棒球作為純體育運(yùn)動(dòng)已被人們忘卻變得商業(yè)化了,我給他起名叫托米不久他就開(kāi)始適應(yīng)這個(gè)名字的,提供的許多公共事業(yè)如醫(yī)療住房和假日旅游直接花費(fèi)市民的錢很少,僅年之后這個(gè)數(shù)字又翻了一貳
英譯漢長(zhǎng)句子
2.Womenandtobacco
1.Butitisalsoanincreasinglyimportantcauseofillhealthamongstwomenindevelopingcountries.在發(fā)展中國(guó)家,吸煙也日益成為女性健康不佳的重要原因
2.Women'shealthisalsoaffectedbythesmokingofothers,thatis,bypassiveorinvoluntarysmoking;forexample,ithasbeenshownthatnon-smokingwivesofheavysmokersrunahigherriskoflungcancer.女性的健康還因其他人吸煙而受到影響,即所謂的被動(dòng)吸煙。例如,不吸煙的妻子與其煙癮很大的丈夫一樣有較大的患肺癌可能性。
3.Thechallengeistwofold,toreducethealreadyhighlevelofsmokingamongwomenintheindustrializedworldandtoensurethatthelowlevelofsmokingindevelopingcountriesdoesnotincrease.這要求我們要付出兩倍的努力:即要在工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家降低婦女的主吸煙率,又要保證發(fā)展中國(guó)家婦女低吸煙率不再增長(zhǎng)。
4.Smokingamongstwomenhasalreadyreachedepidemicproportionsandwillcontinuetoescalate(16.v.riseoneaftertheother逐步上升)unleactionistakennow.女性吸煙已經(jīng)到了四處蔓延的程度,而且如果不采取行動(dòng)還將繼續(xù)蔓延下去。
5.Supportoverthesedifficultdayswhentheaddictioncycleisbroken.在她們煙癮發(fā)作的困難時(shí)刻幫助她們。
3.ARETHESETHEBESTYEARSOFYOURLIFE?
1.Theupsanddownsoflifemayseemtohavenopredictableplan.Butscientistsnowknowthereareverydefinitelifepatternsthatalmostallpeopleshare.Today,whenwelive20yearslongerthanourgreat-grandparents,andwhenwomenmysteriouslyoutlivemenbysevenyears,itisclearerthaneverthatthe―gameoflife‖isreallyagameoftrade-offs.Asweage,wetradestrengthforingenuity,speedforthoroughness,passionforreason.Theseexchangesmaynotalwaysseemfair,butateveryage,therearesomeadvantages.Soitisreassuringtonotethatevenifyou’vepassedsomeofyour―prime‖,youstillhaveotherprimeyearstoexperienceinthefuture.Certainimportantprimesseemtopeaklaterintime.生活中的沉浮似乎并沒(méi)有什么可預(yù)見(jiàn)的計(jì)劃,但現(xiàn)在科學(xué)家們知道,幾乎所有的人都有一些非常固定的生活模式。今天,當(dāng)我們比祖輩多活20年的時(shí)候,當(dāng)女性神秘地比男性壽長(zhǎng)7歲的時(shí)候,―人生的游戲‖實(shí)際上就是―交換的游戲‖,這一點(diǎn)比以往任何時(shí)候都更加清楚。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng),我們用智慧代替力量,用全面代替速度,用理性代替激情。這些交換似乎并不總是那么公正的,但在每一個(gè)年齡段上,人都有各自的某些優(yōu)勢(shì)。所以,不妨盡可放心地看到,盡管你已經(jīng)逾越了生命中的某些黃金時(shí)期,你在未來(lái)仍然有另外的黃金歲月去度過(guò),某些重要的顛峰時(shí)期在時(shí)間上出現(xiàn)得比較晚。
5.POLLUTIONISADIRTYWORD
1.Tokeepthewheelsofindustryturning,wemanufactureconsumergoodsinendlequantities,and,intheprocess,arerapidlyexhausting( http://m.okwtrl.com eup耗盡)ournaturalresources.為了讓工業(yè)的車輪保持轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),我們大量地生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)品,并在此過(guò)程中迅速地消耗我們的自然資源。
2.Todaythisharmoniousrelationshipisthreatenedbyman’slackofforesight(n.abilitytoseeintothefuture預(yù)見(jiàn)力)andplanning,andbyhiscarelessneandgreed.現(xiàn)在這種和諧關(guān)系正在面臨威脅,這是由于人們?nèi)狈h(yuǎn)見(jiàn)和計(jì)劃以及冷漠貪婪造成的。
