如果全篇充滿了冗長的復雜句讀起來也很費力,總之作者可根據(jù)情況使句子多樣化使文章靈活多姿,人們最喜歡采用復雜句尤其是和這兩款接著便是并列句,把句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的修飾語。
讓句子多樣化
如何讓句子多樣化
一篇好文章的條件很多。除了內(nèi)容豐富和組織緊密之外,詞匯的運用和句子的處理,也起著決定性作用
句子可長可短,同一件事,可以用不同的句式表達。如果句子清一色是簡單句,文章必定很單調(diào)乏味。如果全篇充滿了冗長的復雜句,讀起來也很費力。最好的方法是以簡單句為基礎(chǔ),配合適當?shù)牟⒘芯浜蛷碗s句。簡單句可長可短,通常要加些附屬成分,如分詞短語、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式動詞短語,以及節(jié)縮成分。
總之,作者可根據(jù)情況,使句子多樣化,使文章靈活多姿。例如下列五個句子的基本概念一樣,但是句式不同,內(nèi)容重點也有些差別:
(1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(并列分句(1)+2)
(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(現(xiàn)在分語短語+簡單句)
(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副詞短語+并列分句(1)-(2))
(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(簡單句+形容語短語)
(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副詞從句+主句)
(1)和(5)的句式最常見;如果加上其他三種互相交替,句子不是更多樣化嗎?
最后,看看這兩個句子要怎樣多樣化呢?
(6)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.
(7)Hefeltveryuneasy.
------------------------------------------------------
(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.
(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.
(c)Theyoungpilot''sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.
(d)Extremeuneasineseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.
(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.
(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(g)Beingonhisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(h)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.
(i)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.(j)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastrainging,hefeltveryuneasy.
(k)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.
(l)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathefeltveryuneasy.
在上述12個句子中,(a)-(g)是簡單句;(h)是并列句;(i)-(l)是復雜句。簡單句除(b)和(g)之外,其他五樣,用的人并不多。人們最喜歡采用復雜句,尤其是(j)和(k)這兩款;接著便是并列句(h)。如果大多數(shù)人的句子只限于(b),(g),(h),(j)和(k)這五種,而其他的則棄如敝屣,不是很可惜嗎?
增強英語語句表現(xiàn)力的有效方法
一、避免使用語意弱的“be”動詞。
1、把句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的修飾語。例如:
Weak:Thetreesarebare.Thegraisbrown.Thelandscapeseemsdrab.Revision:Thebrowngraandbaretreesformadrablandscape.(轉(zhuǎn)換為前置定語)
Or:Thelandscape,bareandbrown,beggedforspringgreen.(轉(zhuǎn)換為并列結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語)
2、將作表語用的形容詞或名詞變?yōu)樾袨閯釉~。例如:
1)Weak:Theteammembersaregoodplayers.
Revision:Theteammembersplaywell.
2)Weak:Oneworker'splanistheeliminationoftardiness.
Revision:Oneworker'splaneliminatestardiness.
3、在以“here”或“there”開頭的句子中,把“be”動詞后的名詞代詞變成改寫句的主語。例如:
1)Weak:Thereisnoopportunityforpromotion.
Revision:Noopportunityforpromotionexists.
2)Weak:Herearethebooksyouordered
Revision:Thebooksyouorderedhavearrived.
二、多用語意具體的動詞,保持句意簡潔明了。例如:
1、Poor:Mysupervisorwentpastmydesk.
Better:Mysupervisorsauntered(=walkedslowly)pastmydesk.
2、Poor:Sheisacarefulshopper.
Better:Shecomparespricesandquality.
三、盡量運用主動語態(tài)。例如:
1、Weak:Theorganizationhasbeensupportedbycharity.
Better:Charityhassupportedtheorganization.
2、Weak:Thebiscuitswerestackedonaplate.
Better:Motherstackedthebiscuitsonaplate.
四、防止使用語意冗長累贅的詞語。例如:
1、Wordy:Mylittlesisterhasapreferenceforchocolatemilk.
Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk.
2、Wordy:Weareinreceiptofyourletterandintendtofollowyourrecommendations.
Improved:Wehavereceivedyourletterandintendedtofollowyourrecommendation.
