二作文中常見的有關句子方面的問題,因此寫作時不妨多變換幾種表達方式如,詞性誤用常表現為介詞當動詞用形容詞當副詞用名詞當動詞用等,人一旦有了錢他就能想干什么就干什么。
英語寫作句子
1.隨著經濟的繁榮withtheboomingoftheeconomy
2.隨著人民生活水平的顯著提高withtheremarkableimprovementofpeople'slivingstandard
3.先進的科學技術advancedscienceandtechnology
4.為我們日常生活增添了情趣addmuchspice/flavortoourdailylife
5.人們普遍認為Itiscommonlybelievedthat…
6.我同意前者(后者)觀點Igivemyvotetotheformer/latteropinion.
7.引起了廣泛的公眾關注Sth.hasarousedwidepublicconcern./Sthhasdrawngreatpublicattention.
8.不可否認Itisundeniablethat…
9.熱烈的討論/爭論aheateddiscussion/debate
10.有爭議性的問題acontroversialissue
11.就我而言/就個人而言AsfarasIamconcerned,/Personally,
12.有充分的理由支持besupportedbysoundreasons
13.雙方的論點argumentonbothsides
14.發揮日益重要作用playanincreasinglyimportantrolein…
15.對…必不可少beindispensableto…
16.正如諺語所說Astheproverbgoes:
17.對…產生有利/不利的影響exertpositive/negativeeffectson…
18.利遠遠大于弊Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.
19.導致,引起leadto/giveriseto/contributeto/resultin
20.復雜的社會現象acomplicatedsocialphenomenon
21.責任感/成就感senseofresponsibility/achievement
22.競爭與合作精神senseofcompetitionandcooperation
23.開闊眼界widenone'shorizon/broadenone'svision
24.學習知識和技能acquireknowledgeandskills
25.經濟/心理負擔financialburden/psychologicalburden
26.考慮到諸多因素takemanyfactorsintoconsideration
27.從另一個角度fromanotherperspective
28.做出共同努力makejointefforts
29.對…有益bebeneficialto/beconduciveto…
30.為社會做貢獻makecontributionstothesociety
31.打下堅實的基礎layasolidfoundationfor…
32.綜合素質comprehensivequality
33.致力于/投身于becommitted/devotedto…
34.應當承認Admittedly,
35.不可推卸的義務unshakableduty
36.滿足需求satisfy/meettheneedsof...
37.可靠的信息源areliablesourceofinformation
38.寶貴的自然資源valuablenaturalresources
39.因特網theInternet(一定要由冠詞,字母I大寫)
40.方便快捷convenientandefficient
41.在人類生活的方方面面inallaspectsofhumanlife
42.環保的材料environmentallyfriendlymaterials
43.社會進步的體現asymbolofsocietyprogress
44.大大方便了人們的生活Sthhasgreatlyfacilitatedpeople'slives.
45.對這一問題持有不同態度holddifferentattitudestowardsthisissue
46.在一定程度上tosomeextent
47.理論和實踐相結合integratetheorywithpractice
48.…必然趨勢anirresistibletrendof…
49.日益激烈的社會競爭theincreasinglykeensocialcompetition
50.眼前利益immediateinterest/short-terminterest
51.長遠利益long-teminterest
52.…有其自身的優缺點…hasitsownmeritsanddemerits/prosandcons
53.對…有害doharmto/beharmfulto/bedetrimentalto
54.交流思想/情感/信息exchangeideas/emotions/information
55.跟上…的最新發展keeppacewith/keepabreastwiththelatestdevelopmentof…
56.…的健康發展thehealthydevelopmentof…
57.重視attachgreatimportanceto…
58.社會地位socialstatus
59.把時間和精力放在…上focusone'stimeandenergyon…
60.擴大知識面expandone'sscopeofknowledge
61.身心兩方面bothphysicallyandmentally
62.有直接/間接關系bedirectly/indirectlyrelatedto…
63.導致很多問題giveriseto/leadto/spellvariousproblems
64.可以替代think的詞believe,claim,maintain,argue,insist,holdtheopinion/belief/viewthat
65.緩解壓力/減輕負擔relievestre/burden
66.優先考慮/發展…give(top)prioritytosth.