3.Butairpollution,whileitisstillthemostdangerous,isonlyonetypeofcontaminationamongseveralwhichattackthemostbasiclifefunctions.然而空氣污染,雖然仍是最危險(xiǎn)
的一種污染,但它只是危害人類最基本生活活動(dòng)的幾種污染之一。
http://m.okwtrl.com ntrollingairpollutionisanothercrucial( http://m.okwtrl.com cisive;ofdecidingimportance決定性的,緊要關(guān)頭的)objective.控制空氣污染也是件至關(guān)重要的事情。
5.Wecanhaveacleanworld,orwecandonothing.Thechoiceisuptoyou.我們可以擁有一個(gè)潔凈的世界,我們也可以什么都不做。選擇權(quán)在你
Text6KEEPINGFOODONTHETABLE
AgricultureisthenumberoneindustryintheUnitedStatesandagriculturalproductsarethecountry’sleadingexport.AmericanfarmersmanagetofeednotonlythetotalpopulationoftheUnitedStates, http://m.okwtrl.com rnandsoybeanexportsaloneaccountforapproximately75percentoftheamountsoldinworldmarkets.農(nóng)業(yè)是美國(guó)的第一產(chǎn)業(yè),農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是美國(guó)的主要出口產(chǎn)品。美國(guó)農(nóng)民不但要努力為本國(guó)所有人提供食品,而且還要為世界其他地區(qū)百萬(wàn)人提供食品。僅玉米和大豆兩項(xiàng)出口產(chǎn)品就大約占世界市場(chǎng)銷售總量的75%。
Text8Neverbenervousagain
1.Preparationforanycommunicatingsituationisamust.不論是什么樣的交際場(chǎng)合,準(zhǔn)備都是必須的.
2.whetheryou’redeliveringaspeech,approachingyourboforaraiseoranimportantsocialoccasion,doyouhomework.不論你要發(fā)表一篇講話,還是找你的老板要求加薪,或是出席一次重要的社交活動(dòng),你都要預(yù)先做準(zhǔn)備。
3.Byputtingenergyandresonanceintoyourvoice,yourwillhaveapositiveeffect.通過(guò)把活力和悅耳的聲調(diào)納入到你的聲音中,你就能獲得良好的效果。
4.LaterIdiscoveredthatwhenyoupushagainstwallyoucontractthemusclesthatliejustbelowwhereyourribsbegintosplay.后來(lái)我發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)你推墻時(shí),你就收縮了你肋骨開(kāi)始伸展的下方的肌肉。
5.Ifyouentertainonlypositivethoughts,youwillbegivingoutthesevibes;joyandease,enthusiasm,sincerityandconcern,andauthority.如果你只抱有積極的觀點(diǎn),你就會(huì)傳遞出這些令人激動(dòng)的情緒:歡樂(lè)、安寧、熱情、真誠(chéng)、關(guān)心與權(quán)威。
Text9Hey,I’mthecustomer喂,我是顧客
Customersarebecomingmoredemanding.Theyhavemorechoicesastowhattheybuyandfromwhom.Onewaytocausethemtorememberyoufavorablyistodosomethingunexpected,outoftheordinary.Simpleactionsaremostmemorable--asmallchocolate,agenuine"thankyou"justbeforeyourcustomerleaves,aninexpensivegift.Bedifferent;useyourimagination.顧客的要求越來(lái)越高,對(duì)于買什么以及從誰(shuí)的手里買,他們有更多的選擇。有一個(gè)辦法可以給他們留下很好的印象,那就是做一些意想不到的、與眾不同的事。一些簡(jiǎn)單的小事也會(huì)非常令人難忘——一小塊巧克力,顧客離開(kāi)前說(shuō)一聲真誠(chéng)的―謝謝您‖,一個(gè)并不貴重的小禮品。貴在與眾不同,要運(yùn)用你的想象力。
Text11BodyImage外在形象
1.Mostteenswatchanaverageof22hoursofTVaweekandaredeluged"'withimages'offat-freebodiesinthepagesofhealth,fashionandteenmagazines.The"standard"isimpossibletoachieve.他們每周平均看22小時(shí)電視,并且沉迷于健康、時(shí)尚和青少年雜志上的瘦身話題.這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根本不可能達(dá)到的.
