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2017自考《英語(yǔ)一》語(yǔ)法大全：句法篇
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一、表語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句。
2. 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。
(2) 從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題是他們是否能幫我們。
注：從屬連詞if一般不用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，如：
All this was over twenty years ago, but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。
能跟表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be, seem, look等。如：
It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起來(lái)天要下雨了。
(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問(wèn)題是我們能找到誰(shuí)去替換她呢。
The question is how he did it. 問(wèn)題是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。
解釋：
1. 連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。如：
I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?/p>
2. 在一些表示“建議、勸說(shuō)、命令”的名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。should+動(dòng)詞原形表示，should可省略。如：
My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。
二、主語(yǔ)從句
1 定義：用作主語(yǔ)的從句叫做主語(yǔ)從句。
2. 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。
(2) 從屬連詞whether。如：
Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否會(huì)來(lái)這里還不清楚。
(3) 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如：
What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰(shuí)也不清楚。
Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰(shuí)來(lái)都?xì)g迎。
Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。
解釋：
1. 主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。常以it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型有：
A. It+be+形容詞(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她考試成績(jī)會(huì)很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B. It+be+名詞詞組(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that從句。如：
It’s a pity that we can’t go. 很遺憾我們不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒(méi)贏這場(chǎng)比賽真意外。
C. It+be+過(guò)去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that從句。如：
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說(shuō)格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據(jù)報(bào)道中國(guó)又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。
D. It+seem, happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)+that從句。如：
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
E. It+doesn’t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語(yǔ)從句。如：
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來(lái)這無(wú)關(guān)緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們?cè)谀睦镩_會(huì)毫無(wú)區(qū)別。
F. 當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎?
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來(lái)很要緊嗎?
G. 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí)，要以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪!
2.注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的含義
Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 來(lái)的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來(lái)將會(huì)得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
三、賓語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
2. 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句
3. 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：
(1) 從屬連詞that。如：
He told us that he felt ill. 他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
注： that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。
1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí)，that不能省略。)大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略。)對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知，只知道他是南方人。
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe. (that從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省略。)
我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。
4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省略。)
鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。
(2)從屬連詞if/whether。如：
I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。
I don’t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever
連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如：
Who or what he was, Martin never learned.
他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說(shuō)什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。
You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
(1) 介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如：
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如：
I don’t care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。
解釋：
1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如：
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。
2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo)，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語(yǔ)。如：
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生，只是有點(diǎn)粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。
介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如：
Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎?
3.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句，這類形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能確定我該做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
我好奇怪，我以前沒(méi)看到過(guò)。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。
4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：
I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。
用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter。試比較：
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句，意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。
5.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾?/p>
I don’t think you are right. 我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎?
6. 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律：
(1) 當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
(2) 當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如：
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。
四、同位語(yǔ)從句
1. 定義：用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。
2. 用法：同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等，關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that。如：
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對(duì)你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽說(shuō)我不能來(lái)?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來(lái)了。
注：同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如：
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not. 我不知道他是否來(lái)。
連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰(shuí)該干這項(xiàng)工作，這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假，這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還沒(méi)有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問(wèn)題。
解釋：
1.that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別
that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句句法功能上that只起連接從句的作用，無(wú)意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。
that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
意義上從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。
從句起限定作用，是定語(yǔ)
如：The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句，that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語(yǔ)老師這個(gè)消息是真的。
The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. (定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)，可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如：
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求：盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
測(cè)試：
A. 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞填空：
1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.
2. I have no idea we can do with these waste materials.
3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed.
5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow?
6. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that you had a few days off?
7. Word came I was wanted at the office.
8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster?
9. The teacher didn’t tell me we were wrong.
10. It’s generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants.
B. 單項(xiàng)選擇：
1. It was true Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that B. what C. that, what D. what, that
2. Does matter much he can’t come to the meeting.
A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether
3. ----What are you anxious about? ---- .
A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed
C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed
4. The reason the little actress has been such a success is she is both clever and hard-working.
A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because
5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
6. I really don’t know ____________ I had this photo taken.
A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it was why
7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I can’t remember .
A. where B. there C. which D. that
8. ----What do you think of China? --- different life is today from it used to be.
A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that
9. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
10. troubles me is I can’t learn all these English idioms by heart.
A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that
答案:
A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that
5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which
9. where 10. whatever
B. 1—5 CABBB 6—10 ACACD
五、 定語(yǔ)從句
(一)定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)
1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。
2.先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。
3.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。
關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。
關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：A、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;B、代替先行詞;C、在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。例如：
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 該句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the man， “who”是引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞，代替先行詞the man，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
(二)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.who 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物館的人必須在明晨7點(diǎn)到大門口集合。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕?/p>
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我們物理的老師。
2.whom 指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中做賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 劉先生就是你們?cè)诠财嚿险務(wù)摰哪莻�(gè)人。
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要見的男孩。
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已經(jīng)來(lái)了。
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老師經(jīng)常表?yè)P(yáng)的那個(gè)女孩是我們的班長(zhǎng)。
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常可用who 來(lái)代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3.Which 指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩所喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造計(jì)算機(jī)的那家公司離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜歡外國(guó)作家寫的書。
The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖邊的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天買的鋼筆。
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他們昨晚看的電影一點(diǎn)意思也沒(méi)有。
4.That 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或whom;指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which.。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年來(lái)參觀這座城市的人數(shù)達(dá)一百萬(wàn)。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那個(gè)人在哪兒?