67.與…比較comparedwith…/incomparisonwith
68.可降解的/可分解的材料degradable/decomposablematerial
69.代替replace/substitute/taketheplaceof
70.提供就業機會offerjobopportunities
71.反映了社會進步的mirrorthesocialprogress/advance
72.增進相互了解enhance/promotemutualunderstanding
73.充分利用makefulluseof/takeadvantageof
74.承受更大的工作壓力sufferfromheavierworkpressure
75.保障社會穩定和繁榮guaranteethestabilityandprosperityofoursociety
76.更多地強調putmoreemphasison…
77.適應社會發展adaptoneselftothesocialdevelopment
78.實現夢想realizeone'sdream
79.主要理由列舉如下Themain/leadingreasonsarelistedasfollows:
80.我們還有很長的路要走Westillhavealongwaytogo.
英語寫作:句子
句子
一、句子的基本常識
1.英文的基本句型
1)主+系+表:Iamauniversitystudent./Ifeelproudofmyself./Theleavesturngreenwhenspringcomes.
2)主+動+(狀):Istudyveryhard./IhavepreparedfortheTEM-4foralongtime.
3)主+動+賓:IreadEnglishbooks./I’vememorizedallthewordsinthewordlist.
4)主+動+賓+賓:Prof.Kanggavemealotofassignmentseveryday./Iwrotemyteacheraletteryesterday.
5)主+動+賓+補:Thelittleboyfoundtheboxempty./We’llmakeourcountrygreenerandmorebeautiful.
2.英文句子的特性
Unity;Coherence,Conciseness;Emphasis;Variety
二.作文中常見的有關句子方面的問題
1、句式的口語化
口語化的特點在句型上表現為簡單句的比例遠遠超過復雜句和復合句。
A.句型多樣化
句型多樣化指在語法正確、結構完整的前提下,根據句意使句式富有變化,生動活潑,重點突出,以增加文章的“閃光點”。寫作時如果只用主語+謂語+賓語的簡單形式,就會使文章因句式簡單而顯得平淡枯燥。例如:
Manypeoplewatchtelevision.Theyspendsomuchtimeinfrontofit.Theyneverreallyexperiencetheirownlives.
這幾個句子讀起來簡單乏味,句子之間缺乏必要的聯系,但如果適當地將各句連接起來,改為Manypeoplespendsomuchtimeinfrontoftelevisionthattheyneverreallyexperiencedtheirownlives.就會使之更生動一些。
句式變化并不意味著將簡單句都變成復合句或并列復合句,而是要根據詞句關系,運用一些寫作技巧和相關詞語使句式更靈活、活潑。例如,考生在寫作時非常喜歡用Weshould…來表明一種態度或做法。如果一篇作文中幾次出現這樣的句型,就會使文章顯得單1
調、死板、句型單一。因此,寫作時不妨多變換幾種表達方式,如:
Itwillbewiseforusto…
Itisimportantforusto…
Onlywhenwetakemeasuresnow,canwe…
下面是幾種常見的變換句型的方式,供參考:
a.運用從屬連詞(after,because,if,although,sothat,etc.)
Thethiefdisguisedhimself.Noonewouldrecognizehim.
----Thethiefdisguisedhimself,sothatnoonewouldrecognizehim.
b.運用分詞、不定式短語、介詞短語和副詞等,置于句首,使句型多樣化
Hesawanoldwomangetonthebus,hequicklystooduptoofferhertheseat.
-----Seeinganoldwomangetonthebus,hequicklystooduptoofferhertheseat.
c.運用同位語形式
Mydesiretogoabroadwillsoonbecomeareality.Ithasbeenadreamallofmylife.
----Mydesiretogoabroad,adreamallofmylife,willsoonbecomeareality.
d.使用強調句、倒裝句等句型
Itmustbemadeuseofproperly,thenitcanproducegoodeffects.
----Onlywhenitismadeuseofproperly,canitproducegoodeffects.
Englishbecomesmoreimportant.Allofusknowthefact.Oursocietyismoreopentotheworld.Butitisdifficulttolearn.IhavelearnedEnglishforsevenyears.ButIstillcannotcommanditwell.BecauseEnglishisdifferentfromChinese.Andwehaven’tanenvironment.
整篇文章成了簡單句的堆積。這種作文只能是中學生的英語水平,語法基本沒問題,但句子支離破碎,語義缺少連貫,句型沒有變化。請看修改后的文章。
ItiswellknownthatEnglishhasbecomeincreasinglyimportant,especiallytoasocietymoreopentotheoutsideworld.Itisdifficult,however,tohaveabettercommandofit----althoughIhavelearnedEnglishfor7years---becauseofitscompletedifferencefromChineseandofthelackofanEnglish-speakingenvironment.