2.Howweperceiveandinternalizethesechildhoodmessagesaboutourbodiesdeterminesourabilitytobuildself-esteemandconfidenceinourappearance.我們?cè)趺纯创@些糼年時(shí)獲得的關(guān)于身體的信息,決定著我們能否樹(shù)立自尊心以及建立對(duì)外表的信心.
3.Ahealthybodyimageoccurswhenaperson'sfeelingsabouthis/herbodyarepositive,confidentandselfcaring.Thisimageisnecessarytocareforthebody,findoutlets....forself-expression,developconfidenceinone'sphysicalabilitiesandfeelcomfortablewithwhoyouare.
當(dāng)一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的外表感到滿意、有信心而且懂得自我保養(yǎng)時(shí),就會(huì)形成積極健康的外在形象.這一形象有助于保養(yǎng)身體,發(fā)現(xiàn)自我表現(xiàn)的途徑,樹(shù)立生理能力方面的自信心,以及創(chuàng)造良好的自我感覺(jué).
http://m.okwtrl.com cidewhichoftheculturalpressures-glamour,fitness,thinness,media,peergroup-preventyoufromfeelinggoodaboutyourself.Howaboutnotbuyingfashion.magazineswhichpromoteunrealisticbodyimages?
找出是什么壓力讓你對(duì)自己感覺(jué)不好—誘惑、健康、胖廋、媒體還是同伴們?可不可以不買時(shí)尚雜志呢,因?yàn)樗峁┝瞬徽鎸?shí)的身體形象.
5.Challengesize-bigotryandfightsizediscriminationwheneveryoucan.Don'tspeakofyourselforotherswithphraseslike"fatslob,""pigout,"or"thunderthighs."
隨時(shí)對(duì)體形偏見(jiàn)提出質(zhì)疑,并與體形歧視進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng).不要對(duì)自己或別人說(shuō)―胖子‖―胖豬‖―粗大腿‖.
Text12BaseballinAmerica美國(guó)的棒球
1.Americansdidnotalwaysregardbaseballandothersportsinsuchabenignmanner.Rather,sportsduringtheearlycolonialtimeswereseenaspagananddevilishthingstodo.美國(guó)人并不是自始至終都以平和的心態(tài)看待棒球和其他體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。相反在早期限英國(guó)殖民時(shí)期,體育活動(dòng)被看作是異教徒邪惡的行為。
2.Ondaysofreligiouscelebration,earlyAmericansjoinedtogethertoplaygames.Thesefolkgameswereunstructuredandunruly;however,theunitythatthesegamesbrought,createdaneedforprofessionalsportinggames.在宗教慶祝日,早期的美國(guó)人聚集在一起開(kāi)始運(yùn)動(dòng).這些民間的運(yùn)動(dòng)是自發(fā)的活動(dòng)沒(méi)有固定游戲規(guī)則,然而這些民間運(yùn)動(dòng)為專業(yè)體育項(xiàng)目的誕生奠定了基礎(chǔ).
3.Howeverwiththetransformationofthenation,societyandtechnology,folkgamestoobegantoevolveintospectatorsports.然而隨著國(guó)家、社會(huì)和技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)型,民間運(yùn)動(dòng)才開(kāi)始演變成觀眾參與的運(yùn)動(dòng).
4.Thesportatfirstexcludedthepublic,butaseconomicinterestsinfiltrated....thegame,theneedforaudiencesandspectatorsarose.Theaudienceofbaseballwasinstrumentalinthetransformationofbaseball.棒球在開(kāi)始時(shí)并不是一項(xiàng)被公眾關(guān)注的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。但隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)利益進(jìn)入這一運(yùn)動(dòng),棒球比賽需要吸引觀眾。觀眾對(duì)棒球的發(fā)展起到了推動(dòng)作用。
http://m.okwtrl.com anizedBaseballhasremainedafabricofAmericanculture.棒球作為純體育運(yùn)動(dòng)已被人們忘卻,變得商業(yè)化了。電視的出現(xiàn)影響到棒球商業(yè)化的收益,但這一運(yùn)動(dòng)還是延續(xù)下來(lái)了。棒球仍是美國(guó)文化的一個(gè)組成部分。
Text14Walkinginspace太空行走
1.Wearingtheirthickspacesuits,theylearnedtodealwithanenvironmentwherethereisneitherweightnorgravity,neither"up"nor"down".他們穿著沉重的太空服,學(xué)習(xí)如何對(duì)付一個(gè)沒(méi)有重量、沒(méi)有引力,也沒(méi)有―上‖與―下‖的環(huán)境。
2.Wedonotrealizehowmuchwedependontheearth'sgravityuntilwearedeprivedofit.Thenourfeetnolongerstayontheground,wefloataroundintheair,andtheslightesttouchmaysendusdriftingoffintheoppositedirection.只有在失去地球引力之后,我們才意識(shí)到我們是多么依賴它。失去了地球引力,我們的肢下不再站到地面上;我們會(huì)在空中飄來(lái)飄去;輕輕一觸就會(huì)使我們向相反的方向飄去。
3.Whenthespaceshipleavestheearthattremendousspeed,theastronautsfeelasiftheyarebeingcrushedagainstthespaceshipfloor.當(dāng)宇宙飛船以極快的速度離開(kāi)地球時(shí),宇航員們會(huì)有一種被壓在飛船地板上的感覺(jué)。
4.Theflightlastedlethantwohours,butitpointedthewaytofuturedevelopments.這次太空飛行持續(xù)了不足兩個(gè)小時(shí),然而卻為未來(lái)的發(fā)展指明了道路.
