英語四級閱讀信息匹配練習題
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英語四級閱讀信息匹配練習題 1
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.
長篇閱讀
Paper--More than Meets the Eye
A) We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
B) It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.
Paper from Wood
D) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
E) A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
F) Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
G) It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish！
H) So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
I) Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.
J) Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
Paper from Rag
K) Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
L) A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
M) The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.
1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.
2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags.
3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.
4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.
5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.
6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.
7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.
8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.
9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees.
10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.
文章精要：
本文主要介紹了我們平常所見所用的紙的復雜性，通過介紹用木頭和破布料造紙的過程，使我們對紙的類別、屬性有了更深入的了解。
答案參考：
1. B 根據題干中的信息提示詞corn—flake packet,high grade card,可定位到文章第二段，該部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造過程中比高等級的紙(high grade card)便宜.
2. C 根據題干中的`信息提示詞soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。
3. D 根據題干中的信息提示詞final product，可將答案定位到D段，第二、三句提到最后的產品來源于纖維素紙漿。
4. D 根據題干中的信息提示詞white paper and card，可將答案定位到D段，該部分最后提到為了得到白紙，紙張生產者在制造過程中添加了漂白粉和其他化學物質。
5. E 根據題干中的信息提示詞essential for the tree，可將答案定位到E段，該部分提到木質素是木頭的主要組成物，其作用是凝聚纖維素，但它會使紙張變得易碎。
6. F 根據題干中的信息提示詞lignin，可將答案定位到F段，該部分最后提到許多紙張生產者在生產過程中會保留木質素，主要是因為它會增加樹木的造紙產量。
7. G 根據題干中的信息提示詞acid，可將答案定位到G段，該部分最后提到酸對相紙的原料尤其不利。
8. F 根據題干中的信息提示詞lignin和paper可定位到文章的F段，因為該段提到，如果在紙張的生產中去除木質素，將會降低樹木出產紙張的量，由此可以知道，去除了木質素的紙張價格必定會更加昂貴。
9. K 根據題干中的信息提示詞cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的K段，該部分告訴我們，盡管用棉花和破布料造的紙里沒有木質素，但它們要比木制的紙貴很多，這是因為棉花和破布料的數量比樹木少得多，由此可以得出答案。
10. M 根據題干中的信息提示詞Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，該部分提出最好到專業的供應商那里去買檔案材料，由此可以得出答案。
英語四級閱讀信息匹配練習題 2
Deborah Kennys "Born to Rise" Tells Story of Harlem Village Academies
A) Deborah Kenny, CEO of the Harlem Village Academies, is frustrated with the nations current education system. Unlike most, though, she decided to do something about it. Part declaration part record, her book Born to Rise writes down her journey toward creating and running her own system of progressive charter schools in Harlem in New York City.
What is your educational philosophy?
B) We want our students to receive the same high-quality education as students who are privileged to attend the best private schools in the country. Personally, I believe a progressive education is superior as long as its delivered by really smart, talented teachers who know how to execute well. Its a sophisticated approach that really only works well in the hands of a really sophisticated educator. Were dealing with a little bit of a challenge because students enter this school from the regular public system. And when they enter in fifth grade, theyre not yet well-trained in the basics reading, writing, and math--which means that we have to catch them up on basic math skills, on the basics of writing. And many of them come in at a kindergarten, first, second-grade level in reading. So we have to accelerate their mastery of the basics, but we reject the idea that if you do that you cant teach that at a high level. We push ourselves constantly to think about how we can make sure that our students will catch up while we teach at the highest possible level. It means asking difficult, delicate questions, not accepting an answer that is not backed up by evidence, the kinds of things that you would expect to see in the best private schools. We aim for a high level in rich discussions where the students are asked to analyze a challenging text and where the teacher does not accept just any answer simply because the student is behaving. What makes the Harlem Village Academies different?
C) First of all, I have to say what we have in common with other charter schools because we have learned so much from them: creating an expectation that all students will attend college, naming classrooms after colleges, the longer school day, the longer school year. I feel its important to give credit where credit is due because I learned from them. In those early years when I opened the school, most of these other schools bad been around for seven years, ten years, some of them even longer.
D ) As far as what makes us different, Ill tell you what the teachers say: teachers tell us that the level of professionalism and passion for teaching at a high level and teaching above the test, not to the test, and working in an environment, where everybody is trusted to do their job and continually learning--theres this incredible culture of learning. Theres this incredible workplace culture where the adults are continually becoming better and learning more about how to become a better lead her. The teachers get to make all of the decisions about their own professional development rather than being enforced to at tend the training. They are treated like professional-grade doctors and lawyers at the. Highest level. They actually make the decisions not only about what books to use and what teaehing methed, but even about what their own professional development Ioukslike.Theres a very clear set of standards far what the students need to know and be "able to do at the end of each year and quarter, and we hold people accountable for that end goal. But we give them complete freedom to decide how theyre going to achieve it, which is how all professionals are treated. Unfortunately, its not how most teachers are treated inthis country. Most teachers are treated like factory workers, where theres a hig set ofrules on how they have to do everything.
