作主語、表語、賓語。
反身代詞
反身代詞的構成分兩種第一、二人稱反身代詞在形容詞性物主代詞后加上self或selves，第三人稱的反身代詞在賓格代詞后加上self或selves.
反身代詞的用法一種是作賓語，由主語發出的動作又回到動作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.
另一種是作名詞或代詞的同位語;用來加強語氣。如I can do it myself.
指示代詞
指示代詞的特殊用法
● 為了避免重復，可用that，those代替前面提到過的名詞，但是this，these不可以。
this，that有時可代替句子或句子中的一部分。
不定代詞
one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等
冠詞
不定冠詞an用在元音讀音開頭(不是指元音字母)的詞前，其余用不定冠詞a.
定冠詞的基本用法
A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B. 指談話雙方都知道的'人或事物前面。
C. 用在單數可數名詞前面，表示某一類人或事物。
定冠詞的特殊用法
A. 用在世界上獨一無二的事物或方位名詞前。
B. 用在序數詞、形容詞的最高級及only所修飾的名詞前。
C. 用在江河、海洋、山脈、湖泊、群島的名稱前面。
D. 用在由普通名詞和另外一些詞所構成的專有名詞前面。
E. 用在姓氏的復數形式前面，表示全家人或這一姓的夫婦二人。
F. 用在樂器名稱前。
G. 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人或事物。
名詞前不用冠詞的情況
A. 在專有名詞 (包括人名、地名、節日、月份、季節) 、物質名詞和抽象名詞前—般不用冠詞。但在以Festival組成的民間節日前要加the。
B. 表示一類人或事物的復數名詞前。
C. 名詞前有物主代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時，不用冠詞。
D. 三餐飯、球類、棋類、游戲名稱前一般不用冠詞。正在有些詞組中，有無冠詞含義不同。
(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌邊
go to school去上學;go to the school去那所學校;in hospital住院;in the
hospital在那個醫院里
初中英語語法總結6
關系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。關系代詞的三個作用代替先行詞，在定語從句中作某種成分，連接先行詞與定語從句。引導定語從句的關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which。
關系代詞who，whom的用法
關系代詞who和whom用來指人。先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語時用關系詞who，作賓語時用關系詞whom或who。在現代英語中常常用who代替whom。如
This is the man who helped me yesterday.這就是昨天幫助我的那個人。(作主語)
The teacher who/whom you want to see is coming.你要見的老師來了。(作see的賓語)
注意
①關系詞在從句中作賓語時，常常被省略。如
The man you talked about is our headmaster.你們談論的那個人是我們的校長。
②介詞后的.賓語只能用關系詞whom，不可用關系詞who。如
The man to whom you spoke just now is an actor.剛才和你說話的那個人是個演員。
關系代詞that的用法
關系代詞that既可用來指人，也可用來指物，指人時可代替關系詞who、whom，指物時可代替關系詞which。that在從句中可作主語或賓語，還可作表語;作賓語或表語時可省略;作介詞賓語時，介詞不可提到that之前，否則需要用關系詞who或which替代。如
Who is the person that/who is making the lecture?正在做演講的那個人是誰?
Who is the man that/whom they are talking about?他們正在談論的那個人是誰?
You can never get the time that/which is lost.你永遠也找不回來失去的時間。
關系代詞which的用法
關系代詞which用來指物，在從句中作主語、賓語。which引導定語從句有時可以與that互換使用;作賓語時可以省略。如
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.這是一件做給你的衣服。(作主語)
This is the factory (which/that )we visited last
year.這就是我們去年參觀的那家工廠。(作visited的賓語，可以省略)
關系代詞whose的用法
關系代詞whose通常用來指人，但有時也可指物，在定語從句中作定語，而且不能省略;whose指物時可以與of which互換使用。如
I met a boy whose father was an astronaut.我認識一位男孩，他的父親是宇航員。(作定語)
The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year.那棵紅色葉子的樹是去年栽的。
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which)is very
beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的書。
初中英語語法總結7
I.要點
表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實相反的假設等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。
1、虛擬語氣的構成
如：與現在事實相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
與過去事實相反：
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
與將來事實相反：
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (條件從句謂語動詞用were to +動詞原形，表示下雨的可能性極小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加強表示“當初沒想到以后的事”)
注：
(1)如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had, should, could有時可將if省去,但要倒裝。如：
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合時間條件句的用法：
有時條件從句的動作和主句動作發生的時間不一致。這時動詞的形式，應根據它所要表達的具體時間來決定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(從句敘述過去，主句敘述現在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句敘述現在，從句敘述過去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他狀語從句中的.用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引導的比較狀語從句，從句中謂語動詞一般用“動詞的過去式(be變were )或had +過去分詞。”如：
She looked as if she were ill.(實際上她沒有病，在這里用虛擬語氣補語比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(這里用虛擬語氣表現他的英語說得好)
2、虛擬語氣在各種從句的應用
(1)在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應如此等，其謂語形式是"should(可省) +動詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如：It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在賓語從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動詞后的賓語從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表語從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位語從句中，謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中，其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或"should +動詞原形",should不可省。如：
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英語語法總結8
【—輔導之構詞法】關于構詞法的英語語法知識，希望同學們認真學習。
構詞法
英語構詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的.),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉換法：
(1)形容詞→動詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續),等等。
初中英語語法總結9
常用動詞注意事薦
動詞注意點
一、主動表被動的情況
感觀系動詞，look, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste等
eg. The fish tastes nice.