5.Hefoundthatthereliefofhillsandmountainswasmoreeasilyobservedfromthatdistancethanfromplaneflyingatafewthousandfeet.他發(fā)現(xiàn)從那個(gè)距離觀察綿延起伏的丘陵山脈要比在飛在幾千英尺高度的飛機(jī)上還要容易.
Text15Quake-ResearchonSolidGround地震研究
1.Morethan60peoplewerekilledineachearthquakeandthousandswereinjured.ThelattereventbecameoneofthecostliestnaturaldisastersevertostriketheUnitedStates.這兩次地震中,各有超過(guò)60人遇難,成千上萬(wàn)的人受傷.1972年的地震成為美國(guó)歷史上因自然災(zāi)害而損失最慘重的一次.
2.Lethantwomonthsbeforethatfatefulday,DonnellanandcolleaguesfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyhadpublishedalandmarkpaperinthejournalNatureongrounddistortionnorthofLA'sSanFernandoValley.地震發(fā)生前不到兩個(gè)月,唐娜倫各麻省理工學(xué)院的同行在《自然》雜志上發(fā)表了關(guān)于洛杉磯圣費(fèi)爾南多山谷北部地層發(fā)生變形的文章.這篇文章在地震研究領(lǐng)域具有里程碑的意義.
3."TheNorthridgeGPSmeasurementssolidifiedinmanyscientists'mindshowvaluabledatafromspace-basedinstrumentscouldbeforcollectingprecisemeasurementsofEarth'scrustalmovements,"saidDonnellan.―GPS(全球定位系統(tǒng))的測(cè)量使科學(xué)家們更加確定,來(lái)自太空測(cè)量?jī)x器的數(shù)據(jù)可以作為研究地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)的原始資料.‖唐娜倫說(shuō)
4.CalledtheSouthernCaliforniaIntegratedGPSNetwork,itprovidesacontinuousmeasurementofgrounddeformationat250locationswithaprecisionofafewmillimeters,measuringtheslowbuildupofdeformationalongfaults.南加利福尼亞安裝了高科技全球定位系統(tǒng)綜合網(wǎng),它可以持續(xù)測(cè)量250個(gè)地點(diǎn)的地層變形,和測(cè)量斷層緩慢形成的形變,而且能精確的毫米.
5.―Suchdataandmodelswillimproveourunderstandingofearthquakeandvolcanicprocesses,substantiallyrefiningseismichazardmapsandresultinginmoreappropriate,quakeresistantconstructioncodesandmoretargetedretrofittingstrategies,‖GeologicalSurveyinMenloPark,Calif.―Ultimatelythoseimprovementswillhelptomitigatedamagefromfutureearthquakesandsavelives.‖―這些數(shù)據(jù)和模型有助于我們對(duì)地震和火山形成過(guò)程的理解,大幅度地完善地震高發(fā)區(qū)域圖,并隨之制定更適當(dāng)?shù)慕ㄖ拐鸱ㄒ?guī)和制定更新指標(biāo)策略.‖美國(guó)地理研究所的高級(jí)研究員瓦納薩切爾說(shuō),―最終這些都有助于減輕地震造成的的破壞,挽救生命.‖
Text17HowHomingPigeonsFindHome?