3、Redundant:Wehadaseriouscrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
Improved:Wehadacrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
4、Redundant:MysisterandIboughtthesame,identicaldreindifferentstores.
Improved:MysisterandIboughtthesamedreindifferentstores.
五、杜絕濫用陳舊詞語或難懂的專業(yè)術(shù)語。例如:
1、Weak:Theywillnotagreetohisproposalsinanyshapeorform.
Improved:Theywillnotagreetoanyofhisproposals.
2、Weak:IneedherfinancialinputbeforeIcanguesstimateourexpendituresnextfall
Improved:IneedherfinancialfiguresbeforeIcanestimateourexpendituresnextfall.
正確使用連詞
Causeandeffect因果關(guān)系
標志詞
1)表示原因的because,as,since,dueto,owingto(畫橫線的連接詞請重點掌握)
2)表示結(jié)果的hence(因此),thus(因此),therefore(因此),Asaconsequence,…(作為結(jié)果)Accordingly…(相應(yīng)的),Asaresult…(作為結(jié)果)Consequently…(作為結(jié)果)so…that…(如此…以致…)
E.g.Theecologicalproblemsarebeingaggravated.Hence,itisimperativethatwetakemeasurestocurbthepollutionoftheenvironment.
生態(tài)系統(tǒng)正在急劇的惡化,因此,我們必須采取嚴厲的措施遏制對環(huán)境的污染.
Exemplification舉例關(guān)系
標志詞…isacaseinpoint.(某人或某事是一個恰當?shù)睦?)Take…forexample.(以…為例)forinstance.(比如…)ToIllustrate…(例如…)Asanillustration…(作為例證…)
e.g.TheAsiancountriesaregettingwesternizedatastaggeringrate.TakeChinaforexample,whenyoungstersgotothemovies,itisstandardpracticeforthemtochooseHollywoodblockbusteroverdomesticfilms.
亞洲國家正以一種驚人的速度變得西方化,以中國為例,當年輕人去電影院的時候,通常都會選擇好萊塢大片而不是中國電影.Comparisonandcontrast對比關(guān)系
標志詞While…,whereas…,whilst…,incontrast
http://m.okwtrl.com (對比)
現(xiàn)代人的生活是如此的奔忙與緊張,而我們的祖先卻可以不慌不忙的從事他們的事務(wù).
e.g.Theeducationalandmedicalfacilitiesinbigcitiesaremostlyveryadvanced.Incontrast,theircounterpartsinthecountrytendtobeofinferiorquality.
Concession讓步關(guān)系
標志詞Despite/inspiteof…(后面只能跟名詞名詞詞組或者動名詞)(盡管有…),albeit…(盡管,后面只能跟形容詞或者介詞短語),形容詞+asitmaybe…(盡管,前面只能加形容詞),Nonetheless/Nevertheless,(盡管如此)
e.g.1Toughasitmaybetogetaccustomedtoanewculture,itwillproveveryrewarding.
盡管適應(yīng)新的文化可能很難,但這會被證明是很值得的.
2RoteLearningisattimesnecessary,albeitmonotonous.
死記硬背有時候是必要的,盡管很枯燥和機械.
3Thegovernmentplaysacrucialroleinscientificresearch,Nonetheless,privatecompaniesholdcertainadvantagesinconductingscientificresearch.
Definition下定義關(guān)系
標志詞Aisbestcharacterizedby…(A最明顯的特征是…),Aconstitutes…(A構(gòu)成…)Ameans…,Aconsistsof…(A由…組成).
e.g.Afinejournalistisbestcharacterizedbydiscipline,determinationandkeenobservations.
一個好的記者最重要的特點是自律,毅力和敏銳的觀察.
Animalexperimentation,insomecases,constitutescallousabuseoftestanimals.
Supposition假設(shè)論證,
標志詞providedthat…(如果)giventhechoice…(如果可以選擇的話…)onlyif…(只有…)aslongas…(只要)if…,supposethat…e.g.Providedthatwecanminimizethepainoftestanimals,animalexperimentationshouldbecontinued.
e.g.Giventhechoice,manypeoplewouldliveinbigcitiesratherthanthecountryside.