measure, weigh等表示度量的動詞。
eg. The elephant weights nearly a ton.
wash, clean, open, sell, read, last, write, steer等不及物動詞可以表示被動意義。eg. The ship steer easily.
二、被動句表示主動含義。
She was dressed in a red skirt.
此類動詞常見于dress, seat, devote, adapt, accustom等后面可以接反身代詞的動詞。
二、時態，語態
用進行時表示一種情緒。
She is always helping others.(表贊揚)
The man is always smoking in the office, which offends others very much.
一般過去時表示某一動作已完成，過去進行時表示動作可能未完成。
He wrote a letter yesterday morning.(信已寫完)
He was writing a letter yesterday evening. (信可能還未寫完)
現在完成時可表示動作持續至今，一般過去時則表示動作已結束，并不強調對現在造成的影響或結果。
I have lived in this street.(我一直住這條街上)
I lived in this street.(我曾住在這條街上)
表示幾個連續動作時，盡管有先后，仍要用相同時態。
He came into the classroom, put down the book and wrote a few words on the blackboard.
在條件和時間狀語從句中常用一般時表示將來。
敘述過去發生的某件事情常用一般過去時，表示過去某個時間或動作之后發生的事情才用過去將來時，過去某個時刻/段內正發生的事情，才用過去進行時，過去某個時間或動作之前發生的事情才用過去完成時。因此找準時間的參照點，是正確運用時態的關鍵。
羅列并熟記各種時態的被動形式。
三.動詞的類別與特征中的注意點
兼作Vt., Vi.的動詞
(1)對兼作Vt., Vi.的動詞，要注意根據不同的`情況選擇使用。
The children are flying their kites in the square.( Vt.)
We saw a plane flying high up in the sky.( Vi.)
(2)有些動詞后跟從句時為Vt.，其它情況為Vi.，但意義基本不變。典型的有wonder, think, insist, agree,等。
The headmaster insisted that the students should wear school uniforms .
The headmaster insisted on the students wearing school uniforms.
(3)有些動詞在Vt. Vi.之間，意義有所不同。如run, stand, lie等
She stood alone under the tree.
I can’t stand such cold weather.
常用的雙賓動詞有give, teach, lend, bring, explain, send, offer, pay, sell, buy, tell, show, write, ask, wish, read等，這些動詞都帶有一定的趨向性。因此轉換成帶介詞的情況時，常可用for , to來轉換。
注意explain sth. to sb.=explain to sb. sth., describe sth. to sb.=describe to sb. sth.
帶賓補的動詞，注意賓補的邏輯主語是動詞賓語
賓補常是名詞、形容詞、介詞短語，副詞和非謂語動詞等。常見的此類動詞有make, have, let, get, keep, find, see, feel, notice等，但要注意不同的動詞有不同的接法。
He kept the children (keep不能用不定式作賓補)
Make…do, have…do/doing/done，get…to do/done, find…doing/done, leave…to do/doing/介詞短語/ see…doing/do/done
后面常接-ing的動詞及短語suggest, finish, avoid, can’t help, mind, need, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, admit, endure, escape, miss, appreciate, dislike, have a good time doing, put off, call off, give up
有些動詞后面接to do和-ing時意義基本相同，而有的則完全不同，要注意
Love, like, hate, forget, remember, stop, begin, start, continue, prefer, regret, intend, mean, want, need, require, neglect, try, deserve, can’t bear等
注意狀態動詞和動態動詞的選用
Mother asked the son to notice his manners at the party. (notice就改為mind)
再如listen/hear, look/see, look for/find, advise/persuade, marry/be married, join/be in等。
注意have表“有”時，及系動詞一般不能用進行時態。
注意表示“有”時，have與there be的選用
注意動詞詞組分類(見)，尤其要注意各類動詞詞組的使用特點及有的動詞詞組的主被動轉換使用。
Make use of sth→sth is made use of(介詞不要掉了)/use is made of sth.
