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初三英語(yǔ)垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個(gè)句子成分,如分詞短語(yǔ),不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等,找不到被修飾的主語(yǔ)或被修飾的對(duì)象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯(cuò)誤的句法,應(yīng)該避免。
下面是三種常見的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法:
、贝箲曳衷~或分詞短語(yǔ),如:
① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.
這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)(present participial phrase)修飾主語(yǔ)“several boars”是錯(cuò)的;改正方法有二:
(a)確定是邏輯主語(yǔ),使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”
(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)擴(kuò)大為副詞分句(也稱狀語(yǔ)從句):“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”
、泊箲腋痹~短語(yǔ),如:
、 After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
這句的副詞短語(yǔ)(adverb phrase)和主語(yǔ)“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對(duì)。改正方法和例①同:
(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.
(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.
、炒箲也欢ㄊ絼(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如:
、 To write well, a lot of practice is needed.
、 To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.
這兩個(gè)句子的不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”,真正的主語(yǔ)必須是“ 人”,如:
(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.
(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.
上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一類發(fā)生的頻率最高,必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下,分詞短語(yǔ)是對(duì)的,它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu):
第一,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction,見3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語(yǔ)有自己的主語(yǔ),所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
、 Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.
第二,當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時(shí),它不需要邏輯主語(yǔ),所以沒有垂懸問題存在。例如:
、 Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.
③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.
第三,當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度或意見時(shí),也不需要邏輯主語(yǔ),因此也不存在著垂懸問題。例如:
④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.
⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.
一、懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的基本定義和形式
1. 懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的定義:懸垂結(jié)構(gòu),又稱懸掛修飾,指的是在句子中修飾語(yǔ)(通常是介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)或不定式短語(yǔ))沒有明確的修飾對(duì)象,因而“懸垂”在那里,等待被連接。正確的使用應(yīng)確保每個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)都有明確的、合適的修飾對(duì)象。
2. 常見的懸垂形式
。1)介詞短語(yǔ)的懸垂:例如“At the age of ten, the bike was finally mine.” 錯(cuò)誤地將“At the age of ten”修飾了“the bike”,而實(shí)際上應(yīng)該是修飾“I”。
。2)分詞短語(yǔ)的懸垂:“Sitting at the cafe, a beautiful sunset caught my eyes.” 這里“Sitting at the cafe”錯(cuò)誤地修飾了“a beautiful sunset”。
。3)不定式短語(yǔ)的懸垂:“To complete the project, the team worked overtime.” 此處“To complete the project”應(yīng)修飾“the team”,而不是其他任何詞。
二、懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的識(shí)別方法
1. 確定修飾關(guān)系:檢查句子中的修飾語(yǔ)是否有明確的修飾對(duì)象,且這個(gè)對(duì)象是否是該修飾語(yǔ)邏輯上能修飾的。
2. 核心主語(yǔ)檢查:如果去掉修飾語(yǔ),剩下的句子應(yīng)該能夠獨(dú)立成句,且意思完整。
3. 邏輯一致性檢驗(yàn):修飾語(yǔ)與其所修飾的對(duì)象在邏輯上應(yīng)保持一致,即修飾語(yǔ)能夠合理地描述或限定其修飾的對(duì)象。
三、糾正懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的實(shí)用策略
1. 明確修飾目標(biāo):重新構(gòu)造句子,確保每個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)都緊靠其修飾的對(duì)象。例如,將“At the age of ten, the bike was finally mine.” 修改為“When I was at the age of ten, the bike was finally mine.”
2. 使用連接詞:如果修飾語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),可以使用連接詞將其分開,如添加“and”或“but”等來(lái)構(gòu)建完整的句子。
3. 重新排列句式:調(diào)整句子結(jié)構(gòu),使懸垂的修飾語(yǔ)有正確的修飾對(duì)象。例如,可以將“Sitting at the cafe, a beautiful sunset caught my eyes.” 改為“A beautiful sunset caught my eyes when I was sitting at the cafe.”
總之,通過(guò)上述分析,我們不僅了解了懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的定義和形式,還掌握了如何識(shí)別和糾正懸垂結(jié)構(gòu),這對(duì)于提升英語(yǔ)寫作的準(zhǔn)確性和表達(dá)的清晰度至關(guān)重要。希望這些總結(jié)能夠幫助到正在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的你,避免在寫作中出現(xiàn)懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)的錯(cuò)誤,使你的英語(yǔ)更加地道和專業(yè)。
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