1.Itmaybetakenawayinacovered-upcage,evenacagethatisturnedroundandroundtopurposelymixupanysenseofdirection.它可能會(huì)被裝進(jìn)遮蓋著的箱子帶走,箱子甚至被翻過(guò)來(lái)調(diào)過(guò)去,故意混淆它的各種方向感.
2.Muchofthestudyofhomingpigeonsleadstotheideathatpigeonsneedthesamekindsofinformation.對(duì)信鴿的深入研究得出了這樣結(jié)論:信鴿需要同樣種類的信息。
3.Theyhavepickedadirectionthatwouldbecorrectforthepositionofthesunandthetimeofdayaccordingtotheirshiftedclocks.它們選擇了根據(jù)太陽(yáng)的位置本來(lái)應(yīng)該是正確的方向,同時(shí)根據(jù)變化了的生物鐘選擇了時(shí)間。
4.Butonveryovercastdaysthoseclock-shiftedpigeonsarejustasgoodasnormalpigeonsinstartingoutintherightdirections.Soitseemsthatpigeonsalsohavesomeextrasenseofdirectionstousewhentheycannotseethesun.可在烏云蔽日這時(shí)那些生物鐘已經(jīng)改變了的信鴿在沿正確的方向起飛前行方面仍像正常的鴿子那樣,做得非常好。因而,在看不到太陽(yáng)時(shí),鴿子似乎還可以利用其所具有的某種別的方向感。
5.Anotheristoputalittlecoilofwireontopofapigeon'sheadanduseanelectriccurrentfromasmallbatterytomakeanelectro-magnet.另一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是在鴿子的頭頂端繞上一個(gè)小金屬線圈并用一小塊電池發(fā)出的電流制成的一個(gè)電磁體。
Text18AnAfricanPet非洲寵物
1.Imayaswelladdheresomeparticularsofthelittlefellowwhoexcitedallthissurpriseandenjoyment.Helivedfivemonths,andbecameastameanddocileasacat.IcalledhimTommy,towhichnamehesoonbegantoanswer.
我最好在這兒說(shuō)明,小家伙讓所有人感到吃驚和興奮。他生活了五個(gè)月,慢慢變得像小貓一樣溫順聽(tīng)話。我給他起名叫托米,不久他就開(kāi)始適應(yīng)這個(gè)名字的。
2.Heranaboutthecamp,andwhenhewentbacktothetown,foundhiswayaboutthevillageandintothehutsjustasthoughhehadbeenraisedthere.它圍著營(yíng)地亂跑,回到小鎮(zhèn)上,找到回村子的路,又回到小屋子里,就好像它是在這兒被養(yǎng)大的一樣。
3.Hewatchedverycarefullytillallhadleftthehouse,anditwasdifficulttocatchhimintheact.它很小心地觀察,當(dāng)所有人都離開(kāi)小屋后,它才行動(dòng)。
4.Myhuthadnodoor,butwasclosedwithamat,anditwasveryfunnytoseeTommygentlyraisingonecornerofthismattoseeifIwasasleep.我的小屋子沒(méi)有門,但是用簾子遮掩著。很可笑的是,托米會(huì)輕輕掀起簾子的一角,看我有沒(méi)有睡覺(jué)。
5.Ifbyanychanceitwaslost,thewholecampknewitbyhishowls,andsometimesIhadtosendpeopletolookforitwhenhehadmislaiditonsomeforesttrip,sothathewouldstophisnoise.如果碰巧哪次把枕頭給丟了,整個(gè)營(yíng)地的人都會(huì)聽(tīng)到它的叫聲,都會(huì)很快知道這件事情。當(dāng)它把枕頭遺失在森林里時(shí),我會(huì)派人去尋找,只有這樣才能使它停止哭叫。
Text20KofiAnnan'sSpeechattheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly科菲安南在聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)的演講
1.Subjecttosecurityconsiderations,theUnitedNationssystemispreparedtoplayitsfullpartinworkingforasatisfactoryoutcomeinIraq,andtodosoaspartofaneffortbythewholeinternationalcommunity,pullingtogetheronthebasisofasoundandviablepolicy.
