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2014年自考英語復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)（超實(shí)用）
自考英語復(fù)習(xí)資料：如何達(dá)到段落的連貫
1)段落的連貫性
好的段落不僅要有統(tǒng)一性，而且也要有連貫性。也就是說段落中的每個(gè)句子在邏輯上、結(jié)構(gòu)上都與前一句子銜接在一起。要取得段落連貫性，關(guān)鍵在于按照邏輯順序和使用過渡詞語，達(dá)到段落連貫性要做到以下兩點(diǎn)：
(1) 從邏輯順序來看，重要的先寫，將要的后寫，或從次要到主要，后者更符合英美人的習(xí)慣。
(2) 常用的幾種邏輯順序如下：
①時(shí)間順序
②空間順序
③跌降和遞進(jìn)：主題句后面的理由從最重要到不重要排列這種方法叫跌降法。如果從最不重要的到最重要的則稱為遞進(jìn)法。這是說明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)常用的寫作方法。例如：
John likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. First, it costs less. For example, he paid $ 130 a month to live in a dorm, but it costs him only $ 90 to live in a private home. Second, he has more privacy in a home. In a dorm, he shared a room with another boy, but in a home, he has a room all to himself. Third, it is easier to study in a private home. A dorm is often too noisy, but a home rarely is. Finally he can keep his car at a house. At campus dorms, there are no parking spaces for student cars. For these reasons, John likes to live off campus.
本段主題句后的四個(gè)理由從主到次排列，屬跌降法。
④演繹：指文章以概括性的陳述開始，然后接具體的事實(shí)、例子、理由等。這種寫作方法也是各類英語考試中常用的寫作方法。例如：
Man has learned to travel faster and faster throughout the history, when the wheel was invented over a thousand years ago, man learned that it was possible to travel faster on wheels than on foot. With the invention of the steam engine about two hundred years ago, man began to travel at what was called “dangerous” speeds of more than 100 miles an hour. About twenty years ago man began to travel in commercial jet planes at speeds about 500 miles an hour.
該段主題句后面用了具體的事例對(duì)主題句作進(jìn)一步的說明，屬于演繹寫作方法。
⑤歸納：指文章先提出幾個(gè)具體的事實(shí)，然后歸納出一個(gè)結(jié)論。例如：
Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them, let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow, do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.
該段先羅列出細(xì)節(jié)材料，最后作出總結(jié)或結(jié)論，這種寫作方法叫歸納法。
2)正確地使用過渡詞語
段落是否連貫主要取決于文章內(nèi)容是否符合邏輯，但是段落缺乏連貫性并不僅僅是邏輯順序問題，過渡詞語也起著十分重要的作用。
試比較：
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. School was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
該段落中無過渡詞，讀起來缺少邏輯連貫性，試比較在該段落中加入過渡詞語后的效果。
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. For school was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. But I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. Or I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
在該段中加入過渡詞語后段落更有連貫性。
自考英語復(fù)習(xí)資料：結(jié)尾段落的寫作方式
段落的結(jié)尾
寫好結(jié)尾句的關(guān)鍵在于準(zhǔn)確地把握主題句中的主導(dǎo)思想，結(jié)論句與主題句應(yīng)該是遙相呼應(yīng)的，一般從三個(gè)角度來寫：復(fù)述主題句;總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容;對(duì)主題句加以評(píng)論，表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。常用的結(jié)尾承接詞有：therefore, in conclusion, in a work, to sum up, in short, to sum up等。結(jié)尾句并非必不可少，但它是段落中心思想的總結(jié)，能使段落的主題更加突出，故結(jié)尾句對(duì)讀者有益。
結(jié)尾句需要與主題句相呼應(yīng)，引發(fā)讀者對(duì)段落的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)。有時(shí)一些段落是沒有結(jié)尾句的。這要看寫作內(nèi)容或具體情況來決定。
讓我們來分析以下這個(gè)段落的結(jié)構(gòu)及其結(jié)尾的寫法。
There are many problems with advertisements. Sometimes, people consider them as a bad thing because many of the goods only sound good. Some advertisements are rather confusing, and often deceive consumers into buying goods of poor quality. The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.