Modification修飾關(guān)系
標志詞that,which,who
Inthisdayage,wehaveaproliferationofbuildingsthatlookexactlylikethebuildingsourancestorsbuilt.
Today,teenagestudentsareunderincreasinglyseverestreintheirstudies,whichhasdisturbedandalarmedmanyadults.對于其中的標志性詞匯的總結(jié)更是對大家寫作有很大的幫助的。大家在備考自己的雅思寫作考試的時候,可以根據(jù)題目的不同,選擇不同的連接詞進行適當?shù)膽?yīng)用。
雅思寫作:如何讓你的句子開頭多樣化
雅思寫作:如何讓你的句子開頭多樣化
在多年的寫作教學中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)很多雅思和新托福考生在寫作中無法靈活運用句子結(jié)構(gòu),無法實現(xiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣化運用。很多考生為此費盡心思,不知道該從何處著手練習,使文章中的句子能夠多樣化。事實上,我們可以采用不同的句子開頭使句子多樣化。朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家認為,寫作的時候不應(yīng)該總是用“subject-verb-object”的結(jié)構(gòu)順序,而應(yīng)該盡量用不同的方式展開一個句子。不同的句子開頭既可以美化句子,同時也能使句子與句子之間自然過度,銜接自然,以免過于依賴過渡詞。在雅思和新托福考試中,寫作考官對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣化也是非常重視的。下面,朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家將給廣大考生介紹幾種使句子開頭多樣化的方式方法。
【副詞開頭】
(1)副詞修飾全句
Luckily,hedidn'tknowmyphonenumber;otherwise,hewouldbotherme.Incredibly,HelenagotstraightAinherschoolreportthissemester.
Interestingly,catsanddogscanhardlygetalongwellinahouse.
修飾全句常用的副詞有:obviously,undoubtedly,apparently,fortunately,clearly,unfortunately,incredibly,luckily,unluckily,surprisingly,frighteningly等。
這些副詞大多數(shù)表示說話人對全句的看法,在意思上相當于“Itis...形容詞that...”。
比如:
Obviously,heisnervousaboutthetest.
=Itisobviousthatheisnervousaboutthetest.
1
Unfortunately,hetrippedoverandfellinthemud.
=Itisunfortunatethathetrippedoverandfellinthemud.
(2)強調(diào)副詞
Hurriedly,themandrewmeascratchmaptoshowmethedirection.
Dangerously,thedrunkardspeddownthestreet.
Slowlyandgently,snowflakesweredriftingdownfromthesky.
(3)副詞表示某一地域或某一領(lǐng)域
Geographically,Canadaisthebiggestcountryintheworld.
Financially,sheisindependent,butemotionallysheisdependent.
【插入語開頭】
用插入語開頭,表示說話人的態(tài)度,或使句子的意思更加準確:
Strangelyenough,Jenniferdoesnotenjoysunshineandbeach.
Generallyspeaking,winterinVancouverisgloomy.
類似的插入語有:nowonder,nodoubt,inotherwords,inmyopinion,inconclusion,infact,asamatteroffact等。
【形容詞和形容詞短語開頭】
用形容詞、并列形容詞或形容詞短語開頭,修飾句子的主語,表示主語的特征或狀態(tài):Frantic,theyoungmotherrushedoutthedoorwiththebabyinherarms.
Tastyandcrisp,potatochipisafavoritesnackforbothchildrenandadults.
Happyathisgoodmarksatschool, http://m.okwtrl.com sperateandhopeless,thepoormancommittedsuicide.