出于安全的考慮,聯(lián)合國(guó)準(zhǔn)備在伊拉克取得令人滿意的結(jié)果中充分發(fā)揮作用,以合理的可行的政策為基礎(chǔ),作為整個(gè)國(guó)際社會(huì)做出努力的一部分。
2.Infact,allthesestrugglesarelinked.Wenowsee,withchillingclarity,thataworldwheremanymillionsofpeopleendurebrutaloppressionandextrememiserywillneverbefullysecure,evenforitsmostprivilegedinhabitants.其實(shí)所有這些都是相互聯(lián)系的。我們今天清楚地看到,在這個(gè)世界上千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的人遭受著殘酷的壓迫,忍受著極度的悲痛,所以世界是永遠(yuǎn)不可能徹底安全的,即使是對(duì)有特權(quán)的人。
3.SincethisOrganizationwasfounded,Stateshavegenerallysoughttodealwiththreatstothepeacethroughcontainmentanddeterrence,byasystembasedoncollectivesecurityandtheUnitedNationsCharter.
4.Now,somesaythisunderstandingisnolongertenable,sincean"armedattack"withweaponsofmadestructioncouldbelaunchedatanytime,withoutwarning,orbyaclandestinegroup.如今有人認(rèn)為,秘密組織隨時(shí)有可能使用大規(guī)模殺傷性武器發(fā)動(dòng)進(jìn)攻,而沒(méi)有任何警告,那么以上這一理解就站不住腳了。
5.Atthattime,agroupoffar-sightedleaders,ledandinspiredbyPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt,weredeterminedtomakethesecondhalfofthetwentiethcenturydifferentfromthefirsthalf.Theysawthatthehumanracehadonlyoneworldtolivein,andthatunleitmanageditsaffairsmoreprudently,allhumanbeingsmightperish.那是一些很有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的領(lǐng)袖,在弗蘭克林羅斯福總統(tǒng)的帶領(lǐng)下決定讓20世紀(jì)的后50年不同于前半個(gè)世紀(jì)。他們認(rèn)識(shí)到人類只有一個(gè)共同的世界,如果人們?cè)谔幚硎聞?wù)時(shí)不夠謹(jǐn)慎,人類可能會(huì)全部滅亡。
Text21Me,StephenWilliamHawking我,史太芬威廉霍金
TherealizationthatIhadanincurabledisease,thatwaslikelytokillmeinafewyears,wasabitofashock.Howcouldsomethinglikethathappentome?WhyshouldIbecutofflikethis?However,whileIhadbeeninhospital,IhadseenaboyIvaguelyknewdieofleukemia,inthebedoppositeme.Ithadnotbeenaprettysight.Clearlytherewerepeoplewhowereworseoffthanme.Atleastmyconditiondidn’tmakemefeelsick.WheneverIfeelinclinedtobesorryformyselfIrememberthatboy.我意識(shí)到自己患了不治之癥,也許幾年后就會(huì)告別人世,這讓我十分震驚。這樣的事情怎么會(huì)發(fā)生在我身上?為什么我應(yīng)該這樣死亡?然而我在醫(yī)院時(shí),我曾親眼看見(jiàn)一個(gè)男孩死于白血病,他就死要我對(duì)面的床上。那一幕真的很可怕。顯然有些人比我還要慘。至少我的情況沒(méi)有讓我不舒服。當(dāng)我對(duì)自己感到絕望時(shí),就會(huì)想起那個(gè)男孩。
23theconsumerr消費(fèi)者
1.Theirpurchasesaccountforalmosttwo-thirdsofallthemoneyspenteachyear,withgovernmentandbusineresponsiblefortherest.他們購(gòu)買物品的花銷差不多占每年總花銷的2/3,剩下的部分是政府部門和企業(yè)部門花出去的。
2.Nearlyeveryhouseholdowessomemoneyordebtsperhapsintheformofacarloan,ahousemortgageorchargesoncreditcards.Ontheseloans,peoplepayaninterestfate,usuallysomuchperyearbasedontheamountloaned.幾乎家家都欠了一些錢或賒了一些賬,有的時(shí)以購(gòu)車貸款形式賒欠的,有的是以住房抵押貸款形式賒欠的或是以信用卡付賬
而欠下的。人們要付貸款利息,利息每年有多少通常要依據(jù)貸款數(shù)目而定
3.Whentheeconomyslackensandemployerslayoffworkers,familiesthatlosebreadwinnersoftenfailtomakethepaymentsontheirdebts.經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣雇主裁減工人的時(shí)候,失去養(yǎng)家糊口之人的家庭常常不能支付債務(wù)。
4.SocialistcountriesalsoputmuchmorestreoneveningoutthedistributionofwealththandoestheunitedStates.Manyservicessuchashealthcare,housingandvacationtripsareprovidedatlittledirectcosttocitizens.社會(huì)主義國(guó)家比美國(guó)更強(qiáng)調(diào)平分財(cái)富。提供的許多公共事業(yè)如醫(yī)療、住房和假日旅游直接花費(fèi)市民的錢很少。
