考研英語寫作常見的語法錯誤
考研英語寫作一直以來都是廣大考研考生在考研英語復習中的一大難點,我們在復習的時候,我們需要掌握好復習技巧。小編為大家精心準備了考研英語寫作常見的語法指導,歡迎大家前來閱讀。
考研英語寫作常見的語法指南
1.檢查謂語動詞的時態(tài)是否有錯。
例 1:
a) We college students had enough time to take a parttime job, no matter how busy we were ...
b) We college students have enough time to take a parttime job, no matter how busy we are ...
命題作文一般都是議論文,而寫議論文所采用的時態(tài)一般都是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。只有在舉例或提到過去的事時才會用到過去時態(tài)。
例 2:
a) Riding bicycles had more advantages than taking a bus.
b) Riding bicycles has more advantages than taking a bus.
考生中用過去時寫作與他們教材課文體裁(大多為敘述文、說明文)和平時寫作練習(大多寫個人經(jīng)歷的故事)有關(guān),也與他們過度概括有關(guān),認為所有文章都用過去時。
例 3:
a) There are so many countries using English that it had been regarded as an international language.
b) There are so many countries using English that it has been regarded as an international language.
注意:在論述同一事情,即發(fā)生在同一時間里的事時,前后半句或相鄰的幾句在時態(tài)上要保持一致。
2.檢查主語和謂語、名詞和代詞、以及人稱是否保持一致。
例 4:
a) The eating habit of Chinese people have changed in the past decade.
b) The eating habit of Chinese people has changed in the past decade.
注意:不管主語和謂語隔開多遠,主語當中還有修飾成分,謂語要和真正的主語在數(shù)上保持一致。
例 5:
a) Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.
b) Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.
例 6:
a) I feel proud to come to our university.
b) I feel proud to come to this university.
注意:our和主語 I不一致,或把 our改成 my,或改成 this。而這里用 this 較妥。
3. 檢查修飾語是否放在正確的位置上。
例1:
a) Without television, people can't get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately.
b) Without television, people can't immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.
分析:a) 句子中,immediately 顯然放錯了位置。是"得到迅速從各地傳來的消息",還是"迅速得到從各地傳來的消息"?意思含糊不清。
例2:
a) At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons.
b) When I was five years old, my father began to give me English lessons.
分析:a) 句子,At the age of six 放在這個位置上,變成了"我父親六歲的時候"。改變說法,可以解決這個問題。
例 3:
a) To improve one's writing skill, regular practice is necessary.
b) To improve one's writing skill, one must make regular practice.
分析:不定式短語的邏輯主語決不是regular practice,為了把邏輯關(guān)系表達清楚,要么把不定式短語改成If one wants to improve his writing skill,要么把主句改成one must make regular practice.
4.表示相同的意思,檢查是否使用了平行語法結(jié)構(gòu)。
例 4:
a) With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and read at home.
b) With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and reading at home.
分析:can do shopping, banking and read at home, 用語法平行結(jié)構(gòu)來衡量,用動詞原形 read是不妥的,為了和 do shopping, do banking 保持結(jié)構(gòu)上平行,接下來的一個內(nèi)容要用do reading.
例 5:
a) Nowadays, people not only eat enough food, but also eat better.
b) Nowadays, people not only eat more, but also eat better.
用 not only...but also, both...and, whether...or, either...or, as well as, along with等能連接兩個成分的連詞,前后兩個成分在結(jié)構(gòu)上要保持一致。用 eat enough food, eat better不如用 eat more, eat better,都用副詞。
5. 用代詞時,檢查指代關(guān)系是否清楚。
例1:
a) Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden theyhave to bear.
b) Sometimes a teacher will inform students of the heavy burden he has to bear.
分析:they 既可指代teachers, 也可指代 students,明顯的是指代不清。其實只要把其中一個名詞變成單數(shù),用he和 they分別代不同的名詞,就清楚了。因為 a teacher也可泛指所有教師。
例2:
a) Someone believes that the teacher's task is to give students knowledge, which may not be true.
b) Someone believes that the teacher's task is to give students knowledge, a notion which may not be true.
分析:which指代什么不清楚,指 knowledge,還是指前面整個句子?如果指 Someone believes,最好用 a notion或an idea歸納一下整個句子的意思,然后引出從句。
例3:
a) People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but it often proves useless.
b) People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but the effort often proves useless.
分析:it 指什么?如指influence,則在 it often proves useless 這個句子中顯然不通。寫作人知道it指人們的努力,但effort 這個詞前面沒有出現(xiàn)過,就不能用it。
6. 相鄰的句子,檢查是否避免了不必要的結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變
例4:
a) While we reuce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased.
b) While the number of vehiles is reduced, the speed of traffic is increased.
注意:兩個非常相關(guān)的意思,不要一個使用主動結(jié)構(gòu),一個使用被動結(jié)構(gòu)。
7.檢查可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞是否用得正確
例5:
a) TV presents us with many useful informations.
b) TV presents us with a lot of useful information.
分析:還有evidence, advice, knowledge等都是不可數(shù)名詞,都不能用復數(shù)。另外, many, a great number of, another, few 等只能與可數(shù)名詞配用。而a great amount of, a great deal of, less, much, 等應(yīng)與不可數(shù)名詞配用。
例6:
a) Making our cities greener is not an easy work.
b) Making our cities greener is not an easy job.