2
【分詞和分詞短語開頭】
(1)修飾句子主語,表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或主語同時進行的另一個較謂語動詞次要的動作Scared,thegirlmovedtimidlyandcautiouslyintothedarkroom.(狀態(tài))
Casedbymydearpetcat,themousedashedintoasmallhole.(狀態(tài))
Spoiledbyhisparents,thenaughtyboyalwaysinsistsonthingshewants.(狀態(tài))Puffingandhugging,hefinishedhisrun.(另一動作)
Lookingatherselfinthemirror,shefingeredhersilkscarfonhershoulder.(另一動作)
(2)修飾謂語動詞,表示原因、時間等
Lyingdownonthecouch,hefeltmuchrelaxed.(時間)
Feelingbored,sheturnedontheTVandswitchedfromchanneltochannel.(原因)Wantingtofindoutthebusinehour,shecalledthestore.(原因)
Havingcompletedtheform,hemaileditoutimmediately.(時間)
【介詞短語開頭】
用介詞短語開頭,表示句子謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、地點、方式、原因、條件等:
Onseeinghimapproach,thegirlimmediatelyturnedherfacetoashopwindowpretendingtolookatsomethingthere.(時間)
Aroundthecorner,acrowdgathered.(地點)
Unlikehisfather,Petertouchesneithercigarettesnoralcohol.(方式)
Duetothelimitofseats,hewasnotaccepted.(原因)
Incaseoffire,usethestairways.(條件)
【動詞不定式開頭】
動詞不定式開頭,強調(diào)謂語動詞動作的目的:
TocelebratethearrivaloftheMillennium,weheldagrandpartyinthehotel.
Toshowmytrustonhim,Ideposited$10,000intohisbankaccount.
【獨立分詞短語開頭】
用獨立分詞短語開頭,使句子有正式的味道:
Birdssinginginthetree,anotherroutinedaystarts.
Seagullsflyingoverthewater,theoldfishermanflunghisfishingmeatintotheopensea.
Adogfollowingthem,thepolicesearchedeverysuspect.
【過渡句開頭】
用過渡句開頭,表示此句與上下句的關(guān)系:
Consequently,Isloweddowntoavoidafineticket.
Infact,shewasakindheartedwoman.
【同位語開頭】
Asigningofficerofthebank,Janesignshernamehundredsoftimeseachdayatwork.
ATVaddict,JimwatchesTVmoviesoneafteranothereveryeveninguntilaftermidnight.
【副詞從句開頭】
用副詞從句開頭,表示主句謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、地點、原因、方式、條件等:Whenyouareinneedofhelp,givemeacall.
Whereveryougo,Ifollow.
Sinceyourchildrenlovehamburgersandfries,wemightaswelleatinMacDonald.Asifitweresummer,everybodywearshortsandaT-shirt.
Incasethatyougetlost,callmeatthisnumber.
【名詞從句開頭】
用名詞從句開頭,作整句的主語:
Whetheryoutakethepositionornotmakesgreatdifferencetome.
WhyIamunhappyissomethingIcan'texplain.
Whattheyshoulddoabouttheholeintheroofistheirmostpressingproblem.
從以上朗閣海外考試研究中心介紹的諸多句子開頭方法與例句中,我們可以領(lǐng)略到句式變化的多樣性。考生們?nèi)绻軌蛘莆丈鲜龇椒ǎ蜁l(fā)現(xiàn)我們從原來最常用的名詞和代詞作主語的句式,變?yōu)槿绱硕鄻踊木渥娱_頭。與此同時,靈活的運用句子結(jié)構(gòu)實現(xiàn)句型結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣化也不再是一件困難的事。
英語寫作技巧-怎樣使句子多樣化
一篇好文章的條件很多。除了內(nèi)容豐富和組織緊密之外,詞匯的運用和句子的處理,也起著決定性作用。
句子可長可短,同一件事,可以用不同的句式表達。如果句子清一色是簡單句,文章必定很單調(diào)乏味。如果全篇充滿了冗長的復雜句,讀起來也很費力。最好的方法是以簡單句為基礎(chǔ),配合適當?shù)牟⒘芯浜蛷碗s句。簡單句可長可短,通常要加些附屬成分,如分詞短語、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式動詞短語,以及節(jié)縮成分。
總之,作者可根據(jù)情況,使句子多樣化,使文章靈活多姿。例如下列五個句子的基本概念一樣,但是句式不同,內(nèi)容重點也有些差別:
(1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(并列分句(1)+2)
(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(現(xiàn)在分語短語+簡單句)
(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副詞短語+并列分句(1)-(2))
(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(簡單句+形容語短語)
(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副詞從句+主句)
(1)和(5)的句式最常見;如果加上其他三種互相交替,句子不是更多樣化嗎?最后,看看這兩個句子要如何多樣化呢?