What does the curriculum look like at Harlem Village Academy schools?
E) It looks like a classic liberal-arts curriculum, where math, reading, and writing are not the only subjects taught. Even if the state focuses its testing on those things, we do not let the state dictate our curriculum. We are interested in a rich curriculum that includes art and music and seience and social studies and a wide variety of electives, and character education is integrated throughout.
How do you address the criticisms people have regarding charter schools?
F) Id say that the .main criticisms are stemming from the fact that in a charter system the teachers are not unionized, and theyre treated as professionals instead of as manual laborers. The charter movement is challenging the current situation, its eoming along and saying we used to completely change the underlying premiere ( 前提) of how we go about public education. Parents should be able to choose the scherzi. We should give power to all parents, regardless of socioeonomie level, to choose where they send their child, and that creates market competition: if you have an amazing school with caring teachers and great results, parents are going to ~ant to choose that school. The charter movement is putting the needs of children first anti is holding teachers accountable. It ehalleuges the notion of tenure (終身教職), where theres no accountability at all.
Whats next for you and the Harlem Village Academies?
G) We are going to triple (增至三倍) in size in the next twn years. We will have a full K -12 system. Were starting two new elementary schools, we will be serving 2,000 children, but we are not eager to grow super-big. We want to use the platform of what we re learned and the results that weve produced--that ant teachers have produced--to have an ational influence on policy and on teaching methods. The laws that govern how school srun constrain the ability of the printcipal to run the school well. Theyre not allowed to build a team. And building a team where teachers are trusted, happy and cooperative is really the foundation for an excellent school. So we want to find a way to get our message out nationally and continue to be part of the movement.
1. In the Harlem Village Academies. teachers can decide themselves how they are going to achieve the teaching objectives.
2. The charter movement challenges the tenure system in making childrens needs apriority and holding, teachers responsible.
3. The Harlem Village Academies will be able to enroll 2,000 ehildren in the next twoyears
4. Deborah Kenny admits that she learns a lot from other charter schools.
5. The curriculum at Harlem Village Academies not only includes the subjects frequentlytested.
6.The Harlem Village Academies are eager to exert a national influence on policy and teaching methods.
7. Students entering the Harlem Village Academies are from the regular public system.
8. Deborah Kenny decides to create and run the Harlem Village Academies because sheis disappointed about the current education system.
9. Charter schools are mainly criticized for treating the teachers as professionals.
10. One of the challenges facing the Harlern Village Academies is how to accelerate students mastery of the basics.
答案解析
1.D).【題干譯文】在哈勒姆村莊學校，老師們可以自己決定如何完成教學目標�！径ㄎ弧坑深}千巾的Harlem Village Academics，teachers can decide themselves以及objectives定位到原文D)段倒數第三、四句：There’s a very clear set of standards for what the students need to know and be able to do at the end of cach year and quarter.and we hold people accountable for that end goal;But We give them I complete freedom to decides how they’re going to achieve it，…
【精解】由定位句可知，哈勒姆村莊學校對學生們到年末和季末需要掌握的知識有著明確標準，老師們負責達成這些目標，但是在達成目標的手段方面，老師們有絕對的自由。題干中的Call decide themselves和achieve the teaching objectives分別對應定位句中的give them complete freedom to decide和achieve it，故答案為D)。
2.F)。【題干譯文】公辦民營學校運動將學生需求放在首位，讓老師負起責任，從而向終身聘任制發起挑戰。
【定位】由題干中的charter movement和tenure system定位到原文F)段最后兩句：The Charter movement is putting the needs of children first and is holding teacher>accountable.It challenges the notion of tenure(終身教職).where there’s no accountability at all.
【精解】由定位句可知，公辦民營學校優先考慮學生的需要，讓老師承擔其責任.這與老師原來的“終身教職”的概念不同。題干中的making children’s needs a priority和holding teachers responsible分別對應原文中的putting the needs of children first和holding teachers accountable，故答案為F)。
3.G)，【題干譯文】未來兩年內，哈勒姆村莊學校將有能力接收2000名學生。
【定位】由題干中的2，000 children in the next two years定位到原文G)段第一句，
We are going to triple(增至三倍)in size in the next two years.和第三句：we’re starting two new elementary schools，we will be servin9 2，000 children...
【精解】定位句提到，哈勒姆村莊學校未來兩年內規模將擴大三倍。后面的二、三句均是在補充說明第一句，具體描述規模擴大的程度，其中第三句提到，哈勒姆村莊學校將新建兩所小學，屆時將能接收2000名學生。題干中的will be able to enroll 2.000 children對應原文中的we will be servin9 2，000 children，題干中的in the next two years對應G)段第一句，故答案為G)。
4.C)。【題千譯文】黛博拉肯尼承認她從其他公辦民營學校那學到了很多。
【定位】由題干中的Deborah Kenny和learns a lot from other charter schools定位到原文c)段第一句：First of all，I have to say what we have in common with other charter schools because we have learned so much from them...