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介紹給我的那個(gè)人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封來(lái)自澳大利亞的信。
5.Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個(gè)全國(guó)知名的科學(xué)家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一個(gè)爸爸當(dāng)醫(yī)生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。
注意：指物時(shí)，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
(三)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾經(jīng)就讀過(guò)的學(xué)校很出名。
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我將把你要的雜志帶來(lái)。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 這是我昨天跟他打臺(tái)球的男孩。
We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我們將去聽那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩已莩?/p>
The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我工作的那家公司的經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。
注意：1. 含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 這是我正在找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那個(gè)保姆照看的小寶寶們都很健康。
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. (誤)
2.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who, that;關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你剛才跟他談話的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。
The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。
The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (誤)
3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地愛著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班總共有40個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來(lái)自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今為止，他寫了10部小說(shuō)，其中3部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。
(四)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1. when 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然記得我第一次來(lái)到這所學(xué)校的那一天。
The time when we got together finally arrived. 我們團(tuán)聚的時(shí)刻終于到了。
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國(guó)成立的日子。
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你還記得在農(nóng)村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年嗎?
2. where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我參觀了那個(gè)飼養(yǎng)了許多奶牛的農(nóng)場(chǎng)。
Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 這是他們當(dāng)初打敵人的地方嗎?
3. why 指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 請(qǐng)告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常可以用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學(xué)時(shí)，他就已經(jīng)知道長(zhǎng)大后要做什么。
Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。
The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他為什么拒絕接受邀請(qǐng)的原因是十分明了的。
(五)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
形式上不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。 用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開。
意義上是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。
只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。
譯法上
譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)：“...的”
通常譯成主句的并列句。
關(guān)系詞的使用上
A.作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
A.不可省略
B.可用that
B.不用that
C.可用who 代替whom
C.不可用who 代替whom
限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老師告訴我說(shuō)湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。
China is a country which has a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國(guó)家。
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一個(gè)來(lái)自非洲的人。
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛他，對(duì)他要求很嚴(yán)格。
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中國(guó)是1949年成立的， 現(xiàn)在正變得越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大。
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我參觀了人民大會(huì)堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會(huì)議。
注意區(qū)分下列幾組句子的不同含義：
1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那當(dāng)兵的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。(意含： 她還有其他哥哥。)
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是當(dāng)兵的，他總是鼓勵(lì)她上大學(xué)。(意含： 她只有一個(gè)哥哥。)
2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.
所有里面帶插圖的書都寫得很好。(意含： 不帶插圖的書則不一定寫得好。)
All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.
所有的書都帶插圖，這些書都寫得很好。(意含： 沒(méi)有不帶插圖的書。)
(一)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來(lái)了嗎?
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)似乎世界上沒(méi)有什么不可能的事。
All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。
There is little that I can do for you. 我不能為你干什么。
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。
All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來(lái)參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。
2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
4.當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過(guò)后，那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王華是我校唯一出席會(huì)議的人。
5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?
6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。
Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來(lái)的人和他的 毛驢。
(二)關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)， 其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1. as 和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很誠(chéng)實(shí)， 這一點(diǎn)我們看得出來(lái)。
2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country. 眾所周知，中國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。
John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 約翰是個(gè)著名作家。
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 張華已去過(guò)巴黎十多次了，這一點(diǎn)我不相信。
注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 這些桌子是金屬的，這使得這些桌子很重。
1. 當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same 修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過(guò)象他講的這樣的故事。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過(guò)的同一條連衣裙。
She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。
(三) 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。如：
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問(wèn)題的方式令人驚奇。
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。
(四)關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇
用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用(即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。試比較：
A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一個(gè)以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。
B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過(guò)的日子。
C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 這就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 這就是他向我解釋的他沒(méi)有參加會(huì)議的原因。
(五)but 有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如：
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。(but = who don’t)
(六)定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
1.定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞，它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。
The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定語(yǔ)從句) 剛剛起飛的那架飛機(jī)是開往巴黎的。
The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他已經(jīng)去世了，這個(gè)事實(shí)很明了。
2.定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)常可省略。同位語(yǔ)從句主要由連詞that 引導(dǎo)，在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分;有時(shí)也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等連詞引導(dǎo)，這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。
The news that he told me is true. (定語(yǔ)從句) 他告訴我的消息是真的。
The news that he has just died is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他剛剛?cè)ナ懒耍@個(gè)消息是真的。
The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定語(yǔ)從句) 我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問(wèn)題是如何籌集這么多資金。
The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金，這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難解決。
The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定語(yǔ)從句) 他提出的問(wèn)題讓我們很為難。
The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他是否一定會(huì)贏得那場(chǎng)比賽，這個(gè)問(wèn)題很難回答。
3.同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子, 而定語(yǔ)從句則不能。如：
A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位語(yǔ)從句)我們可以向老師請(qǐng)教，這個(gè)主意不錯(cuò)。
The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)，這個(gè)事實(shí)人人皆知。
The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.
C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 請(qǐng)注意如何保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
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