10.Hope, intend, expect, plan, want, think, mean等動詞用過去完成時表示沒有實現的愿望，計劃，打算等。
初中英語語法總結10
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1） 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國東部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4） 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英語寫得不錯，講的可不行。
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現在時。
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1）在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是個孩子的時候，常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那時，布朗一家無論什么時候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如：It is
time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ，例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you
came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在
。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現在還活著）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
（含義：現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）
注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2）情態動詞 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing：對……已感到習慣，或"習慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現在已習慣于散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去，因此應用過去時。
11.4 一般將來時
1） shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎？
2） be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next
month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那烏云，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4） be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時，be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）
11.7 一般現在時表將來
1）下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什么時候開？十分鐘后。
2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3）在時間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來后，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就寫信給你。
4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務必把窗戶關了。
11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？
11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態，其結果的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成：have（has） +過去分詞。
11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1）一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2）一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （強調看的動作發生過了）
I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （強調起床的動作已發生過了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團內的狀態可延續）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團員的狀態可持續）
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于現在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
（1） ---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時，故選B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。
注意：非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續時間長度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現在已不在這里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（現在我仍在這里工作。）
注意：用句型轉換的方法，很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。
1）（對） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（錯） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1） since +過去一個時間點（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past
six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。
2） since +一段時間+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經有五個月了。
3） since +從句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。
4） It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1） 用于完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 （表結果）
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。（表經歷）
2） 用于till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強調對現在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several
times告知為反復發生的動作，因此用現在完成時。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時。
11.15 過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。 那時以前 那時 現在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在后，用一般過去時。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉眼又賣了。
11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1） 兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先后，或用then，and，，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 ） 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 將來完成時
1） 構成will have done
2） 概念
a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時，你已經到達上海了。
11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法：
a. 表示現在（指說話人說話時）正在發生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重復性的'動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。（說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態。）
c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態，應用進行時，由于沒有找到，學英語的好網站，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。
11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1）表示事實狀態的動詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理狀態的動詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3）瞬間動詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4）系動詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點累。
11.20 過去進行時
1）概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2）過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景；一個長動作延續的時候，另一個短動作發生。
3） 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來，受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時，正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時，陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割傷手指是已發生的事情，學英語的好網站，應用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性，"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景，因此用過去進行時。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell（fall的過去時），是系動詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。
英語語法經典例題800例：非謂語動詞（例題1）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學一看到空格前的情態動詞 could 就斷定此處應填動詞原形 enter。
【分析】其實正確答案應是B。此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動詞 do，若把句子補完整應為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語的，而不是與情態動詞(could)一起構成謂語。請再看類似例句：
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學習以便趕上他的同學。