5.TheU.S.economyhasbeenplaguedperiodicallywithtwomajorproblems:highunemploymentandtherisingcostofliving--inflation.美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)不時(shí)受到兩大主要問(wèn)題的困擾:高失業(yè)和生活費(fèi)上漲-通貨膨脹。
24MOREPEOPLEANDMOREPRODUCTS更多的人口更多的產(chǎn)品
1.Ittookonly75yearsforthefiguretodoubleoncemore,sothatnowthepopulationfigurestandsatapproximatelythreeandonehalfbillion.僅75年之后這個(gè)數(shù)字又翻了一番。現(xiàn)在人口總數(shù)為35億左右。
2.Progreinmedicineandhygienehasmadeitpossibleforpeopletolivelonger.PeopleinEuropeandNorthAmericalive,ontheaverage,twiceaslongastheydidahundredyearsago..醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)的進(jìn)步使人們更加長(zhǎng)壽。歐洲和北美居民的壽命已是100年前的2倍。
3.Thepossibilityofearningafixedsalaryinafactoryorofficewasmoreattractivethanthepossibilityofstayingonthefarmandhavingone’sworkdestroyedbyfrost,storms,ordroughts.在工廠或機(jī)關(guān)工作就可能賺得固定的工資,在農(nóng)場(chǎng),自己的勞動(dòng)就很可能毀于霜凍、暴風(fēng)雨和干旱。
4.ThesemethodshaveenabledFrenchfarmers,forexample,togetfivetimesasmuchwheataswasobtainedfromthesamelandtwocenturiesago.這些方法使法國(guó)農(nóng)民在同一塊土地上收獲的小麥?zhǔn)莾蓚(gè)世紀(jì)前的5倍。
5.Thus,nowadaysweseemoreandmoretradeagreementsmakingiteasiertoexchangerawmaterialsandmoretradeagreementsmakingiteasiertoexchangerawmaterialsandmanufacturedgoodsbetweencountries,andgreatadvertisingcampaignshelpingindustriessellmoregoods.所以現(xiàn)在我們見(jiàn)到越來(lái)越多的貿(mào)易協(xié)定,這使地區(qū)間原材料及制成品的交換更為容易,同時(shí)大量的廣告活動(dòng)也使工業(yè)銷售更多的產(chǎn)品。
Text26TheInformationAgeHasImprovedEverydayLife(Part1)
1.Today,there’sscarcelyanaspectofourlifethatisn’tbeingupendedbythetorrentofinformationavailableonthehundredsofmillionsofsitescrowdingtheInternet,nottomentionitsabilitytokeepusinconstanttouchwitheachotherviaelectronicmail.今天信息的浪潮席卷了我們生活的各個(gè)角落,人們可以從因特網(wǎng)上百萬(wàn)個(gè)網(wǎng)站上搜尋信息,更不用說(shuō)人們通過(guò)電子郵件來(lái)保持聯(lián)系。
2.Andevenafteryou’vemovedontoyourfinalrestingplace,there’snoreasonthoseyoulovecan’tkeepintouch.即使你到了最后的歸宿,也不會(huì)和你所喜歡的東西失去聯(lián)系。
3.ThisisnotsurprisingsinceahallmarkoftheCyberAgeisconnectivityandsharingofinformation.這也不足為奇,因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代的特點(diǎn)就是溝通和信息共享。
4.Eventoday,theadult-entertainmentindustrystilldrivestheInternet,withprofitmargins
of30%ormore,eventhoughtheyhavenooff-linerevenuestreamgeneratedbymagazines,books,videocassettes,etc.即使今天,成人娛樂(lè)產(chǎn)業(yè)依然推動(dòng)著因特網(wǎng)的發(fā)展。盡管在脫機(jī)時(shí)不可能從雜志,書(shū)籍,錄像帶中獲得收入,但即使如此,其利潤(rùn)率達(dá)到30%甚至更多。
5.Napsterhasoutragedeveryoneconnectedwiththerecordbusiness,fromartistswhosecreativeworkwasbeinghijackedtotheRecordingIndustryAssociationofAmerica,whichbroughtalawsuitseekinganinjunctionaimedatendingNapster’sbrief,ifnotoriouslife.納普斯特使唱片業(yè)的每個(gè)人感到震驚,從搞創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)家到美國(guó)唱片業(yè)協(xié)會(huì),并起訴納普斯特,禁止其做法。
Text27TheInformationAgeHasImprovedEverydayLife(Part2)信息時(shí)代改變了人們的生活