分析:work 用作可數(shù)名詞是"作品"這類意思,而表示"工作"時,不可數(shù)。同樣,在 Word has been sent out that those who cheat on exams will be punished.這個句子中,要用單數(shù)word表示"信息"。
在限時、緊張的寫作中,出現(xiàn)錯誤,尤其是語言上的錯誤是不可避免的。如果把這些錯誤留在那里,不得到改正,就會影響整篇文章的質(zhì)量。閱卷人雖然不大會按你文章中語言錯誤的累計數(shù)目進行扣分,但錯誤,尤其是一些幼稚的錯誤,會給閱卷人員留下不好的印象,從而影響文章的分數(shù)。因此建議大家在寫完之后務(wù)必要對自己的寫作進行檢查,修改基本語法錯誤。
考研英語長難句快速破解的秘訣
具體如何解決長難句的問題我們可以遵從以下的步驟。
1.首先,我們要明確長句究竟在哪里斷開,找到有用的,拋棄無用的。
先來看看下面這個句子:Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.
2.在閱讀時要注意辨別這些復雜修飾成分,找出真正的主語和謂語。
很顯然,這句話應(yīng)該在冒號處斷開,冒號后是對前半句的解釋,所以在讀在這句話時,我們不必把太多精力放在前半句上,而要著重理解后半句,這才是與文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的部分。整句話的復雜修飾成分包括介詞短語in the best of circumstances,from larger,more established companies,以及不定式to broaden their customer bases,和現(xiàn)在分詞arising from their current success.
再來看一個復雜修飾成分為從句的例子:Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
3.原句中的定語從句、賓語從句對句意表達的作用不大,可以略過不讀。
通過對復雜修飾成分的加工處理,這個句子變得十分簡單:One of the principal reasons is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts.
考研閱讀的復雜修飾成分往往放在一個比較復雜的句子框架中,例如下面這句話:Although the samurais had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive.
4.先明確句子大體框架再剝離復雜修飾成分。
整個句子是鑲嵌在although…it is not surprising這個框架中的,但是由于中間插入成分多,容易打斷考生思路,導致無法準確把握句意,同時運用了介詞短語by years of peace,定語從句tasks that….以及過去分詞encouraged to…
通過分析,我們可以看出長難句不是不能攻克,干擾阻礙我們解題的無非就是以上幾種常見的形式,在這里提醒各位考生,辨別并適當處理其復雜修飾成分能幫助考生快速領(lǐng)會文章實質(zhì),輕松應(yīng)對考題。
考研英語閱讀生詞破解的策略
首先,通過構(gòu)詞法推斷詞語的意思是一個科學有效的方法。英語單詞的組成和漢字偏旁部首的構(gòu)字法有著相似的邏輯。英語時通過表示位置、感情色彩、趨勢和方向的前綴,表示核心含義的詞根以及表示詞性的后綴所組成。在很多情況下,我們根據(jù)這些成分的意思就可以知曉整個詞語的'意思,而且理解程度要比死板記憶其漢語意思更加深入。其次,根據(jù)文章和句子的邏輯進行推斷。在篇章中一般由五種邏輯關(guān)系,分別是:并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、否定、比較和因果。有時候,偶爾出現(xiàn)不認識的單詞,我們也可以根據(jù)整個文章邏輯的走勢和句子間的關(guān)系推斷出來。
再次,在考研閱讀的文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一個偏難偏怪的詞匯,但是緊接著會使用同位語或者定語從句的方式對其進行非常詳細的描述,這樣就幫我們解決了理解問題。
最后,英語是一門語言,作為社會科學的一部分,其所承載的內(nèi)容中肯定有很多是我們受過高等教育的同學所知曉的常識和道理,所以利用自身知識儲備進行合理推斷也是戰(zhàn)勝生詞的一把利器。通過以上的方式,考生可以搞定很多不認識的詞匯,即便還有一些生詞,很多情況下是一些并不重要甚至沒有什么具體意義的詞匯,不會影響對文章的理解和做題。
下面我們通過例證,來看看具體的操作方法。
一、鎖定生詞
So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
這段話中出現(xiàn)了一個奇怪的短語“the writing is on the wall”,單從字面來看,我們完全不能判定它是什么意思。但不要著急,你完全可以利用上下文的句間關(guān)系,去猜測其意義。
二、上下文找線索
這段話出現(xiàn)了兩個句子,而且都是問句,這就有必要研究一下二者之間的關(guān)系。先暫且將第一個問句設(shè)定為A句,第二個問句設(shè)定為B句,看A與B之間沒有轉(zhuǎn)折出現(xiàn)?沒有,即可判斷兩句之間是并列關(guān)系,也就是AB兩句其實表達的是一個意思。
我們看A句的意思:“西班牙的危機是否預示著君主制已近壽終正寢?”seeingitslastdays直譯就是“看見自己最后的時日”,意譯為壽終正寢,注意現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)的使用,就是快死了但是還沒死。結(jié)合文章你也會發(fā)現(xiàn),文章是在警告那些歐洲皇室,再瞎折騰,就離死不遠了。總之,A句就是說西班牙的危機是否預示君主立憲制不好了。
結(jié)合A句看B句,已經(jīng)兩者為并列關(guān)系,并得出如下對應(yīng)關(guān)系:that指的是Spanish crisis;mean和suggest對應(yīng);European royals對應(yīng)monarchy。因此,可以推出B句的“the writing is on the wall for all European royals”等于A句中的“monarchy is seeing its last days”,就是歐洲皇室或者君主制快不好了,要玩完了。讀到這個層次,你已經(jīng)完全理解了這個句子的意思,即便依然不明白“the writing is on the wall”的具體含義,也知道它所傳達的意思,做題完全沒有問題。
三、意思詳解
最后,讓我們一起來認識一下“the writing is on the wall”的真正意思:這是源于圣經(jīng)中的一則典故,意為“注定失敗”,引申為“不祥之兆,災禍、失敗或覆滅前的顯著征兆”。The writing ison the wall for sb/sth,某某人或物大難臨頭。例句:The writing is on the wall for old manufacturing industries.(傳統(tǒng)手工業(yè)大難臨頭/日漸衰微。)
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