同樣的意思,文章的質量就完全不一樣:句型復雜有變化,語義連貫有層次。
2
B.結構變化
一篇文章中要力求句子結構豐富多樣。除了簡單句,我們可用and,notonly…butalso等連接的復合句,用because,if,although,which等連接的復雜句,用分詞短語,介詞短語,不定式短語結構。那么除了這些在我們的作文中還可以看到的結構,還有一些較少在我們作文中看到的結構,更能使文章增光添彩。
a.雙重否定句
b.比較級句
比較英漢句子,英語通過比較級來表達意思的句子遠比漢語多得多。
c.同位語
d.平行排比句
e.設問句
f.后置修飾語
g.插入語
h.被動句
i.名詞化句子
WatchingtoomuchTVwillaffectyourstudies.
----HeavyexposuretoTVwillinterferewithone’sstudies.
j.運用破折符號
就句子而言,能夠運用復雜,且句式不同的句子結構來表達思想是一篇文章老練成熟的標志。
2、中式英語過于嚴重,用漢語思維,逐字翻譯
許多學生的作文漢語味道十足、特別生硬。
大哥bigbrother(elderbrother),家庭教師afamilyteacher(atutor),售貨員asellinggoodsperson(salesman),抓住機會catch/grasptheopportunity(seizetheopportunity),找借口findanexcuse(makeanexcuse),一貧如洗aspoorasiswashed(aspooraschurchmouse),大雨bigrain(heavyrain),遵守時間obeythetime(bepunctual),多如牛毛asmuchasacow’shair(asplentifulasblackberries)
3
再比如:
a.我父親很有意思。Myfatherisamanofmeaning.
b.我作弊沒有被發現,很幸運。Iwastheluckoftheexam.
以下是作文中常出現的漢化英語及其改進,
a.Theartists’workpushesourcivilizationtoahigherlevel.
---Artists’workupgradesourcivilization.
b.Hewillgetahighersalarytoimprovehislivinglevel.
---Hewillgetahighersalary,thusimprovinghislife.
c.Theycan’tanalyzeclearlywhatisrightandwhatiswrong.
---Thecan’ttellrightfromwrong.
d.Inordertosuittheneedsofenteringintowork,studentsmustgraspsometechnicalskills.---Inordertomeettheneedsofenteringintowork,studentsmustlearnsomepracticalskills.e.Nooneknowsallthethings.
---Nooneknowseverything.
3、表達不清楚
1)句子錯誤
a.粘連句(Fusedsentence&Run-onsentence)
粘連句指一句話中包含兩個或更多的意思,但是這些意思之間沒有用恰當的標點等分割開來。比如:
Imetanoldmanwasstandingbythestreet.
---Imetanoldmanwhowasstandingbythestreet.
---Imetanoldman.Hewasstandingbythestreet.
Allthegiftswehaveorderedhavearrivedmanyofthemarebroken.
---Allthegiftswehaveorderedhavearrived.Manyofthemarebroken.
b.逗號連接句(Commasplice)
逗號連接句指用逗號連接兩個分句。在漢語中,我們可以用逗號連接兩句話,但是英語中的逗號只能表明語氣上的短暫停頓,而不能表示兩個分句之間的邏輯關系。4
Mycarwouldn’tstartthismorning,thebatterywasdead.
---Mycarwouldn’---Mycarwouldn’tstartthismorning;thebatterywasdead.
Itisrainingheavilyoutside,sheisstilltyingtogotothetheater.Weareoutofmoney,wedecidenottoeatoutontheweekend.c.不完整句(Sentencefragment)
不完整句指那些看似一句話,但實際上只是一個句子的一部分的結構。如果我們不小心,就可能在作文中寫出一些自以為是句子但實際上只是一個短語的東西來。比如:Shewentonwithherwork.Crying.Aftersheturedthestreetcorner,ahugebuildingwithpeoplerushinginandoutcontinuously.
---Aftersheturedthestreetcorner,ahugebuildingwithpeoplerushinginandoutcontinuously.
Manypeopledon’tlikelivinginbigcities.Becausethelifeistoobusythere.
---Manypeopledon’d.修飾語位置錯誤(Misplacedmodifier)
Misplacedwords---adverbs
Henearlylosttendollarslastnight.(Didhehaveanarrowescapebutlosenothing?)
MisplacedphrasesMisplacedclausese.垂懸修飾語(Danglingmodifier)
垂懸修飾語是指和句子中的其它成分沒有任何語法聯系的一組詞。
Afterfinishinghisspeech,theaudiencewasinvitedtoaskquestions.