值得指出的是，這也并不是說今后只要遇到類似結構的題就一定選帶to不定式。請看以下試題：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案是 C不是A，其中的現在分詞短語 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此題答案選 C，這與前面動詞 spent 的搭配有關，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補充完整，即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此題答案選D，注意兩點：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意為“把……貢獻給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，后接動詞時要用動名詞。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易誤選B，根據 can’t help doing sth 這一結構推出。
【分析】其實答案應選A。比較以下結構：
can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一題，答案也是 B：
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再請看以下試題：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此題應選C，句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據句意用被動形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為B。現分析如下：
(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，故后接動詞時要用動名詞，不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨立主格結構，用作狀語。
(4) 選C錯誤：因為all her time 與 devote 為被動關系，故應將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯誤：若單獨看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒有錯，但問題是逗號前后兩個簡單句沒有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或將D將中的is 改為 being也可選它。
英語語法經典例題800例：虛擬語氣（例題）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】正確答案選B。根據上文的語境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過這篇文章的話——但事實上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選，主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響。
【分析】最佳答案為D。關鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語氣，句子既然用了虛擬語氣，也就是說，“他喝醉了”不是事實，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者，認為前后兩句的動詞性質應一致;選C者，認為其后帶有if 條件狀語從句，從語氣上看，主句應用將來時態。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。分析如下：
(1) “so + 助動詞 + 主語”是一個很有用的結構，它表示“……也一樣”時。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視，我也一樣。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當動植物消失的時候，人類也會隨之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語從句的謂語用的是虛擬語氣(這是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案應選D。
英語語法經典例題800例：強調句（例題）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認為強調的是原因狀語從句 because we were late。
【分析】但實際上，此題的答案為B，強調的是句子主語 our being late，此題若還原成非強調句，即為：
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意，強調句的一個顯著特點是，若去掉強調結構 it is [was]… that…，句子仍然成立;換句話說，該結構中的 that 不能充當句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均可能誤選。
【分析】答案選A，為強調句的特殊疑問句形式，其相應的陳述句形式為：
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比較以下各題，它們也屬強調句的特殊疑問句形式：
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案選C，被強調成分為 who，該句實為類似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 這類強調句的特殊疑問句形式(即對其中的Tom 提問而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案選C，被強調成分為 what，該句實為類似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 這類強調句的特殊疑問句形式(即對其中的a bike 提問而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選，但最有可能誤選的可能是A，認為這是一個普通的系表結構，即認為第二空要填形容詞作表語。
【分析】其實，此題是一個強調句，其非強調形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的強調句式強調其中的狀語 very carefully 即為上面一題的題干，所以答案應選B。請看下面幾例，也屬強調結構：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案選C，被強調成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時間狀語從句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案選C，被強調成分為 at Christmas，其中的動詞 be 采用了 may have been 這一較為復雜的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能誤選C，認為這是一個強調句，強調地點狀語 in the hall。
【分析】假若選C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，該句的意思是“學生們通常是在
大廳開會”，單獨看這一句，無論是其意思還是其語法均未錯，但若將其與上文聯系起來看，則不通，因為上文的意思是“你是在
哪兒找到昨天作報告的那位教授的?”假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor，則完全可以。
其實，此題的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 為定語從句，用以修飾其前的名詞 the hall，句意
為“是在學生們經常開會的那個大廳(找到教授的)”，這樣語意就通順了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題為一個強調句型，空格處應填 that (即選D)，被強調成分為 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
為“讓我生氣的不是他說的話，而是他話中的意思”。請再看兩例：
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案選C，為強調句型，被強調成分為 his nervousness in the interview，句意為“很可能是面試時表現出緊張，使他失去
了這份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案選B，為強調句型，被強調成分為 the ability to do the job，句意為“重要的是你做工作的能力，而不是你來自何地
或你是從事什么工作的”。
英語語法大全經典例題800例：名詞性從句（例題）
【導語】英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
◆典型陷阱題分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能誤選B。許多同學一看選項首先就排除了C和D，認為這樣兩個“引導詞”疊用的情況不太可能。在A和B兩個選項中，選項A肯定不行，因為它引導賓語從句時不能充當句子成分，所以便選擇了B。
【分析】正確答案選 D。第一個what 用作動詞 meant 的賓語，第二個what 用作動詞 said 的賓語，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 為主句，what what he said meant 為賓語從句，而在此賓語從句中又包括有 what he said 這樣一個主語從句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能誤選A。
【分析】最佳答案選 C。有的同學誤選A，是因為認為介詞后應接關系代詞 which，但實際上，若填關系代詞，其前沒有先行詞，這根據不是一個定語從句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主語，所以B和D也不能選。請再做下面一題(答案選B)：
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根據中文字面意思誤選A或B。
【分析】最佳答案選 D。假若選A或B，那么轉換成陳述句即為：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 顯然句中的兩個謂語動詞 is與want相沖突。選D組成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 為句子主語，all 為表語，you want to say 為定語從句，用以修飾all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能誤選D，認為 when 后應用疑問句詞序。
【分析】最佳答案選 B。第一個when引出的是一個特殊疑問句，故用疑問詞序;第二個 when 引出的是主語從句，故其后用陳述句詞序。請做以下試題(答案選C)：
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。首先可以排除A和C，因為空格處實為一個賓語從句，所以不能用疑問句詞序。另一方面，但按英語習慣，當用于指代身份不明的人時，要用代詞it，而不用 he 或she等。比較以下兩句：
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在門口，他想見你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有個人在門口，可能是郵遞員。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代詞 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代詞 someone，說明此人身份尚不明確，故其后用了代詞 it 來指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此題容易誤選 A或B：選 A 的同學認為這是指人的，故用who;選B的同學認為這是非限制性定語從句，兩者都是誤認為這是定語從句(注意沒有先行詞)。
【分析】其實答案應選C。that引導的是一個賓語從句，用作動詞 know 的賓語，它只是被句中的插入語 my dear friend 隔開罷了。請做以下試題(答案均為C)：
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面兩題 that 引導賓語從句，后面一題 that同位語從句(修飾the news)。
英語語法大全：特殊同位語歸納
英語語法讓很多學生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時難以記憶。為大家整理了英語語法大全，本章主要介紹英語語法中的句子成分，希望對同學們的英語語法學習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
特殊同位語歸納
當兩個詞或詞組在一個句子中具有相同的語法地位而且描述相同的人或事物時，我們稱它們為同位語。基本形式的同位語大家一般不會出錯，但有幾種同位語，或由于本身結構特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結構比較特殊，往往會引起誤解。現小結并舉例說明如下，希望引起同學們的注意。
1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語
Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?
