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定語從句的省略主語
關系代詞在定語從句中除作賓語可以省略外,在下列情況下,作主語也可以省略、以下是小編收集定語從句的省略主語,一起來看看吧。
1.定語從句中含there be,作定語從句主語的關系代詞可以省略。
You must make a list of the names of the students there are in your class.
你必須列一張你班同學的名單。
He showed me the difference there is between what is right and what is wrong.
他給我指出了對和錯的不同之處。
2.主句以there be開始,作定語從句主語的關系代詞可以省略。
There is something keeps worrying me.
有些事一直使我擔心。
There is a teacher here can speak Spanish.
這里有一位老師能說西班牙語。
3.主句以that is/was開始的句子中,作定語從句主語的關系代詞可以省略。
Thats all is todays homework.
今天的家庭作業就是這些。(all后省去that)
Was that someone posted your letter?
是有人幫你把信寄走了嗎?(someone后省去that)
4.主句以here is,here are開始,作定語從句主語的關系代詞可以省略。
Here is the professor comes from the Oxford University.
這是從牛津大學來的一位教授。(professor后省去who)
Here are three or four of us got a full mark in the examination.
我們這里三四個人考試得了滿分。(us后省去who)
5.主語以have(意思是“有”)作謂語,作定語從句主語的關系代詞可以省略。如:
I have two more people should come to help me.
我還有兩個人應該來幫助我。(people后省去who)
We have words to speak to those people will be put to do the work.
我還有話要對派去做這工作的人說。(people后省去who)
英語關系代詞作定語從句主語省略的情況常見之于口語和非正式英語,對我們作為非本族語言的人來說應該慎用。但是了解這種省略情況是完全必要的,因為這會有助于我們識別和理解這種語言現象,提高我們的英語閱讀能力和欣賞水平。
定語從句省略主語that
1.關系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略.
Here is the man (who/that/whom)youre been looking for.
以下情況不能省略:
。1)在介詞+whom與介詞+which中,whom,which不能省略.
Do you know any shops nearby in which I can buy flowers?
Thatis the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
注:當介詞放在動詞后時,which,whom就可以省略.
Who is the man (whom) you talked with just now?
。2)在非限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關系代詞也不能省略.
Mr Green,whom you know,is the tallest in our school.
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
。3)在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作賓語,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought).(指同類用as)
This is the same bookthatI read the day before yesterday.(that指同一個)
。4)當由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個或兩個以上的定語從句修飾一個先行詞時,第一個關系代詞可省,但第二,第三個不可省略.
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
2.當that在從句中作補語時可以省略.
He is not the man (that) he used to be.
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 結構中出現定語從句,或在定語從句中出現there be 時,用作主語的關系代詞也可省略.
There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.狀語的省略
。1)當先行詞是reason,而且定語從句中作原因狀語時,關系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略.
The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.
Thatis the reason (why) I did it.
(2)當先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時,關系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略.
The way (in which/that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.
Thatwas the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out.
注意:當關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,不省略.
例如:I dont know the waythat/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
(3)當先行詞是time時,關系代詞可用when,that或省略.
The second time (that) I saw him was in 1980.
I dont know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意:關系代詞作賓語有時也不能省略.
無特殊情況,關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時不可省略。
解釋一:
有特殊情況:定語從句中存在插入語時,關系代詞可省略。
Globally, tens of millions ofmigrants
定語從句省略主語that
一、簡單句中的省略
在對話中,交談雙方都知道談論的對象,則可以省略句子的主語,省略主語和謂語的現象在交際用語中出現的很多。
1. 省略主語
1)祈使句中的主語通常被省略如:
(You) Open the door,please.請開一下門。
2) 其它省略主語多限于現成的說法如:
a) (I) Thank you for your help. 謝謝你的幫助。
b) (It )Doesn’t matter.沒關系。
2. 省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽煙。
b) (Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ?
c) (You come)This way please.請這邊走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ?
3. 省略賓語
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你認識李先生嗎?
— I don’t know (him).我不認識他。
4. 省略表語
—Are you thirty ? 你30歲了嗎?
Yes , I am (thirty). 是的,我是。
5. 同時省略幾個成分
—Are you feeling better now? 你覺得好些了嗎 ?
—(I am feeling ) Much better(now) 好多了。
(I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好運/祝你順利。
二、并列復合句中的省略
在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如:
a) The boy picked up a coin in the roadand (the boy ) handed it to a policeman.
這個男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .
你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework.
湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪麗一直在寫作業。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.
高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
三、主從復合句中的省略
1.狀語從句中的省略
一般說來省略現象多出現在下列五種狀語從句中:
1)由 when,while,as,before,after,till,until, once等引導的時間狀語從句;
2)由whether,if,unless 等引導的條件狀語從句;
3)由though , although ,even if,whatever等引導的讓步狀語從句;
4)由 as,than 等引導的比較狀語從句;
5)由as,as if,as though 等引導的方式狀語從句。
上述狀語從句在省略時應遵循下面原則:當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時,可以省略狀語從句的主語和系動詞be。如:
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .
龐龍曾經是個工人,現在變成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or youll regret.
趁年輕要努力學習,要不然你會后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something .
他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao , US President George W. Bush thanked China for it s important role in the Six-Party Talks.
