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2017職稱英語《衛(wèi)生A》補(bǔ)全短文專項(xiàng)試題與答案
補(bǔ)全短文
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Einstein Named "Person of the Century"
Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel (解決) the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.
A man whose very name is synonymous ( 同義的) with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology. "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science," wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance.46
Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon (象征) for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.
"What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying (象征，體現(xiàn)) the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,"said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.
Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879.47 He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams. In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history.48 Everything else--mass, weight, space, even time itself-- is a variable (變量) . And he offered the world his now-famous equation ( 方程式):energy equals mass times the speed of light squared--E=mc2.
49"There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. 50 Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.
A. "Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,"Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices.
B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein.
C. "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."
D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.
E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.
F. In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.
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Why Would They Falsely Confess?
Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (審訊) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible(易受影響的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盤問) is enormous.46"The pressure is important to understand, because, otherwise, it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do. 47 The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.
Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess:59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. 48 Of the 15-to-16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-tol3-year-olds.
"There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. 49 Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation--not hours of aggressive questioning-- and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation.50
A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems.
B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision."
C. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齒的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too."
E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?
F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.
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The Mysteries of Nazca
In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑) people for decades. 46 But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth.
The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren't discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines.
Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery.47 However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys.
In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings are a chronicle (記錄) of the movement of the stars and planets.48 Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn't find any relation between the lines and movements in space.
Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It's possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose.49 But the local people have never constructed anything this big.
Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built by ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. 50
A. Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs.
B. The largest picture may have been the sites for special ceremonies.
C. He called Nazca "the largest astronomy book in the world".
D. A Swiss writer named Erich von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.
E. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.
F. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.
參考答案與解析
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46.C。本文主要講愛因斯坦為20世紀(jì)人類科學(xué)做出的重大貢獻(xiàn)。本段是理論物理學(xué)家史蒂芬•霍金在《時(shí)代》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇評(píng)價(jià)愛因斯坦所做貢獻(xiàn)的文章中的幾句話。他說世界在過去的l00年發(fā)生的變化比以往任何一個(gè)世紀(jì)都大得多，其原因不在于政治或經(jīng)濟(jì)，而在于技術(shù)——由于基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)的進(jìn)步而直接造就的新技術(shù)。兩句話并未提及愛因斯坦，因此此處選C最合適：“顯然，沒有一位科學(xué)家能比愛因斯坦更好地代表這些科學(xué)進(jìn)步。”those在此發(fā)揮了銜接作用。
47.E。本段簡(jiǎn)要介紹了愛因斯坦的早年生平。E說：“愛因斯坦在小時(shí)候并未顯示日后會(huì)成為大科學(xué)家的任何天賦。”后一句話實(shí)際上是對(duì)E的詳細(xì)解釋。
48.F。本段主要介紹愛因斯坦提出的相對(duì)論。第一句話告訴我們l905年的時(shí)候愛因斯坦發(fā)表了人類歷史上最具奇巧想象力的理論。第三、四句話是具體解釋相對(duì)論，F(xiàn)說：“在‘特殊相對(duì)論’中，愛因斯坦描述了宇宙中為什么唯一恒定的是光速。”由此看來F放在此處最合適，其中constant和variable意思相反，構(gòu)成詞匯銜接。
49.A。本段是伊薩克森在《時(shí)代》雜志上的一篇文章中對(duì)相對(duì)論的深遠(yuǎn)意義所做的評(píng)述。他說：“相對(duì)論間接地為道德、藝術(shù)和政治領(lǐng)域中新相對(duì)主義的出現(xiàn)鋪平了道路。”后一句是對(duì)此的進(jìn)一步解釋。
50.D。本段主要講愛因斯坦與原子能和原子武器發(fā)展的關(guān)系。前一句告訴我們愛因斯坦于1939年在給羅斯�？偨y(tǒng)的一封信中敦促美國(guó)搶在納粹德國(guó)之前研制原子彈，并簽了名。D說：“羅斯福對(duì)這項(xiàng)建議十分關(guān)注，遂制定了秘密制造第一顆原子彈的‘曼哈頓計(jì)劃’。”后一句說愛因斯坦未參與這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃，其中the project指的就是the Manhattan Project。
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46.C。這一段談的是pressure方面的事。請(qǐng)注意在這個(gè)空格后面是一段引言，但沒有原說話人的名字，這也給我們提示，在填入部分里應(yīng)該有原說話人的名字，這樣可以考慮的有B、C、F三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。從內(nèi)容上進(jìn)一步考慮，應(yīng)選C。
47.A。這里填入的部分是對(duì)Redlich所做試驗(yàn)的描述，下文又講到計(jì)算機(jī)，所以不難確定選A。
48.F。這一段講的是Redlich試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，一開始就講了她的finding，填入的部分里有also這個(gè)詞，正好接上。而后面的一句話則用更具體的數(shù)據(jù)來支持她的結(jié)論：越年輕，越可能做假供。
49.D。Saul Kassin同意Redlich的結(jié)果，她認(rèn)為年輕人風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大(more at risk)，但同時(shí)她又認(rèn)為成年人也十分脆弱(vulnerable)。
50.B。由于在審訊過程中受到壓力，許多人認(rèn)為做假供是一種擺脫厄境的方法，因而也是一種合理的決定。
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46.F�？崭窈缶渥又v到從高處看時(shí)這些藝術(shù)品的外觀。通過句首的轉(zhuǎn)折詞but可知，空格處應(yīng)該填入“與地面上”觀察的反義詞，因此F(從地面上看)是符合上下文語義的選項(xiàng)。
47.D�？崭袂爸v道研究者得知這些線條已有1500年的歷史，但其存在的目的還不得而知。空格處應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步說明這種情況。因此，D選項(xiàng)(一個(gè)瑞士作家寫到Nazca lines被設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)UF0的著陸場(chǎng)所)正是對(duì)目的的一種猜測(cè)�？崭窈蟮霓D(zhuǎn)折詞(however)表示對(duì)這種猜測(cè)的否定。因此D為最佳選項(xiàng)。
48.C�？崭袂爸v的是“一個(gè)美國(guó)人認(rèn)為這是星球和行星的運(yùn)動(dòng)記錄”，符合上下文語義走向的是他把Nazca叫做“世界上最大的太空書籍”。因此C是最佳答案。
49.B。本段大意是“這些線條可能是因?yàn)樽诮棠康亩O(shè)置的”。B是最符合上下文語義走向的：最大的圖片是在特殊儀式上才用的。故B為正確選項(xiàng)。
50.E。最后一段講某些科學(xué)家對(duì)Nazca的推測(cè)�？崭袂爸v某些科學(xué)家的研究，空格處填入其他科學(xué)家的做法是比較符合上下文含義的。故E是正確答案。
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