They three joined the school team. 他們3人參加了校隊。
She has great concern for us students. 她對我們學生很關心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經常一起去看電影。
2. 不定式用作同位語
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達了發起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along…與the instruction同位)
3. -ing分詞用作同位語
He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個計劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)
4. 形容詞用作同位語
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易會，是有史以來規模最大的，正在廣州舉行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來到街頭觀看游行。
【注】這類同位語與定語比較接近，可轉換成定語從句。如：
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之類的結構用作同位語
We none of us said anything. 我們誰也沒說話。
We have none of us large appetites. 我們誰飯量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
They've neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他們兩人誰也沒能贏得她的信任。
【注】同位語并不影響其后句子謂語的“數”，如：
學生每人都有一本詞典。
正：The students each have a dictionary.
誤：The students each has a dictionary.
請比較下面一句(謂語用了單數，因為each為句子主語)：
正：Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 從句用作同位語(即同位語從句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們為你生病發愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息說她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動腦筋做此工作的想法是錯誤的。
初中英語語法總結11
構詞法：英語構詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly
3、轉換法：
(1)形容詞→動詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續)
名詞：
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復數形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞又分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。
2、英語可數名詞的單復數：英語可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。
1hero→heroes, photo→photos, piano→pianos.
不可數名詞一般沒有復數形式,說明其數量時,要用有關計量名詞。一盒牛奶：
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格如：Childern’s Day(兒童節), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結尾的復數名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節)
(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：
today’s newspaper(今天的報紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關系。如：
2、[注解]：
① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
② 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題：
1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復數的一致,即：主語是可數名詞單數或不可數名詞時,謂語動詞用單數形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數,表示許多時,謂語用復數。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數,因此謂語仍用單數：The news is very exciting. (這個消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數形式,故謂語用復數。如：
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復數時謂語用復數形式,跟不可數名詞時謂語用單數形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現在有許多學生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的`時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數,但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物時,謂語則用單數。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復數一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時間或長度概念的復數名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經被污染了)(被動句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數)
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區別：sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動;match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區別：festival“節日”,指喜慶的日子或持續一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
代詞：
1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
2、人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
初中英語語法總結12
一、詞類、句子成分和構詞法：
1、詞類：英語詞類分十種：
名詞、形容詞、代詞、數詞、冠詞、動詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。
1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .
3、形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .
4、數詞(num.)： 表示數目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、動詞(v.)： 表示動作或狀態。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如：now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：a, an, the.
8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、連詞(conj.)： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語。
1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔任。
如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、謂語動詞說明主語的動作或狀態,回答“做(什么)”。主要由動詞擔任。如：the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)
3、表語在系動詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、賓語表示及物動詞的對象或結果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個詞)
有些及物動詞帶有兩個賓語,一個指物,一個指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)
有時可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強調間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)
5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數詞等擔任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個大城市)
6、狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔任。如：()
7、賓語補足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動詞充當。如：They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )
☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進一步說明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學湯姆在哪里？)
3、構詞法：英語構詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉換法。
1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法：
(1)派生名詞：①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容詞：①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥
Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副詞：①形容詞+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。
3、轉換法：
(1)形容詞→動詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。
(2)動詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名詞→動詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。
(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時候)→(當……時候),等等。
(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進行,繼續),等等。
二、名詞：
1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：
1、專有名詞是個別的人、地、物、團體、機構等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實詞的第一個字母要大寫。
如：Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中華人民共和國)
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長城)
姓氏名如果采用復數形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復數含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如：pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名詞又分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。
▲可數名詞是可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞,如： box, child, orange；
▲不可數名詞是不可以用簡單的數詞進行計數的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population,information .
2、英語可數名詞的單復數：英語可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。
1、名詞由單數變復數的基本方法如下：
①在單數名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch結尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.
[注]：少數以o結尾的詞,變復數時只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.
④以f或fe結尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.