該段主題句為：There are many problems with advertisements.。該段的結(jié)尾句是：The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.。資本段的結(jié)尾句說出了解決的方式以及不加以解決將會(huì)產(chǎn)生的不良后果。
段落結(jié)尾句是段落的結(jié)論，需要簡潔有力，并符合主題句的主旨，但是不要簡單的重復(fù)。因此，在寫結(jié)尾句時(shí)，需要比較好地理解和掌握主題句的關(guān)鍵詞。
自考英語復(fù)習(xí)資料：應(yīng)用文的寫作方法
1. 應(yīng)用文
應(yīng)用文主要是指日常應(yīng)用的公文事務(wù)性文體。而應(yīng)用文用得最多的則是書信。書信大致可以分兩大類：事務(wù)信件和私人信件。事務(wù)信件的文體、語言和格式都較正式，而私人信件則屬于非正式信件。
1)寫英語書信的基本格式及組成
(1) 信頭(Heading)。需按門牌號(hào)、街道、城市、州(或省)、郵政編碼、國家和日期的順序排列。
(2) 信內(nèi)地址(Inside Address)。這是收信人的地址。與發(fā)信人的信頭一樣，也包括具體門牌號(hào)、街道、城市、州(或省)、郵政編碼及國家。
(3) 稱呼(Salutation)。事務(wù)書信要比個(gè)人書信正式些，稱呼后用冒號(hào)，而個(gè)人書信則用逗號(hào)。如：
Dear Mr. Brown:
Dear Ms. Alia:
若發(fā)信人不知收信單位的接受人姓名，可直接寫：
Dear Sir
Dear Madam:
或Dear Sir/Madam:
在個(gè)人信件中可根據(jù)收信人稱呼：
Dear Mother, Dear Tom, Dear Professor Liu, Dear Aunt Louise and Uncle Alex
此處注意不能省掉名字只寫“Dear Aunt and Uncle”。
(4)正文(Body)。事務(wù)公函需要簡明、直接，要點(diǎn)清楚。寫個(gè)人信件時(shí)也要考慮信件的內(nèi)容、語氣與寫法，可參照下面幾個(gè)方面：
給親友、熟人寫信語氣要令人感到輕松、親切;
可以談?wù)撘恍┳约旱那闆r;
可告訴朋友一些感興趣的話題;
詢問對(duì)方近況。
(5)客套結(jié)束語(Closing)。一般事務(wù)信件可選用Very truly yours: Yours truly; Sincerely; Sincerely yours; Yours respectfully; Yours faithfully等。
個(gè)人信件可選用Sincerely yours; Yours; Yours truly; Your friend; As ever; With love; Yours affectionately; Yours son/nephew等。
結(jié)束語應(yīng)照上面所表達(dá)的方式，以大寫字母開始，以逗號(hào)結(jié)束。
(6)署名(Signature)。可用手寫也可以打印，如打印常在印刷的姓名上面再親自簽名。
2)寫英語信件的要求
(1) 準(zhǔn)確：遣詞用句要得體，意思要表達(dá)得準(zhǔn)確。
(2) 簡潔：文字要簡單明了，直接說明意圖，講清主要事實(shí)，提出具體要求即可。
(3) 禮貌：根據(jù)寫信的對(duì)象和目的，掌握好分寸，要注意態(tài)度誠懇，使用禮貌用語。
(4) 規(guī)范：要按照英語書信格式來寫。
范例：
A Letter of Applying for a Place in Graduate School
Biology department
Shandong Nomal University
Jinan City, Shandong Province
P. R. China
May 4th, 2004
Admission Office
Graduate School of Biology
North Carolina State University
U. S. A.
Dear Sir,
I left university as a graduate in biology two years ago. Now I am an assistant and experimenter, working in biology Department of Shandong Normal University. To further my study, I wish to enter Graduate School of North Carolina State University to pursue the degree of Master of Science. I should be grateful to know the conditions under which applicants are admitted. Would you please send me an application form and some related information?
