直接引語和間接引語之間的轉換，如果它是問句它前面通常有或即疑問詞如，英語語法大全句子的轉換與合并，主動語態與被動語態之間的轉換，一個分詞動名詞不定式或介詞短語可以轉換為復合句反過來也如此。

英語語法-句子的轉換與合并2017-07-12 23:17:34 | #1樓回目錄

英語語法大全

句子的轉換與合并

Ⅰ．簡單句之間的轉換

1781句型的轉換是指一個句子由一種語法結構變為另一種語法結構，而不改變其原來的意義。這是一種有用的練習，可以學會許多不同的說法，能從幾個句子中挑選出最適當的句子形式。

A．主動語態與被動語態之間的轉換

一個句子可以由主動結構變為被動結構，也可從被動結構變為主動結構（參閱1207—1209）：

Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．

Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．

Theyputhimtodeath．

Hewasputtodeath．

AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．

HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．

B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉換

一個句子可以由肯定形式變為否定形式，也可由否定形式變為肯定形式：Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．

Iamnotsureofhishonesty．

Fewunderstandit．

Notmanyunderstandit．

Heissometimessilly．

Heisnotalwaysclever．

Itistidy．

Itisnotuntidy．

Healwaysobjected．

Heneveragreed．

Hefailedtocome．

Hedidnotcome．

Shetoldthestorywithtears．

Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．

Onlyheknowsit．

Nobodyelseknowsit．

Helackscourage．

Heiswithoutcourage．

Heisverytired．

Heisnotalittletired．

Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．

Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．

C．反問型問句與陳述句之間的轉換

反問型問句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉變為陳述句：Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife？

Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．

CanIsayanything？

Icannotsayanything．

Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？

Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．

Whocaresaboutyou？

Nobodycaresaboutyou．

WhyshouldIapologize？

Ishouldnotapologize．

D．不同詞類之間的轉換

幾乎任何詞類都可以轉換為另一詞類。可以是：

1．動詞與名詞間的轉換：

Ourenemyisstrengthening．

Ourenemyisgainingstrength．

Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．

Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．

Johndisgracesourfamily．

Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．

2．動詞與形容詞之間的轉換：

Heneglectsmyadvice．

Heisnegligentofmyadvice．

Hefearsnothing．

Heisafraidofnothing．

Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．

Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．

3．動詞與副詞間的轉換：

HesucceededinadvisingMary．Itsmellsgood．

HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．

Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．

Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．

Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．

Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．

4．名詞與形容詞間的轉換：

Heisamanofwealth．

Heisawealthyman．

Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．

Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”

“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”

Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．

Thispolicyisveryimportant．

Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．

Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．

5．名詞與副詞間的轉換：

Pleasehandleitwithcare．

Pleasehandleitcarefully．

Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．

Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．

Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．

Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．

6．形容詞與副詞間的轉換：

Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．

Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．

Hehateshardwork．

Hehatestoworkhard．

7．介詞與連詞間的轉換：

Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．

Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．

Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．

Iwillwaituntilhereturns．

圖解：

Ⅱ．簡單句與復合句之間的轉換

1782一個分詞、動名詞、不定式或介詞短語可以轉換為復合句，反過來也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．

Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．

Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．

Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．

Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．

—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．

—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．

Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．

Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．

Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．

Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．

Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．

Withallhisefforts，hefailed．

Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．

Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．

Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．

Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．

Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．

圖解：

Ⅲ．簡單句與復雜句之間的轉換

1783一個詞或是短語可以轉變為名詞從句、定語從句或狀語從句，反過來也如此：

A．名詞從句

Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．

Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．

Ibelieveyourstatement．

Ibelievewhatyoustate．

Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．

Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．

Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．

Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．

Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．

Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．

Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．Ilearnofhissuccess．

Ilearnthathehassucceeded．

Hisarrivalisagreatevent．

Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．

Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．

圖解：

B．定語從句

Heisaself－mademan．

Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．

Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．

Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．

Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．

IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．

Shewearsasea－blueskirt．

Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．

Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．

Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．

Ihavenothingtosay．

IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．

Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．

Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．

圖解：

C．狀語從句

Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．

Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．

Hediedinhisnativeplace．

Hediedwherehewasborn．

Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．

Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．

Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．

AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．

Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．

Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．

Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．

Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．

Heistootiredtoworkanymore．

Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．

Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．

Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．

注：1782中大部分短語不僅可以變為并列的分句，也可以變為狀語從句。圖解：

Ⅳ．復雜句與復合句之間的轉換

1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．

Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．

Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．

Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．

Heispoor，butheisproud．

Althoughheispoor，heisproud．

Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．

Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．

Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．

Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．

Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．

Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．

Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．

Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．

Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．圖解：

Ⅴ．直接引語和間接引語之間的轉換

1785說話人講的話可以用兩種方式來引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語。如果按引用人的觀點來引用，則稱為間接引語。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語。Said這樣的動詞稱為引話動詞，它前面的主語，例如he，可稱為第一主語。引語中的主語，如I及he，稱為第二主語。引語中的謂語動詞稱為第二動詞。當直接引語轉換為間接引語，或間接引語轉換為直接引語時，有幾個問題需要注意。

A．大寫與標點

直接引語放在引號之內，第一個字母要大寫，引號前加逗號（間或用冒號），引語末加句號、問號或感嘆號，但在間接引語中卻不加這些。間接引語必須由that，whether（if）或疑問詞（who，why，when等）開頭，末尾要加句號。此外，在直接引語中問句可能有倒裝語序（助動詞放在主語前面），但在間接引語中，問句則需變為自然語序：

Isay，“Hewillcome．”

Isaythathewillcome．

Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”

Iaskwhenhewillcome．

B．引話動詞與第二動詞

引話動詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。

若引話動詞是現在時或將來時，則當引語由直接變為間接時，第二動詞照舊不變。

但若引話動詞是過去時，則間接引語中的第二動詞，就要由現在時變為過去時，由過去時變為過去完成時等。

Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．

IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．

C．引話動詞與連詞

1．如果間接引語為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…

2．如果它是問句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…

3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…

4．如果間接引語為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動詞should．此外間接引語還可以轉換為不定式短語，這時引話動詞需要改為賓補動詞：

1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．

Isaidthathewasaniceboy．

Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”

Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．

2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”

Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．

Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”

Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．

Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”

Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．

3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１

Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．

Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”

Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．

Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”

HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．

Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”

Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．

4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”

Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．

Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．

Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”

Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．

Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．

D．代詞

此外還要注意，把直接引語變為間接引語時，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語中代詞為第一人稱，在變為間接引語時，將變為與第一主語一致的代詞。

Isaid，“Icandoit．”

IsaidthatIcoulddoit．

Hesaid，“Imustgo．”

Hesaidthathemustgo．

Yousaid，“Iknow．”

Yousaidthatyouknew．

Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”

Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．

Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”

Theysaidthattheymustgo．

Isaid“Wecandoit．”

Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）

如果在直接引語中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語中它將變成與引話動詞的賓語一致的人稱：

Itoldhim，“Youareright．”

Itoldhimthathewasright．

Itoldyou，“Youareright．”

Itoldyouthatyouwereright．

Hetoldme，“Youareright．”

HetoldmethatIwasright．

Hetoldus，“Youareright．”

Hetoldusthatwewereright．

Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”

Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”

Tosomebody也可看作是賓語：

Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”

HesaidtomethatIwasright．

Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”

Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．

引話動詞的賓語有時可以省略，但它在間接引語中可能需要說出來：

TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”

…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．

如果在直接引語中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語中，它可以保持不變：

Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”

Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．

Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”

Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．

Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”

Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．

Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個he代表兩個不同的人）

Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．

還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”

Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．

Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１

Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．

E．時間副詞（短語）

間接引語中的時間副詞（短語）可能和直接引語中的時間副詞（短語）不同，這是因為原來說話人提到的時間可能與現在引話人提到的時間不同：

Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”

HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．

Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”

HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．

Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”

HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．

Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”

HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．

Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１

HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．

F．第一主語及引話動詞的位置

在新聞報導中第一主語有時放在引話動詞的后面：

SaidStevens，“…”

CommentsDr．Lee，“…”

BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”

第一主語及引話動詞，除了放在直接引語前面外，還可放在其他位置：

Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”