2、不規則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數名詞一般沒有復數形式,說明其數量時,要用有關計量名詞。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名詞所有格：
1、 名詞所有格表示所屬關系,相當于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構成法
如下：
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加?s。如：Childern‘s Day(兒童節), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以s或es結尾的復數名詞。只在詞尾加?。如：Teachers‘ Day(教師節)
(3)有些表示時間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加‘s. 如： newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中國的.人口).
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關系。
如：
a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).
2、[注解]：
① ’s還可以表示某人的家或者某個店鋪,如：my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(診所) ② 兩人共有某物時,可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father‘s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數的一致問題：
1、和謂語基本保持單復數的一致,即：主語是可數名詞單數或不可數名詞時,謂語動詞
用單數形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計算機是個了不起的發明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時,
① 如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成員時,則謂語用復數形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三班有張中國地圖)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個時謂語用單數,表示許多時,謂語用復
數。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
4、maths, news等雖然有s結尾,但不是復數,因此謂語仍用單數：The news is very exciting.
(這個消息令人興奮)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復數形式,故謂語用復數。如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
6、a lot of 后跟名詞復數時謂語用復數形式,跟不可數名詞時謂語用單數形式。 baseball now.(現在有許多學生在打壘球) wasted on that work.(大量的時間花在了那個工作上)(被動句)
7、and 連接兩個名詞做主語時,謂語原則上用復數,但是兩個名詞若構成一個整體事物時,
謂語則用單數。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯條是一種出名的食品)
8、 there be 句型中be的單復數一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
9、用both…and…連接兩個事物做主語時,謂語一般用復數。如： required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)
10、主語中含有with的短語時,謂語單復數由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a . (一名婦女帶著一個七歲的孩子(當時)就站在路邊)
11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個人物做句子主語時,謂語采用就近原則。如：(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個人是對的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段時間或長度概念的復數名詞做主語時,謂語一般用單數。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個月不是個短時間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當長的一段距離)
13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時,謂語的單復數由名 詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學生的三分之一(當時)正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經被污染了)(被動句)
但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What‘(中國人口是多少？)(句子用單數) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復數)
5、部分名詞用法辨析：
1、sport、game、match、race 的區別：sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負為主的運動；match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league (聯賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯賽冠軍) / They (湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的區別：festival“節日”,指喜慶的日子或持續一段時間的文娛活動；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,復數可以表示一個較長的假期；vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情？)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強調游覽多處,常用來指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your (旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險的)
4、sound、noise、voice的區別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因為感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單復數相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時是不可數名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
三、代詞：
1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他！)
2、賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如：Who teach your English this year？(今年誰教你們的英語？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時,可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰？) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個不同人稱同時出現,或者主語中包含“我”時,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達。如： .(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒？) –.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It‘s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What‘s the time?(幾點啦？) –It‘s 12：00.(12點) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時候能進入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我們發覺要學好一門外語是非常困難的)
3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞相當于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關系,在句子中往往獨立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如：
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your .(你們的教室很大,我們的相當小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時放在名詞的后面。如：
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個來看我。)
[試比較] .(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個特定的朋友來看我。)
4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)
2、在句子中作同位語表示強調(即用來強調名詞或代詞的語氣)。如：
Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
初中英語語法總結13
在英語中，to一詞用法及其靈活。除了常見“to do”結構外，to還有介詞和副詞的用法。但我們大都是聽過記憶類似“be devoted to
doing”這種所謂的固定搭配學習，卻不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中，to的含義具體分別如下：
1. 向，對著(某方向或某處)：He walked to the school.他朝學校走去。
2. 位于…方向：There are many buildings to the north of mountains.
山北面坐落著很多樓房。
3. 到，達(某處)：Her long hair fell to the ground.她的長發垂到地上。
4. 到，達(某狀態)：He always tries to work to perfection. 他總是努力將工作做到完美。
5. 至(表示范圍或一段時間的結尾或界限)：The museum is open from 9:00 to
17:00.博物館開放時間為9:00到17:00。
6. 差，離：It is ten to ten. 現在是十點差十分。(9:50)
7. 給(引出接受者)：My mother gave a birthday present to me. 媽媽送我生日禮物。
8. 對于，關于(引出受事者)：What have done to the little boy? 你對這個小男孩做了什么?
9. 表示兩件事物相接：The printer is connected to the computer. 打印機與電腦相連。
10. 屬于，歸于(表示兩事物或兩人之間的`關系)：the key to the door門的鑰匙
11. 指向：Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主義是對和平的威脅。
12. 表示引出比較的第二部分：
My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步，媽媽更喜歡游泳。
China won the game by six goals to two.中國以六比二贏得比賽。
13. 等于，每(表示數量或比率)：There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分鐘六十秒。
14. 向…表示敬意：
We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.