(6)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining.
(7)Hefeltveryuneasy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a)Theyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastrainingfeltveryuneasy.
(b)Theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasyduringhisfirstoverseastraining.
(c)Theyoungpilot'sfirstoverseastrainingmadehimfeelveryuneasy.
(d)Extremeuneasineseizedtheyoungpilotonhisfirstoverseastraining.(e)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feelingveryuneasy.(f)Itbeinghisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(g)Beingonhisfirstoverseastraining,theyoungpilotfeltveryuneasy.
(h)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastrainingandfeltveryuneasy.(i)Theyoungpilot,whowasonhisfirstoverseastraining,feltveryuneasy.
(j)Whentheyoungpilotwasonhis/firstoverseastrainging,hefeltveryuneasy.(k)Astheyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,hefeltveryuneasy.(l)Theyoungpilotwasonhisfirstoverseastraining,sothathefeltveryuneasy.在上述12個句子中,(a)-(g)是簡單句;(h)是并列句;(i)-(l)是復雜句。簡單句除(b)和(g)之外,其他五樣,用的人并不多。人們最喜歡采用復雜句,尤其是(j)和(k)這兩款;接著便是并列句(h)。如果大多數(shù)人的句子只限于(b),(g),(h),(j)和(k)這五種,而其他的則棄如敝屣,不是很可惜嗎?
增強英語語句表現(xiàn)力的有效方法
一、避免使用語意弱的“be”動詞。
1、把句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換為不同的修飾語。例如:
Weak:Thetreesarebare.Thegraisbrown.Thelandscapeseemsdrab.
Revision:Thebrowngraandbaretreesformadrablandscape.(轉(zhuǎn)換為前置定語)Or:Thelandscape,bareandbrown,beggedforspringgreen.(轉(zhuǎn)換為并列結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語)
2、將作表語用的形容詞或名詞變?yōu)樾袨閯釉~。例如:
1)Weak:Theteammembersaregoodplayers.
Revision:Theteammembersplaywell.
2)Weak:Oneworker'splanistheeliminationoftardiness.
Revision:Oneworker'splaneliminatestardiness.
3、在以“here”或“there”開頭的句子中,把“be”動詞后的名詞代詞變成改寫句的主語。例如:
1)Weak:Thereisnoopportunityforpromotion.
Revision:Noopportunityforpromotionexists.
2)Weak:Herearethebooksyouordered.
Revision:Thebooksyouorderedhavearrived.
二、多用語意具體的動詞,保持句意簡潔明了。例如:
1、Poor:Mysupervisorwentpastmydesk.
Better:Mysupervisorsauntered(=walkedslowly)pastmydesk.
2、Poor:Sheisacarefulshopper.
Better:Shecomparespricesandquality.
三、盡量運用主動語態(tài)。例如:
1、Weak:Theorganizationhasbeensupportedbycharity.
Better:Charityhassupportedtheorganization.
2、Weak:Thebiscuitswerestackedonaplate.
Better:Motherstackedthebiscuitsonaplate.
四、防止使用語意冗長累贅的詞語。例如:
1、Wordy:Mylittlesisterhasapreferenceforchocolatemilk.
Improved:Mylittlesisterpreferschocolatemilk.
2、Wordy:Weareinreceiptofyourletterandintendtofollowyourrecommendations.Improved:Wehavereceivedyourletterandintendedtofollowyourrecommendation.
3、Redundant:Wehadaseriouscrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
Improved:Wehadacrisisatschoolyesterdaywhenourchemistrylaboratorycaughtfire.
4、Redundant:MysisterandIboughtthesame,identicaldreindifferentstores.Improved:MysisterandIboughtthesamedreindifferentstores.
五、杜絕濫用陳舊詞語或難懂的專業(yè)術(shù)語。例如:
1、Weak:Theywillnotagreetohisproposalsinanyshapeorform.
Improved:Theywillnotagreetoanyofhisproposals.
2、Weak:IneedherfinancialinputbeforeIcanguesstimateourexpendituresnextfall.
Improved:IneedherfinancialfiguresbeforeIcanestimateourexpendituresnextfall.