【精解】由定位句可知，黛博拉肯尼認為哈勒姆村莊學校與其他公辦民營學校有相似之處，因為這些學校給予黛博拉肯尼許多參考之處。題干中的learns a lot對應原文中的learned SO much，故答案為c)。
5.E)�！绢}干譯文】哈勒姆村莊學校的課程不是只包含那些經常被測試的.科目。
【定位】由題干中的curriculum at Harlem Village Academies和tested定位到原文E)段第一句：It looks like a classic liberal—arts curriculum，where math，readin9.and writing are not the only subjects taught.Even if the state focuses its testing on those things，we do not let the state dictate our curriculum.
【精解】由定位句可知，數學、閱讀和寫作是經常被測試的科目，但哈勒姆村莊學校不是只包含這些科目，他們不會讓考試牽著鼻子走。題干中的not only includes the subject frequently tested是對原文中are not the only subjects taught和do not let the state dictate our curriculum的同義轉述，故答案為E)。
6.G)。【題干譯文】哈勒姆村莊學校迫切想要影響教育政策和方法。
【定位】由題干中的a national influence on policy and teaching methods定位到原文G)段第四句：We want to use the platform of what we’ve learned and the results that we’re produced--that our teachers have produced--to have a national influence On policy and on teaching methods.
【精解】由定位句可知，哈勒姆村莊學校并不急于擴張，而是要利用已有的平臺和成果，在政策和教學方法方面產生全國性的影響。題干中的eager對應原文中的want;exert a national influence對應原文中的have a national influence，故答案為G)。
7.B)�！绢}干譯文】進入哈勒姆村莊學校的學生來自普通的公立教育系統。
【定位】由題干中的Harlem Village Academies和regular public system定位到原文B)段第四句：We’re dealing with a little bit of a challenge because students enter this school from the regular public system.
【精解】由定位句可知，進入哈勒姆村莊學校的學生來自普通的公立教育系統，這給老師們的教育帶來一些挑戰。題干與定位句一致，故答案為B)。
8.A)�！绢}干譯文】出于對現行教育制度的失望，黛博拉肯尼決定創辦哈勒姆村莊學校。
【定位】由題干中的Deborah Kermy decides to create and ran the Harlem Village Academies和current education system定位到原文A)段前兩句：Deborah Kenny，CEO of the Harlem Village Academies，is frustrated with the nation’s current education system.Unlike most，though，she decided to do something about it.
【精解】由定位句可知，黛博拉肯尼對現行教育制度感到失望，與多數人不同的是，她決定有所行動。結合全文可知，她的行動就是創辦哈勒姆村莊學校。題干中的is disappointed about對應原文中的is frustrated with，其他的內容與原文一致，故答案為A)。
9.F)�！绢}干譯文】公辦民營學校遭到批評的主要原因是他們把老師當作職業人士看待。
【定位】由題干中的Charter schools are nminly criticized和professionals定位到原文F)段第一句：Id say that the main criticisms are stern rning from the fact that in a charter system the teachers able not unionized，and they’re treated as professionals instead of as manual laborers.
【精解】由定位句可知，對于這一新興的教育體系的大多數批評來自于一個事實，即這里把老師當作職業人士，而不是體力勞動者。題干中的are mainly criticized for對應原文中的main criticisms are stemming from，故答案為F)。
10.B)�！绢}干譯文】哈勒姆村莊學校面臨的挑戰之一是如何讓學生們快速掌握基礎知識。
【定位】由題干中的challenges，Harlem Village Academies和mastery of the basics定位到原文B)段第七句：So we have to accelerate their mastery of the basics，but we reject the idea that if you do that you Can’t teach that at a high level.
【精解】由定位句可知，哈勒姆學校必須讓學生們快速掌握基礎知識，且該段前幾句提到，哈勒姆學校的學生都來自公立教育系統，對基礎知識的掌握情況不太理想，這是哈勒姆學校面臨的挑戰。題干是對定位句和B)段第四、五句的整合.故答案為B)。
英語四級閱讀信息匹配練習題 3
Definitions of Obesity
A) How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.
B) The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a persons height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the persons weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.
C) However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.
Health Effects of Obesity
D) Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a persons physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.
Cancer
E) Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer, and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.
F) The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a womans menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.
G) The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in the Western world!
Aging
H) Research published by St Thomas Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a womans biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.
I) The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer able to prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.
Dementia
J) Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.
K) Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, to be able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.
Other Problems
L) The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.
M) This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.
對應題目：
1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weight table.
2. Using the "Body Mass Index" to define a persons weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.
3. A persons emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.
4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.
5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.
6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to her biological age.
7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.
8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk of dementia .
9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.
10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.
參考答案：
1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L
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