我們將為地震中犧牲的戰士修建紀念碑。
15. 伴隨：Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人隨音樂換新起舞。
16. 為了給(用于表示動作的動詞后)：The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸沖過去。
17. 適合，致使：To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我驚訝的是，杰克竟能通過考試。
18. 按照…看法：To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 對我而言，對錯都不重要。
以上是to 作為介詞的主要用法，另外，to用作副詞還有“關著”之意：
1. Please push the door to. 請推門關上。
2. to and fro 來來回回：He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the
room.他難以冷靜下來，在房里走來走去。
初中英語語法總結14
用一個句子作狀語，這個句子就是狀語從句。狀語從句通常用來修飾句子、動詞或形容詞，表示時間、地點、條件、原因、目的、結果、方式、比較等。引導狀語從句的連詞叫從屬連詞。
16-1 時間狀語從句
在句中相當于時間狀語的從句叫時間狀語從句。時間狀語從句常由從屬連詞when，while，as，before，after，as soon as，since，till，until等引導。如：
What are you going to be when you grow up ?你長大以后打算干什么?
I will phone you as soon as I get there .我一到那兒就給你打電話。
1.引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞及用法
(1)when，while，as引導時間狀語從句意為“當……時”。如：
When the clock struck twelve ，all the lights went out.當時鐘敲了十二下，燈全部都熄了。
While Peter was reading ，his wife was cooking.彼得看書的時候，他妻子在做飯。
He dropped the glass as he stood up .他站起來時，把杯子摔碎了。
注意：
①when表示“當……時”，多用來表示時間點，也可表示時間段;從句中既可以用非延續性動詞，也可用延續性動詞;when 從句多用一般過去時，主句時態沒有限制，根據具體情況而定;在將來時態中，常用when引導從句，且從句須用一般現在時代替將來時;when表示時間段時可與while通用，但從句中必須用延續性動詞。如：
I was just reading a book when she came into my room.她走進我房間時，我正在看書。
When I got to the airport，the guests had left.當我趕到飛機場時，客人們已經離開了。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week，I'll talk with him about this.下周經理來這參觀時，我會和他談談此事。
②while表示“當……的時候;在……之時;在……期間”，所引導的時間狀語從句的謂語動詞必須是延續性動詞或表示狀態的動詞，且通常用進行時。如：
While my wife was reading the newspaper，I was watching TV.當妻子在看報紙的時候，我在看電視。
You can't do your homework while you're watching TV.你不能一邊看電視一邊做家庭作業。
③as引導時間狀語從句時，從句的謂語動詞既可以是延續性的，也可以是非延續性的。當從句中的謂語動詞是延續性動詞，表示“當……的時候”時，往往可以與when或while通用，但as更側重主句與從句的行為同時發生，常譯作“隨著……;一邊……，一邊……”。如：
Kate read the book as she went along.凱特邊走邊讀書。
We took notes as we listened to the lecture.我們邊聽課邊記筆記。
(2)before引導時間狀語從句意為“在……之前”。如：
Don't jump off the train before it stops.火車停之前不要往下跳。
Look at both ways before you cross the road.過馬路之前左右兩邊都要看。
I didn't know any English before I came here。我來這兒之前，一點英語都不懂。
(3)after引導時間狀語從句意為“在……之后”。如：
I'll have a walk after I finish my work.我做完事后要去散步。
After he locked the door，he left.他鎖上門之后就走了。
注意：
為了表明動作的先后，從句中動詞可用過去完成時，主句用一般過去時。如：
After he had finished his work，he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后，和朋友下了一會兒棋。
(4)until，till引導時間狀語從句意為“直到……為止”。如：
They waited till/until I returned.他們一直等到我回來。
Mr.Wang kept on explaining until the student understood.王先生反復地解釋直到學生聽懂了為止。
注意：
①until在肯定句中只與延續性動詞連用，在否定句中通常與非延續性動詞連用，表示相應動作開始的時間，意為“直到……才”。如：
He didn't leave until I came back.直到我回來他才離開。
②till用作連詞，與until同義，兩者經常可換用，只是 until 比 till 稍正式。在正式文體中，一般用 until，而在口語或非正式文體中則兩者都可。till多與名詞或較短的從句連用，而較長較復雜的成分多用 until;在句子開頭時，用 until而不用till。如：
She lived in Tokyo till (until)she died.她一直住在東京直到去世。
(√)Until he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回來之前，什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back，nothing can be done.在他回來之前，什么也不能做。
(5)since引導時間狀語從句意為“自……以來”
Since I left school，I have written to him twice.自從我離開學校以來，我已經給他寫過兩封信。
I have not heard from him since he left Shanghai.自從他離開上海以來，我就沒有收到過他的來信。