Yours respectfully,
Lee Hua
自考英語復(fù)習(xí)資料：說明文的寫作方法
說明文
說明文就是用說明的或主要用說明的表達(dá)方式來對(duì)客觀事物的形狀、構(gòu)造、性質(zhì)、原理、成因、關(guān)系、功能等進(jìn)行解說和闡述，是一種給人以知識(shí)的文章。解釋抽象概念和闡明科學(xué)原理及自然現(xiàn)象的科技文章也屬于這一文體。
㈠說明文的分類
說明文分三類：1)實(shí)體事物說明文，包括文明書、廣告、解說詞、知識(shí)小品、知識(shí)注解等。2)事理說明文，包括理論性概念解釋、書文簡介、教材等。3)文藝性說明文，把說明對(duì)象擬人化，進(jìn)而編成故事對(duì)其進(jìn)行介紹。
㈡常用的說明文方法
(1) 下定義：用簡明的語言把這一事物有關(guān)于其他事物的本質(zhì)屬性揭示出來，給人一個(gè)明確的概念。
(2) 舉例：用具體事例說明事物的一般原則、原理、特征等。通過舉例可把抽象的事物說得具體易懂。
(3) 運(yùn)用比喻、比擬的手法：用比喻或比擬使抽象的事物形象化，說明得生動(dòng)活潑。
(4) 比較：把相近或相反的事物或事物的不同情況放在一起確定其異同。這種方法容易顯示事物的特征，提示其本質(zhì)。
(5) 引用數(shù)字：用數(shù)字直接說明事物的數(shù)量和形狀，能夠把抽象的事物具體化，讀者易于了解和接受。
此外，還有原因說明、分類說明、圖表說明、描述說明等。作者可以根據(jù)說明的對(duì)象、目的，選取一種或多種說明方法。
㈢說明文的要求
(1) 要抓住事物的本質(zhì)特征，因?yàn)橹挥斜举|(zhì)的特征才能給人以深刻的、科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)。
(2) 必須掌握說明順序——空間順序、時(shí)間順序、邏輯順序和認(rèn)識(shí)順序，才能把說明文寫得條理分明。
(3) 語言要淺顯、準(zhǔn)確、通俗易懂。
What Causes Waves?
Waves are beautiful to look at, but they can destroy ships at sea, as well as houses and buildings near the shores. What causes waves? Most waves are caused by winds blowing over the surface of the water. The sun heats the earth, causing the air to rise and the winds to blow. The winds blow across the sea, pushing little waves into bigger and bigger ones.
The size of a wave depends on how strong the wind is, how long it blows, and how large the body of water is. In a small bay big waves will never build up. But at sea the wind can build up giant, powerful waves.
A rule says that the height of a wave (in meters) will usually be no more than one-tenth of the wind’s speed (in kilometers). In other words, when the wind is blowing at 120 kilometers per hour, most waves will be about twelve meters. Of course, some waves may combine to form giant waves that are much higher, In 1933 the United States Navy reported the largest measured wave in history. It rose in the Pacific Ocean to a height of thirty-four meters.