---Afterfinishinghisspeech,heinvitedtheaudiencetoaskquestions.
Reading,thedoorbellrang.(Wasthedoorbellreading?)
---Whilereading,Iheardthedoorbellring.
f.并列結構錯誤(Faultyparallelism)
并列結構錯誤就是排比或者并列結構,一般由and,aswellas或者notonly…butalso連接。英語習慣上在排比結構中使用相同的語法格式,如果前面用名詞,那么后面的并列結構都使用名詞,而如果前面用不定式,則后面也用不定式。如果違反這一規定,寫出來的句子就含有并列結構錯誤,即“有問題的排比結構”。例如:g.累贅(Redundancy)
Hiscoatwasblackincolor.
---Hiscoatwasblack.
Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.
---Inmyopinion,yourplanisfeasible.
---Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.
2)語法錯誤
a.詞性誤用(MisuseofPartsofSpeech)
“詞性誤用”常表現為:介詞當動詞用;形容詞當副詞用;名詞當動詞用等.
例1.Nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney.
剖析:negative為形容詞,誤作動詞。
改為:Nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney.
b.指代不清(AmbiguousReferenceofPronouns)
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關系不清,或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句:
Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.
(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好,因為她要她做她的伴娘。)
讀完上面這一句話,讀者無法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰將結婚,誰將當伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對象加以明確,意思就一目了然了。這個句子可改為:Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid.例1.Andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.
剖析:句中人稱代詞we和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為:
Wecanalsoknowsocietybyservingitourselves.
c.不一致(Disagreements)
所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致,它還包括了數的不一致時態不一致及代詞不一致等。例1.Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.
(人一旦有了錢,他就能想干什么就干什么.)
剖析:one是單數第三人稱,因而本句的have應改為has;同理,want應改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致.
改為:Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo)
d.措詞毛病(TroublesinDiction)
Diction是指在特定的句子中如何適當地選用詞語的問題,囿于教學時間緊迫,教師平時在這方面花的時間往往極其有限,影響了學生在寫作中沒有養成良好的推敲,斟酌的習慣。他們往往隨心所欲,拿來就用。所以作文中用詞不當的錯誤比比皆是。
例1.Theincreasinguseofchemicalobstaclesinagriculturealsomakespollution.(農業方面化學物質使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)
剖析:顯然,考生把obstacles“障礙”,“障礙物”誤作substance“物質”了。另外“theincreasinguse(不斷增加的使用)”應改為“abusiveuse(濫用)”。
改為:Theabusiveuseofchemicalsubstancesinagriculturealsocauses/leadstopollution.
4、不會運用關聯詞轉承上下句和段落
申小龍認為英語句子是一種空間結構,即英語句子以動詞為核心,運用各種連接詞組成關系結構板快,前呼后擁,遞相疊加。漢語是時間型結構,即漢語句子是按句讀邏輯事理鋪排。
關聯詞的使用可使上下句和段落合理銜接,承上啟下,使表達合乎邏輯,同時使文章結
構嚴謹、緊湊。如:
PeoplelearnEnglishtouseit.Somelearnittostudyorworkabroad.OtherslearnittoreadbooksandmagazinesinEnglishorhavesomethingtodowithEnglishspeakingforeigners.
由于兩個句子沒有使用關聯詞,便顯得不夠緊湊。如果適當關聯詞,這兩句可改進為:PeoplelearnEnglishforpracticalpurpose.Somelearnittostudyorworkabroad.WhileotherslearnittoreadorcommunicateinEnglish.
常用連接詞
總結關系過渡詞語
ingeneral,tosomeextent,inmyview,asforme,asfarasIamconcerned,obviously,inbrief,onthewhole
比較對比關系過渡詞語
similarly,onthecontrary,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,otherwise,insharpcontrast,but,however,yet,nevertheless
列舉關系過渡詞語
asacaseinpoint,suchas,firstofall,tobeginwith,furthermore,besides,inaddition,foronething,foranother
因果關系過渡詞語
because(of),since,for,owingto,thanksto,asaresultof,consequently,forthereasonthat,therefore,hence
讓步關系過渡詞語
although,eventhough,inspiteof,despite
強調關系過渡詞語
surely,obviously,particularly,indeed,needletosay,mostimportantofall
遞進關系
inaddition,also,moreover,besides,what'smore
時間順序
immediately,meanwhile,presently,shortly,since,soon,temporarily,while
方式手段
as,asif,theway,by目的關系
sothat,lest,inorderthat