注意：
since引起的時間狀語從句通常用一般過去時態，主句用現在完成時態。如：
I've worked here since I left school.自我離開學校以來我一直在這里工作。
(6)as soon as引導時間狀語從句意為“一……就……”
I'll tell you as soon as I get here.我一到這里就告訴你。
I want to see him as soon as he arrives.他一到我就想見他。
2.時間狀語從句的時態
(1)當主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時，由when，before，after，as soon as，until 等連詞引導的時間狀語從句用一般現在時。如：
I 'll tell him the good news as soon as I see him.我一見到他，就告訴他這個好消息。
The boy will be a writer when he grows up.這個男孩長大后將成為一名作家。
(2)當主句的謂語含有can，may，must等情態動詞時，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句用一般現在時。如：
You can go home after you finish your homework.你做完作業后就可以回家。
When the lights are red，the traffic must stop .紅燈亮時，車輛必須停下。
You may wait here before your father comes .在你父親到來之前你可以在這兒等著。
(3)當主句的謂語是want，hope，wish等動詞的一般現在時形式時，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導的'時間狀語從句用一般現在時。如：
He wants to be a doctor when he grows up.他長大后想當一名醫生。
She wants to work in America when she finishes college.她大學畢業后想在美國工作。
(4)當主句是祈使句時，由when，before，after，until等引導的時間狀語從句用一般現在時。如：
Don't get off the bus until it stops .公共汽車停下來再下車。
Please don't go to bed before you finish your homework.在完成作業之前，請不要睡覺。
(5)當主句謂語用一般過去時，由when，before，after，until，as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句也要用一般過去時。如：
They talked about the party after people left .人們離開后，他們談論這次晚會情況。
(6)當before引導的時間狀語從句是過去時態，主句一般用過去完成時，有時也用一般過去時。如：
She had learned Japanese for three years before she went to Japan.她去日本之前學了三年日語。
She didn't know me before she came here.她到這里來之前不認識我。
(7)since引導的時間狀語從句要用一般過去時，主句的謂語動詞要用延續性動詞，通常用現在完成時;用非延續性動詞時，要用否定式。如：
He has waited here since you left .自從你走之后他一直在這等著。
He hasn't gone to the school since he finished the school.他畢業后再沒去過學校。
注意：
在It is+時間+since從句結構中，主句用一般現在時，從句用一般過去時。如：
It is three years since I began to study English.我開始學英語已經有三年了。
3.時間狀語從句的位置
(1)when，before，after，as，while，as soon as等引導的時間狀語從句的位置可位于句首，也可位于句末。放在句首時，從句后通常用逗號與主句隔開，放在句末時，從句與主句之間一般不用逗號，只在句末用句號或問號。如：
When you came to see me，I was ready to leave.你來看我時，我正準備離開。
You called me while I was watching TV.我在看電視時，你給我打了電話。
After she cleaned the classroom，she went home.她打掃完教室后回家了。
(2)since引起的時間狀語從句通常放在主句的后面。
I have learned English since I came to this school.我自從來到這個學校以來就一直在學英語。
初中英語語法總結15
1.should可表示惋惜、憂慮、歡欣、驚訝等感情色彩以及婉轉語氣。
Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜，她很快就要離開了。(惋惜)
They were worried that their motherland should be in such great
danger.他們因祖國處在如此巨大的危險中而感到憂慮。(憂慮)
It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so
hard.難以置信，我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(驚訝)
I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的答案該是對的吧。(婉轉)
2.would可用于委婉的陳述、客氣的請求和委婉的建議。
I don’t think he would be so careless. 我認為他不會那么粗心。
Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想來參加我的生日聚會嗎?
3.dare可表示“膽敢”。
I dare not say such rude things.我不敢說粗話。
4.need可表示“需要”。
Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任務嗎?
Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 湯姆，沒必要這么擔心。
這里借用一下網友總結的`記憶口訣：
動詞原形接后面，說話語氣較委婉。
can 能力may許可，must責任或義務。
否定回答needn’t換，需要need, dare敢。
should應該，would愿，have to被迫表客觀。
情態動詞雖然數量有限，但用法廣泛。清楚所有情態動詞的表示意義，對英語遣詞造句具有非常重要的作用。
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