“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說saidhe）

“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說saidhe）

“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰說的，第一主語及引話動詞也可不必說出。）

在第一主語及引話動詞放在其他位置時，要注意標點符號：

Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引話動詞有較長的修飾語，最好把它放在主語及引話動詞前面，如果主語及引話動詞在直接引語后面，長修飾語最好放在引話動詞后面：

Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”

“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．

如果主語和引話動詞放在直接引語的中間或后面，作主語的名詞可以放在引話動詞

的后面或前面（若主語是人稱代詞，只能放在動詞后面）：

“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說saidhe）

“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說saysshe）Ⅵ．簡單句的合并

1786兩個或更多簡單句可以合并成一個比較復雜的句子，這種練習對學習寫作的人很有好處。兩個或更多簡單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個復合句：

HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．

HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．

IcalledonMary．Marywasill．

IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．

Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．

Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．

兩個或更多簡單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個或更多句子變為名詞從句、定語從句或狀語從句，這樣來合并成為一個復雜句。

1．變成名詞從句：

Hehasarrived．Iknowit．

Iknowthathehasarrived．

Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．

Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．

Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．

Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．

Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．

Howheachievedthissuccessisunknowntome．

2．變成定語從句：

Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．

WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？

Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．

TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．

Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．

Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．

3．變成狀語從句：

Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．

WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．

Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．

Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．

Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．

Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．

Helooksstupid．Heisclever．

Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．

Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．

Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．

兩個或更多簡單句，也可以把其中一個或更多簡單句變成一個短語，甚至一個詞，來合并成一個較為復雜的簡單句：

Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．

Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語代替一個句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．

Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語代替句子）

Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．

Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動名詞”結構代替句子）

Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．

Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）

Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．

Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）

英語語法大全--句子的轉換與合并2017-07-12 23:16:59 | #2樓回目錄

英語語法大全--句子的轉換與合并

Ⅰ．簡單句之間的轉換

1781句型的轉換是指一個句子由一種語法結構變為另一種語法結構，而不改變其原來的意義。這是一種有用的練習，可以學會許多不同的說法，能從幾個句子中挑選出最適當的句子形式。

A．主動語態與被動語態之間的轉換

一個句子可以由主動結構變為被動結構，也可從被動結構變為主動結構（參閱1207—1209）：

Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．

Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．

Theyputhimtodeath．

Hewasputtodeath．

AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．

HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．

B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉換

一個句子可以由肯定形式變為否定形式，也可由否定形式變為肯定形式：Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．

Iamnotsureofhishonesty．

Fewunderstandit．

Notmanyunderstandit．

Heissometimessilly．

Heisnotalwaysclever．

Itistidy．

Itisnotuntidy．

Healwaysobjected．

Heneveragreed．

Hefailedtocome．

Hedidnotcome．

Shetoldthestorywithtears．

Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．

Onlyheknowsit．

Nobodyelseknowsit．

Helackscourage．

Heiswithoutcourage．

Heisverytired．

Heisnotalittletired．

Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．

Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．

C．反問型問句與陳述句之間的轉換

反問型問句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉變為陳述句：Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife？

Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．

CanIsayanything？

Icannotsayanything．

Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？

Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．

Whocaresaboutyou？

Nobodycaresaboutyou．

WhyshouldIapologize？

Ishouldnotapologize．

D．不同詞類之間的轉換

幾乎任何詞類都可以轉換為另一詞類。可以是：

1．動詞與名詞間的轉換：

Ourenemyisstrengthening．

Ourenemyisgainingstrength．

Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．

Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．

Johndisgracesourfamily．

Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．

2．動詞與形容詞之間的轉換：

Heneglectsmyadvice．

Heisnegligentofmyadvice．

Hefearsnothing．

Heisafraidofnothing．

Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．

Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．

3．動詞與副詞間的轉換：

HesucceededinadvisingMary．

HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．Itsmellsgood．

Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．

Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．

Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．

Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．

4．名詞與形容詞間的轉換：

Heisamanofwealth．

Heisawealthyman．

Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．

Heisaheartlehusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”

“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”

Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．

Thispolicyisveryimportant．

Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．

Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．

5．名詞與副詞間的轉換：

Pleasehandleitwithcare．

Pleasehandleitcarefully．

Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．

Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．

Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．

Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．

6．形容詞與副詞間的轉換：

Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．

Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．

Hehateshardwork．

Hehatestoworkhard．

7．介詞與連詞間的轉換：

Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．

Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．

Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．

Iwillwaituntilhereturns．

圖解：

Ⅱ．簡單句與復合句之間的轉換

1782一個分詞、動名詞、不定式或介詞短語可以轉換為復合句，反過來也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．

Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．

Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．

Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．

Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．

—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．

—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．

Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．

Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．

Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．

Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．

Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．

Withallhisefforts，hefailed．

Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．

Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．

Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．

Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．

Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．

圖解：

Ⅲ．簡單句與復雜句之間的轉換

1783一個詞或是短語可以轉變為名詞從句、定語從句或狀語從句，反過來也如此：

A．名詞從句

Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．

Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．

Ibelieveyourstatement．

Ibelievewhatyoustate．

Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．

Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．

Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．

Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．

Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．

Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．

Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．I

learnofhissuccess．

Ilearnthathehassucceeded．

Hisarrivalisagreatevent．

Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．

Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．

圖解：

B．定語從句

Heisaself－mademan．

Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．

Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．

Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．

Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．

IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．

Shewearsasea－blueskirt．

Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．

Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．

Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．

Ihavenothingtosay．

IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．

Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．

Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．

圖解：

C．狀語從句

Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．

Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．

Hediedinhisnativeplace．

Hediedwherehewasborn．

Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．

Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．

Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．

AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．

Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．

Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．

Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．

Unleitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．

Heistootiredtoworkanymore．

Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．

Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．

Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．

注：1782中大部分短語不僅可以變為并列的分句，也可以變為狀語從句。圖解：

Ⅳ．復雜句與復合句之間的轉換

1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．

Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．

Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．

Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．

Heispoor，butheisproud．

Althoughheispoor，heisproud．

Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．

Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．

Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．

Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．

Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．

Unlehelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．

Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．

Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．

Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．圖解：

Ⅴ．直接引語和間接引語之間的轉換

1785說話人講的話可以用兩種方式來引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語。如果按引用人的觀點來引用，則稱為間

接引語。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語。Said這樣的動詞稱為引話動詞，它前面的主語，例如he，可稱為第一主語。引語中的主語，如I及he，稱為第二主語。引語中的謂語動詞稱為第二動詞。當直接引語轉換為間接引語，或間接引語轉換為直接引語時，有幾個問題需要注意。

A．大寫與標點

直接引語放在引號之內，第一個字母要大寫，引號前加逗號（間或用冒號），引語末加句號、問號或感嘆號，但在間接引語中卻不加這些。間接引語必須由that，whether（if）或疑問詞（who，why，when等）開頭，末尾要加句號。此外，在直接引語中問句可能有倒裝語序（助動詞放在主語前面），但在間接引語中，問句則需變為自然語序：

Isay，“Hewillcome．”

Isaythathewillcome．

Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”

Iaskwhenhewillcome．

B．引話動詞與第二動詞

引話動詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。

若引話動詞是現在時或將來時，則當引語由直接變為間接時，第二動詞照舊不變。但若引話動詞是過去時，則間接引語中的第二動詞，就要由現在時變為過去時，由過去時變為過去完成時等。

Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．

IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．

C．引話動詞與連詞

1．如果間接引語為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…

2．如果它是問句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…

3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…

4．如果間接引語為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動詞should．此外間接引語還可以轉換為不定式短語，這時引話動詞需要改為賓補動詞：

1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．

Isaidthathewasaniceboy．

Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”

Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．

2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”

Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．

Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”

Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．

Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”

Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．

3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１

Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．

Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”

Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．

Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”

HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．

Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”

Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．

4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”

Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．

Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．

Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”

Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．

Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．

D．代詞

此外還要注意，把直接引語變為間接引語時，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語中代詞為第一人稱，在變為間接引語時，將變為與第一主語一致的代詞。

Isaid，“Icandoit．”

IsaidthatIcoulddoit．

Hesaid，“Imustgo．”

Hesaidthathemustgo．

Yousaid，“Iknow．”

Yousaidthatyouknew．

Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”

Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．

Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”

Theysaidthattheymustgo．

Isaid“Wecandoit．”

Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）

如果在直接引語中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語中它將變成與引話動詞的賓語一致的人稱：

Itoldhim，“Youareright．”