解析：本文是說明事理的。用簡明的語言說明了風(fēng)是形成浪的原因;風(fēng)的大小決定浪的高低;最后一段用具體數(shù)字說明風(fēng)速與浪高的比例，這是一篇闡明自然現(xiàn)象的科學(xué)原理的文章。
自考英語復(fù)習(xí)資料：描寫文的寫作方法
1. 描寫文
描寫文就是用生動(dòng)形象的語言，把人物的狀態(tài)、動(dòng)作或景物的性質(zhì)、特征具體地描繪出來。描寫的主要作用是：再現(xiàn)美麗的自然景色，描寫人物的外貌和內(nèi)心世界，交代人物活動(dòng)的自然環(huán)境和社會(huì)環(huán)境。描寫的對(duì)象有：人物描寫、景物描寫和場面描寫。
1)常用的描寫方法
(1) 速寫：抓住描寫對(duì)象的主要特征，簡單幾筆，勾勒出一個(gè)輪廓來。
(2) 細(xì)描：就是一筆一畫地精雕細(xì)刻，像繪“工筆畫”那樣形象逼真的描述。
(3) 白描：不設(shè)喻，不用修飾的言詞，樸實(shí)真切地描述出事物的特征。
(4) 間接描寫：對(duì)某一事物不作直接描寫，而是通過描寫其他事物對(duì)它的印象、感受或者描寫它在周圍事物中所產(chǎn)生的反應(yīng)，從側(cè)面間接表現(xiàn)它的特征，這種方法也叫烘托法。
2)描寫文的要領(lǐng)
(1) 要有明確的目的，不能為描寫而描寫。描寫應(yīng)從表現(xiàn)主題，刻畫人物出發(fā)，切勿隨心所欲地堆砌詞藻。
(2) 要突出特點(diǎn)。描寫要有重點(diǎn)，有特點(diǎn)，要少而精。有重點(diǎn)才能給人留下深刻印象;有特點(diǎn)，才能形象鮮明;少而精，才能簡潔生動(dòng)。
(3) 要抓住事物的特征。事物是千變?nèi)f化的，要想逼真地描繪出它的形態(tài)、狀貌、情景、就必須抓住其獨(dú)具的特征。
The Seasons
The year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.
In spring, nature awakens from her long winter sleep. The trees are filled with new life, the earth is warmed by the rays of the sun, and the weather gets gradually milder. The fields and medows are covered with fresh green grass. The woods and forests are filled with the songs of the birds. The sky is blue and cloudless. At night millions of stars shine in the darkness.
When summer comes, the weather gets warmer still and sometimes it’s verh hot. It’s the farmer’s busy season — he works in his fields from morning till night. The grass must be cut and the hay must be made, while the dry weather lasts. Sometimes the skies are overcast with heavy clouds. There are storms with thunder, lighting and hail.
Autumn brings with the harvest-time, when the crops are gathered in and the fruit is picked in the orchards. The days get shorter and the nights linger. The woods turns yellow and brown, leaves begin to fall from the trees, and the ground is covered with them. The skies are grey, and very often it rains.
When winter comes, we’re obliged to spend more time indoors because out of doors it’s cold. We may get fog, sleet and frost. Ponds, lakes, rivers and streams are frozen, and the roads are sometimes covered with slippery ice or deep snow. The trees are bare. Bitter north winds have stripped them of al their leaves.
這篇文章先提出所要描寫的主題——四季，接著用具體的細(xì)節(jié)描繪了春夏秋冬。主題的發(fā)展是以自然規(guī)律春夏秋冬為序的。
自考英語復(fù)習(xí)資料：議論文的寫作方法
議論文
議論文就是運(yùn)用一定的材料通過一定的論證方法來表明自己的立場、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。一般說來，完整的議論，總是由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證構(gòu)成的。論點(diǎn)就是對(duì)材料進(jìn)行分析得出來的判斷，又叫觀點(diǎn)。論據(jù)就是用來證明作者論點(diǎn)的材料的根據(jù)。論證就是運(yùn)用論據(jù)來說明論點(diǎn)的過程。
1)議論文常用的方法
議論文的方法有：舉例論證、分析論證、引證論證、對(duì)比論證和類比論證。還有反證法，證明對(duì)方論點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的，自己的觀點(diǎn)是正確的，從而駁倒對(duì)方。
2)議論文的要求
(1) 論點(diǎn)要正確、鮮明。在論證中，無論是對(duì)正面觀點(diǎn)的闡述，還是對(duì)反面觀點(diǎn)的反駁，自己的論點(diǎn)都必須正確，鮮明，贊成什么，反對(duì)什么，必須鮮明地表示出來，不能含糊不清。
(2) 論據(jù)要充實(shí)可靠。這就要求作者選擇論據(jù)要典型，要真實(shí)可靠。只有充實(shí)的論據(jù)，文章才有說明力。
(3) 論證要合乎邏輯。這就要求論證時(shí)，說理要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，推理要合乎邏輯。
最常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)是縱貫式，就是按提出問題、分析問題、解決問題的邏輯順序來安排層次，即：開頭(引論)→本論(正文)→結(jié)尾(結(jié)論)，也就是我們常說的“三段式結(jié)構(gòu)”。
Challenge (向…挑戰(zhàn))Old Beliefs(信念,信仰)
There are many things in the world which are accepted as certain when they are not certain, and what an expert(專家) says or thinks must not be accepted or rejected(拋棄) hastily(急忙地). The following example may help to make us less rigid in our beliefs.