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .
這次展覽比被預料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medal list hurdler LiuXiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.
奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運動員劉翔張開嘴好像要說什么。
注意:
1) 當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時,間或也有這樣的省略,如:
Her father told her to be careful when (she was) crossing the street.
當她過馬路時父親告訴她要當心。
2) 當從句的主語是 it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be 時,可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。如:
Unless (it is) necessary ,youd better not refer to the dictionary.
如果沒有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2.定語從句中的省略
1) 一般說來,在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關系代詞 that,which, whom 可以省略。如:
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
這就是他在會上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎?(2002上海春季)
注意:
在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞 which ,whom 不可以省略。試比較:
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)
你昨天見到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.( whom不可以省)
湯姆病倒了,你昨天見到他了。
2)在口語和非正式用語中,關系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經常用that 來代替,甚至還可省略。如:
a) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .
他想找一個能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
b) Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ?
你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
3)當先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時 ,從句不能用 how 來引導 ,應該用that 或in which ,或將它們全部省略。如:
I dont like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3.賓語從句中的省略
1)在及物動詞后面所接的賓語從句中,連詞that 一般可以省略.
但如果及物動詞后面是由that引導的兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句,那么只有第一個that可以省略。如:
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbis exchange rate is necessary.
我認為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that) the Anti-secession lawhad been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order
2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導的賓語從句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).
我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來但我不知道他什么時候來。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad).
他想搬遷到國外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4. should的省略
在與suggest ,request ,order,advise 等詞相關的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語氣形式“should +動詞原形”,should可以省略。如:
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.
法國總統希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長期持續。
5.主句省略多用于句首
如:
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Marys birthday party yesterday.
很遺憾,我昨天沒有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會。
6.在答語中,主句可全部省略。
如:
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?
上周五你為什么沒有上學?
—(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.
因為我媽媽病了。
四、動詞不定式省略,只保留to 的場合
1. 不定式作某些動詞的賓語時。
這些動詞常見的有:love,like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise ,persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如:
a)— You should have thanked her before you left .你本該在離開前謝謝她。
—I meant to,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.
—我本打算這么做,但當我就要離開的時候我卻找不到她了。
b) You can do it this way if you like to.
如果你想做,你可以這么做。
2. 不定式作某些動詞的賓語補足語或主語補足語時。
這些動詞常見的有:ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid,expect, order ,warn 等。如 :
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to (ride his bicycle in the street).
男孩想在街上騎他的自行車,但他母親不讓。
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).
她想來,可是她父母不讓。
3. 不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語時。
常見的形容詞有:happy,glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready等。如:
— I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat ?我要出差,你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎?
— Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat).沒關系,我很愿意。
4. 不定式作某些復合謂語時。常見結構如:be able to,be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如:
He doesn’t like fish but he used to .
他現在不喜歡吃魚,但過去喜歡。
注意:但不定式后有be,have時,也保留be和have。如:
——Are you a quite man?你是個安靜的人嗎?
——No, I am not. But I used to be.不,不是。但是我曾經是。
五、動詞不定式to 的省略
1. 主語部分有to do,系動詞 is 或 was 時 ,作表語的不定式通常省去to。如:
The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
2. 作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語,前面又有實意動詞 do時,不定式通常省去to。如:
He said that Ben had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.
3. 主語部分暗含to do,表語中的不定式通常省去to。
如:All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .
我想要(做)的就是上學,努力學習。
4. 當兩個或多個不定式并列時,其后的不定式符號可以省略,但有對比關系時不可省略。
如:It is easier to say than to do .
說起來容易,做起來難。
5. 在would rather…than… 等結構中,不定式符號常常要省略。
如:I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.
我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
6. 在see ,watch ,notice ,hear,listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語補足語時省略不定式符號to。
如:I saw her enter the room.
我看見她進入了房間
7. why (not) do 結構 中,不定式也不帶to。
如:Why not join us ?
為什么不加入到我們的行列里來呢?
六、虛擬條件句中的省略
在if引導的虛擬條件句中,可省去if,此時,須把were、had或shoud提到主語前,
如:If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
= Were I a teacher, I would be stric twith my students.如果我是老師,我會對我的學生非常嚴格。
七、so和not的替代性省略
為了避免重復前面所說過的內容,替代詞so/not替代肯定或否定的名詞性從句?膳cbelieve,do,expect,fear,guess,hope,say,speak,suppose,think,I’m afraid等連用。
如:——Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? 你猜他會參加婚禮嗎?
—— I suppose not.我猜不會。
八、其他一些省略結構
1. 名詞所有格修飾的名詞,若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時,常?梢允÷。
如:We spent the weekend at the Marys.
我們在瑪麗家過的周末。
2. What和 how引導的感嘆句中,?墒÷灾髡Z it 和be動詞
如:a) What a wonderful victory (it is )for Tom !
這對Tom來說是個多么大的勝利呀!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child.
被當作一個正常孩子對待對他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
3. 情景會話中,在不引起歧義的情況下,答語常常省略主語、謂語或賓語,而只保留對方希望了解的內容。
——How many copies do you want? 你想要多少冊?
——(I want) Three copies,please. 三冊。
——Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你去過長城嗎?
——No, (I have) never (been to the Great Wall). 從沒去過。
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