Itoldhimthathewasright．

Itoldyou，“Youareright．”

Itoldyouthatyouwereright．

Hetoldme，“Youareright．”

HetoldmethatIwasright．

Hetoldus，“Youareright．”

Hetoldusthatwewereright．

Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”

Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”

Tosomebody也可看作是賓語：

Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”

HesaidtomethatIwasright．

Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”

Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．

引話動詞的賓語有時可以省略，但它在間接引語中可能需要說出來：

TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．

如果在直接引語中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語中，它可以保持不變：

Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”

Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．

Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”

Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．

Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”

Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．

Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個he代表兩個不同的人）

Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．

還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”

Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．

Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１

Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．

E．時間副詞（短語）

間接引語中的時間副詞（短語）可能和直接引語中的時間副詞（短語）不同，這是因為原來說話人提到的時間可能與現在引話人提到的時間不同：

Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”

HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．

Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”

HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．

Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”

HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．

Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”

HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．

Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１

HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．

F．第一主語及引話動詞的位置

在新聞報導中第一主語有時放在引話動詞的后面：

SaidStevens，“…”

CommentsDr．Lee，“…”

BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”

第一主語及引話動詞，除了放在直接引語前面外，還可放在其他位置：

Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”

“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說saidhe）

“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說saidhe）

“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰說的，第一主語及引話動詞也可不必說出。）

在第一主語及引話動詞放在其他位置時，要注意標點符號：

Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引話動詞有較長的修飾語，最好把它放在主語及引話動詞前面，如果主語及引話動詞在直接引語后面，長修飾語最好放在引話動詞后面：

Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”

“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．

如果主語和引話動詞放在直接引語的中間或后面，作主語的名詞可以放在引話動詞的后面或前面（若主語是人稱代詞，只能放在動詞后面）：

“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說saidhe）

“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說saysshe）

Ⅵ．簡單句的合并

1786兩個或更多簡單句可以合并成一個比較復雜的句子，這種練習對學習寫作的人很有好處。兩個或更多簡單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個復合句：

HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．

HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．

IcalledonMary．Marywasill．

IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．

Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．

Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．

兩個或更多簡單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個或更多句子變為名詞從句、定語從句或狀語從句，這樣來合并成為一個復雜句。

1．變成名詞從句：

Hehasarrived．Iknowit．

Iknowthathehasarrived．

Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．

Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．

Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．

Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．

Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．

Howheachievedthissucceisunknowntome．

2．變成定語從句：

Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．

WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？

Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．

TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．

Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．

Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．

3．變成狀語從句：

Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．

WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．

Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．

Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．

Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．

Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．

Helooksstupid．Heisclever．

Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．

Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopatheexam．

Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypatheexam．

兩個或更多簡單句，也可以把其中一個或更多簡單句變成一個短語，甚至一個詞，來合并成一個較為復雜的簡單句：

Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．

Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語代替一個句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．

Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語代替句子）

Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．

Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動名詞”結構代替句子）

Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．

Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．

Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）

英語語法大全之句子的轉換與合并2017-07-12 23:16:51 | #3樓回目錄

濟南沃爾得國際英語

句子的轉換與合并

Ⅰ．簡單句之間的轉換

句型的轉換是指一個句子由一種語法結構變為另一種語法結構，而不改變其原來的意義。這是一種有用的練習，可以學會許多不同的說法，能從幾個句子中挑選出最適當的句子形式。

A．主動語態與被動語態之間的轉換

一個句子可以由主動結構變為被動結構，也可從被動結構變為主動結構（參閱1207—1209）：

Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．

Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．

Theyputhimtodeath．

Hewasputtodeath．

AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．

HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．

B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉換

一個句子可以由肯定形式變為否定形式，也可由否定形式變為肯定形式：

Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．

Iamnotsureofhishonesty．

Fewunderstandit．

Notmanyunderstandit．

Heissometimessilly．

Heisnotalwaysclever．

Itistidy．

Itisnotuntidy．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Healwaysobjected．

Heneveragreed．

Hefailedtocome．

Hedidnotcome．

Shetoldthestorywithtears．

Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．

Onlyheknowsit．

Nobodyelseknowsit．

Helackscourage．

Heiswithoutcourage．

Heisverytired．

Heisnotalittletired．

Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．

Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．

C．反問型問句與陳述句之間的轉換

反問型問句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉變為陳述句：Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife？

Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．

CanIsayanything？

Icannotsayanything．

Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？

Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．

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Whocaresaboutyou？

Nobodycaresaboutyou．

WhyshouldIapologize？

Ishouldnotapologize．

D．不同詞類之間的轉換

幾乎任何詞類都可以轉換為另一詞類。可以是：

1．動詞與名詞間的轉換：

Ourenemyisstrengthening．

Ourenemyisgainingstrength．

Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．

Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．

Johndisgracesourfamily．

Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．

2．動詞與形容詞之間的轉換：

Heneglectsmyadvice．

Heisnegligentofmyadvice．

Hefearsnothing．

Heisafraidofnothing．

Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．

Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Theymadethestreetwideandlong．

3．動詞與副詞間的轉換：

HesucceededinadvisingMary．

HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．

Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．

Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．

Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．

Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．

4．名詞與形容詞間的轉換：

Heisamanofwealth．

Heisawealthyman．

Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．

Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”

“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”

Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．

Thispolicyisveryimportant．

Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．

Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．

5．名詞與副詞間的轉換：

Pleasehandleitwithcare．

Pleasehandleitcarefully．

Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．

Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．

Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．

6．形容詞與副詞間的轉換：

Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．

Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．

Hehateshardwork．

Hehatestoworkhard．

7．介詞與連詞間的轉換：

Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．

Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．

Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．

Iwillwaituntilhereturns．

Ⅱ．簡單句與復合句之間的轉換

一個分詞、動名詞、不定式或介詞短語可以轉換為復合句，反過來也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．

Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．

Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．

Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．

Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．

—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．

Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．

Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．

Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．

Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．

—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．

Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．Withallhisefforts，hefailed．

Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．

Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．

Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．

Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．

Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．

Ⅲ．簡單句與復雜句之間的轉換

一個詞或是短語可以轉變為名詞從句、定語從句或狀語從句，反過來也如此：

A．名詞從句

Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．

Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．

Ibelieveyourstatement．

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Ibelievewhatyoustate．

Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．

Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．

Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．

Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．

Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．

Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．

Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．Ilearnofhissuccess．

Ilearnthathehassucceeded．

Hisarrivalisagreatevent．

Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．

Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．

B．定語從句

Heisaself－mademan．

Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．

Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．

Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．

Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．

IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．

Shewearsasea－blueskirt．

Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．

Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．

Ihavenothingtosay．

IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．

Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．

Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．

C．狀語從句

Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．

Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．

Hediedinhisnativeplace．

Hediedwherehewasborn．

Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．

Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．

Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．

AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．

Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．

Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．

Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．

Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．

Heistootiredtoworkanymore．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．

Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．

Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．

Ⅳ．復雜句與復合句之間的轉換

Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．

Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．

Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．

Heispoor，butheisproud．

Althoughheispoor，heisproud．

Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．

Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．

Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．

Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．

Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．

Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．

Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．

Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．

Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachother

thoroughly．

Ⅴ．直接引語和間接引語之間的轉換

說話人講的話可以用兩種方式來引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語。如果按引用人的觀點來引用，則稱為間接引語。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語。Said這樣的動詞稱為引話動詞，它前面的主語，例如he，可稱為第一主語。引語中的主語，如I及he，稱為第二主語。引語中的謂語動詞稱為第二動詞。當直接引語轉換為間接引語，或間接引語轉換為直接引語時，有幾個問題需要注意。

A．大寫與標點

直接引語放在引號之內，第一個字母要大寫，引號前加逗號（間或用冒號），引語末加句號、問號或感嘆號，但在間接引語中卻不加這些。間接引語必須由that，whether（if）或疑問詞（who，why，when等）開頭，末尾要加句號。此外，在直接引語中問句可能有倒裝語序（助動詞放在主語前面），但在間接引語中，問句則需變為自然語序：

Isay，“Hewillcome．”

Isaythathewillcome．

Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”

Iaskwhenhewillcome．

B．引話動詞與第二動詞

引話動詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。

若引話動詞是現在時或將來時，則當引語由直接變為間接時，第二動詞照舊不變。但若引話動詞是過去時，則間接引語中的第二動詞，就要由現在時變為過去時，由過去時變為過去完成時等。

