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初三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法《被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)》
在日常的學(xué)習(xí)中，大家最不陌生的就是知識(shí)點(diǎn)吧！知識(shí)點(diǎn)也可以理解為考試時(shí)會(huì)涉及到的知識(shí)，也就是大綱的分支。相信很多人都在為知識(shí)點(diǎn)發(fā)愁，以下是小編幫大家整理的初三英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法《被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)》，僅供參考，大家一起來(lái)看看吧。
1、英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
（1）主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(The Active Voice)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
（2）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(The Passive Voice)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。
2、構(gòu)成：
承受者+助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者。
（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞am / is/are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者
（2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)：承受者+助動(dòng)詞was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者
（3）承受者+助動(dòng)詞shall / will be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者
（4）承受者+助動(dòng)詞 have/ has been+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者
（5）承受者+ can /may/must/should +be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+by+執(zhí)行者
3、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法：
（1）當(dāng)我們不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)，或者沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，需用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
（2）當(dāng)我們需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
（3）如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者, 用by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語(yǔ)保持一致。
4、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)有以下幾種情況：
（1）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)。
將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。
①(主動(dòng))We bought a book yesterday.
②(被動(dòng))The book was bought yesterday.
（2）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。
將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。多數(shù)情況下將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)。如果直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前要加介詞to / for。
①(主動(dòng))He showed me a book yesterday.
②(被動(dòng))I was showed a book yesterday.
(被動(dòng))The book was showed to me yesterday.
（3）主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
含有一個(gè)由賓語(yǔ)加賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留不變，成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
①(主動(dòng))I found him a good pupil. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
②(被動(dòng))He was found a good pupil. (主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
（4）短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，其后可以接賓語(yǔ)，因此它們也有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不可分割的整體，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉其后面的介詞或副詞。
①(主動(dòng))We should look after the patients very well.
②(被動(dòng))The patients should be looked after very well by us.
（5）賓語(yǔ)從句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
若主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中是賓語(yǔ)從句，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在后面。
It’s said that he passed the exam.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)特殊問(wèn)題：
①不及物動(dòng)詞帶介詞和介詞賓語(yǔ)，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，仍然要帶上介詞。
(主動(dòng))The students in class listen to the teacher carefully.
(被動(dòng))The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.
②當(dāng)動(dòng)詞帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，并且賓補(bǔ)是省去“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中應(yīng)加上“to”。
(主動(dòng))They make do all the work.
(被動(dòng))We were made to do all the work.
(主動(dòng))We often hear her sing English songs.
(被動(dòng))She is often heard to sing English songs.
(主動(dòng))I see him walk to school.
(被動(dòng))He is seen to walk to school.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)
語(yǔ)態(tài)(voice)
作為一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，是表示主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞行式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(active voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(passive voice)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者即施動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者即受動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞便用被動(dòng)態(tài)。例如：
(1) john helped peter.
(2) peter was helped by john.
句(1) helped是主動(dòng)態(tài)；句(2)was helped是被動(dòng)態(tài),可見(jiàn)主動(dòng)態(tài)是無(wú)標(biāo)記的，而被動(dòng)態(tài)是有標(biāo)記的。
構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)態(tài)之一和及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，其時(shí)態(tài)變化通過(guò)助動(dòng)詞be的不同形式來(lái)體現(xiàn)。如：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為助動(dòng)詞am/is/are + 過(guò)去分詞；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為was/were + 過(guò)去分詞。本冊(cè)要掌握的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式有：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. football is played all over the world.
i’m often asked to do this work.
我常常被派做這項(xiàng)工作。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was/were +過(guò)去分詞
e.g. the terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near xi’an.
they were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.
when was the building completed?
這座大樓什么時(shí)候建成的？
一般將來(lái)時(shí)：will (shall) + be +過(guò)去分詞
be going to + be + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. the result of the exam will be known soon.
they are going to be given a difficult test.
一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：should(would) be+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. the teacher said the results would be published soon.
he told me that the film would be shown the next week.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are + being +過(guò)去分詞
e.g. the new airport is being built by a foreign company.
一家外國(guó)公司正在承建這座新機(jī)場(chǎng)。
the song is being sung by the girls now.
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were being+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. the song was being sung by the girls when i got there.
the student was being criticized when i went into the
teacher’s office.
將來(lái)完成時(shí)：will have been+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. by the end of next term XX english words will
have been learned.
the building will have been built by next year.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：has/have + bee n +過(guò)去分詞
e.g. all the tickets have been sold .
the book has been translated into many languages.
這本書(shū)已被譯成多種語(yǔ)言。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had been+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. forty schools had been visited by last year.
all the tickets had been sold out when i got to the cinema.
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)：would have been+過(guò)去分詞
e.g. he said many words would have been learned by XX.
they promised that ten books would have been published
by the next month.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. this road must be mended.
the machine parts may be needed in our work.
工作中可能需要這些機(jī)器零部件。
動(dòng)詞不定式：to be + 過(guò)去分詞
e.g. i’m glad to be asked questions.
it is impossible for lost time to be made up.
失去的時(shí)間不可彌補(bǔ)。
主要用法
被動(dòng)態(tài)常用于下列幾種場(chǎng)合：
1．當(dāng)不知道或不必提出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)（這時(shí)都不帶由by引起的短語(yǔ)）；
printing was introduced into europe from china.
印刷術(shù)是從中國(guó)引入歐洲的。
the airplane was made in u.s.
such books are written for children. 這種書(shū)是為兒童寫(xiě)的。
2. 動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心（這時(shí)可帶有由by引起的短語(yǔ)）；
the song was composed by a student.
這首歌曲是一個(gè)學(xué)生譜寫(xiě)的。
thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.
3. 出于禮貌措詞等原因而不愿說(shuō)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。
you are requested to get here in time.
請(qǐng)您準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)這兒。
帶行為主體的被動(dòng)態(tài)
行為主體就是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即執(zhí)行動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作的人或物。在被動(dòng)句中，往往不提及行為主體；但當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可用介詞by引出行為( by +主體行為主體),置于被動(dòng)態(tài)句的末尾，說(shuō)明是什么人或物應(yīng)對(duì)有關(guān)事件負(fù)責(zé)。
e.g. the village was destroyed by a bomb.
這個(gè)村莊毀于炸彈。
the painting is very valuable. it was painted by van gogh.
這幅畫(huà)很值錢(qián)，它是梵高畫(huà)的。
其它用法補(bǔ)充
1.“it + 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+ that 從句”。表示謹(jǐn)慎或不太肯定的語(yǔ)氣。常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。
e.g. it is said that prices will rise again this month.
據(jù)說(shuō)本月物價(jià)還將上漲。
it is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.
據(jù)認(rèn)為每年約有一百條狗出生。
it is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.
據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)所有乘客在那次飛機(jī)墜毀中遇難。
it is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.
2. 用于通告標(biāo)題廣告等的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往省去助動(dòng)詞be。
e.g. no chinese spoken here.
shoes repaired.
famous painting stolen. 名畫(huà)被盜。
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