When helium(氦) is cooled to very low temperature, it forms an astonishing liquid which does not appear to agree with the laws of gravity. It can go upwards.(向上) If it is put into a bottle which is open at the top, it empties itself out of the bottle; and if an open bottle is stood in this liquid, the liquid will move up the outer (外部的)side of the bottle and run down inside it until the levels outside and inside are the same.
So anyone who is determined(堅(jiān)決的,有決心的) to advance science must have a capacity(能力,能量) for original thought and for action based on that thought.
本文是三段式結(jié)構(gòu)，用舉例的方法進(jìn)行論證。第一段提出論點(diǎn)，第二段舉例加以論證，第三段得出令人信服的結(jié)論。本文論點(diǎn)明確，論據(jù)科學(xué)可靠，由此而得出的結(jié)論非常有說明力。
自考英語復(fù)習(xí)資料：記敘文的寫作方式
1.記敘文
記敘文就是記敘人物的經(jīng)歷或事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、變化過程的文章。這種文章也叫敘述文。這類文章通常包括六大要素，即所敘述的事情是什么時(shí)間、什么地點(diǎn)、什么事、什么人、什么原因以及結(jié)果如何。作者可以用第一人稱的口吻來敘述。這樣的文章生動(dòng)自然，能給讀者以真實(shí)親切的感覺。也可以以第三人稱的口吻敘述，這樣寫作者就不受“我”或“我們”所見所聞的限制，寫起來比較自由、靈活。
1)常見的敘述方式
(1)順敘：作者按照事情發(fā)展順序進(jìn)行敘述。(2)倒敘：先敘述事情的結(jié)局，然后回過來交代事情的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。(3)插敘：在敘述過程中，由于某種需要，暫時(shí)把敘述的線索中斷一下，插入有關(guān)的另一敘述。(4)夾敘夾議：一方面敘述一件事情，一方面又對(duì)這件事情加以分析或評(píng)論。
2)記敘文的寫作要領(lǐng)
記敘文總的要求是清楚明白。具體要求有三點(diǎn)：(1)交代明白。要把敘述的六大要素(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事情、原因、結(jié)果)交代明白。(2)線索清楚。敘述的線索很重要，如果理不清楚，就會(huì)使讀者看不明白。敘述要抓住主要線索，安排好各個(gè)次要線索，這樣才能使敘述井井有條。(3)剪裁得當(dāng)。敘述一件事不可能也沒有必要把所有的細(xì)節(jié)都寫出來，必須根據(jù)文章的主題和所敘述的中心加以剪裁。凡是能直接表現(xiàn)主題的地方或中心事情的主要情節(jié)，就要詳寫。否則，就要略寫或不寫，這樣就能做到詳略適宜、取舍得當(dāng)，文章主題就會(huì)鮮明突出，敘述的輪廓也就會(huì)清楚明白。
Follow That Bus!
I jumped off the bus before it stopped and began walking down the street. As I had arrived early, I decided to look at the shop windows before going home. The idea made me quite happy, but at the same time I had the unpleasant feeling that I had forgotten something. I stopped in the middle of the pavement(人行道) and began searching my pockets. All of a sudden I remembered that I was without my briefcase(公事包)! I had left it on the bus and it was full of important papers. The thought was enough to make me start running down the street, though, by now, the bus was out of sight.
這篇文章是以第一人稱的口吻，按照事情發(fā)生的先后順序來記敘一件往事的。文字雖少，脈絡(luò)分明。所記錄的上車、下車、發(fā)現(xiàn)忘記了公文包去追趕汽車的事令人讀起來感到非常生動(dòng)真實(shí)。
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