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”

Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．

Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．

IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）on

Sunday．

C．引話動詞與連詞

1．如果間接引語為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…

2．如果它是問句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（of

him）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknow

whether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…

3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…

4．如果間接引語為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，request

that，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動詞should．此外間接引語還可以轉換為不定式短語，這時引話動詞需要改為賓補動詞：

1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．

Isaidthathewasaniceboy．

Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”

Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．

2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”

Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．

Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”

Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”

Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．

3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１

Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．

Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”

Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．

Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”

HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．

Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”

Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．

4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”

Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．

Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．

Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”

Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．

Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．

D．代詞

此外還要注意，把直接引語變為間接引語時，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語中代詞為第一人稱，在變為間接引語時，將變為與第一主語一致的代詞。

Isaid，“Icandoit．”

IsaidthatIcoulddoit．

Hesaid，“Imustgo．”

Hesaidthathemustgo．

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濟南沃爾得國際英語

Yousaid，“Iknow．”

Yousaidthatyouknew．

Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”

Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．

Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”

Theysaidthattheymustgo．

Isaid“Wecandoit．”

Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）

如果在直接引語中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語中它將變成與引話動詞的賓語一致的人稱：

Itoldhim，“Youareright．”

Itoldhimthathewasright．

Itoldyou，“Youareright．”

Itoldyouthatyouwereright．

Hetoldme，“Youareright．”

HetoldmethatIwasright．

Hetoldus，“Youareright．”

Hetoldusthatwewereright．

Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”

Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”

Tosomebody也可看作是賓語：

Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”

HesaidtomethatIwasright．

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Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”

Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．

引話動詞的賓語有時可以省略，但它在間接引語中可能需要說出來：

TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”

…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．

如果在直接引語中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語中，它可以保持不變：

Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”

Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．

Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”

Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．

Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”

Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．

Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個he代表兩個不同的人）

Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．

還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”

Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１

Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．

E．時間副詞（短語）

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間接引語中的時間副詞（短語）可能和直接引語中的時間副詞（短語）不同，這是因為原來說話人提到的時間可能與現在引話人提到的時間不同：

Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”

HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．

Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”

HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．

Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”

HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”

HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１

HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．

F．第一主語及引話動詞的位置

在新聞報導中第一主語有時放在引話動詞的后面：

SaidStevens，“…”

CommentsDr．Lee，“…”

BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”

第一主語及引話動詞，除了放在直接引語前面外，還可放在其他位置：

Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”

“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說saidhe）

“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說saidhe）

“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰說的，第一主語及引話動詞也可不必說出。）

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在第一主語及引話動詞放在其他位置時，要注意標點符號：

Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”

“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”

“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”

如果引話動詞有較長的修飾語，最好把它放在主語及引話動詞前面，如果主語及引話動詞在直接引語后面，長修飾語最好放在引話動詞后面：

Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．如果主語和引話動詞放在直接引語的中間或后面，作主語的名詞可以放在引話動詞的后面或前面（若主語是人稱代詞，只能放在動詞后面）：

“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說saidhe）“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說saysshe）

Ⅵ．簡單句的合并

兩個或更多簡單句可以合并成一個比較復雜的句子，這種練習對學習寫作的人很有好處。兩個或更多簡單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個復合句：

HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．

HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．

IcalledonMary．Marywasill．

IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．

Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．

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Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbe

starved．

兩個或更多簡單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個或更多句子變為名詞從句、定語從句或狀語從句，這樣來合并成為一個復雜句。

1．變成名詞從句：

Hehasarrived．Iknowit．

Iknowthathehasarrived．

Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．

Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．

Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．

Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．

Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．

Howheachievedthissuccessisunknowntome．

2．變成定語從句：

Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．

WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？

Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．

TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．

Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．

Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．

3．變成狀語從句：

Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．

WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．

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Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．

Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．

Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．

Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．

Helooksstupid．Heisclever．

Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．

Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．

Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．

兩個或更多簡單句，也可以把其中一個或更多簡單句變成一個短語，甚至一個詞，來合并成一個較為復雜的簡單句：

Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．

Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語代替一個句子）

Hedied．Heisforgotten．

Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語代替句子）

Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．

Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動名詞”結構代替句子）

Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．

Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．

Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）

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