1.OntheInternet,adviceandanswersitesarepoppingupallovertheplace,withself-proclaimedexpertsattheready.在因特網(wǎng)上咨詢和解答問(wèn)題的網(wǎng)站紛紛涌現(xiàn),自稱專家的人時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備著解答問(wèn)題。
2.However,ifyourquestionisaboutsomethingotherthan―Whoinventedthelightbulb?‖,theanswersarelikelytobeawildpotpourriofpersonalopinions.然而如果你的問(wèn)題不是―誰(shuí)發(fā)明了燈泡?‖之類的問(wèn)題,答案可能是五花八門,都是個(gè)人的見(jiàn)解。
3.It’sanewworldoutthere,withcompanieslargeandsmallbandingtogethertoforcesupplierstotrimtheirpricesorlostthebusiness.這是一個(gè)全新的世界,大大小不的公司聯(lián)合起來(lái),促使供應(yīng)商降低價(jià)格,否則就會(huì)丟掉生意。
4.TheonrushingCyberAgehasgivennewfoundpowertousall,asseeninJodyWilliam’sone-womanorganizationusinge-mailtopromoteaglobalbanonlandmines.快速發(fā)展的網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代帶給我們新發(fā)現(xiàn)的力量,這在卓迪威廉身上有所體現(xiàn),她成立了單個(gè)女子機(jī)構(gòu),用電子郵件的形式,呼吁全世界禁止陸地采煤。
5.Yet,thisisbutaglimpseofwhat’saheadinthemindsofthoseimmersedinthisgreatandacceleratingtransformation.其實(shí)這僅僅是那些沉迷于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的人頭腦中的一小部分,這場(chǎng)變革是偉大而迅速的。
Text29DecentJobs:SocialInclusionandSocialProtection(Part1)可敬的工作:社會(huì)包容和社會(huì)保護(hù)
1.Truetothisspirit,theyhavebeeninnovators,catalystsandleadersofthemanyinitiativestakenduringtheyear.與之相應(yīng),他們都是許多創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者,推動(dòng)者有其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。
2.Asthenumberofolderpersonsincrease,sowilltheneedtoensuretheirsocialinclusion,basedonanincomefromdecentworkorretirementandachancetoparticipateincommunitylifethroughemployment,volunteerworkorotheractivities.隨著老年人口數(shù)量的增加,對(duì)于為確保他們社會(huì)包容性的需求也相應(yīng)隨之增加了。這種社會(huì)包容是基源于―可敬的工作‖或退休基金的收入,和能夠通過(guò)雇傭關(guān)系、自愿無(wú)償或其他活動(dòng)而獲取的到的參與社區(qū)活動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)。
3.Overthepastseveraldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdropintheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.在過(guò)去的幾十年中,,大多數(shù)工業(yè)國(guó)家都經(jīng)歷了從人才市場(chǎng)上退休的個(gè)體勞力其平均年齡顯著下降的過(guò)程。
4.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatetheeffectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingtheparticipationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.這些國(guó)家所面臨的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵性挑戰(zhàn)就是通過(guò)增加或延長(zhǎng)勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)上老年人的工作年限來(lái)減緩工作年齡段人口數(shù)量減少所引起的系列效應(yīng)問(wèn)題。
5.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselvesandforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,toremainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.有些人已經(jīng)想出了某些方法來(lái)照顧他們自己或相互照顧,因此也能夠受到或給予照顧或支持,以保持獨(dú)立和料理自己的生活。
Text30DecentJobs:SocialInclusionandSocialProtection(Part2)
1.Byfar,themostvulnerableolderpersonsarewomen,whoaremorelikelythanmentolackbasicliteracyandnumericalskills,lelikelytohavepaidwork,andlelikelytobeeligibleforpensions—wheretheyareavailable.迄今為止,在了年紀(jì)的人群中最脆弱的就是老年婦女,她們比男性更缺少讀寫(xiě)能力和計(jì)算技能,她們得到有償工作、獲得養(yǎng)老金的機(jī)會(huì)更校
2.Fortheseandotherreasons,women,especiallyindevelopingcountries,aremuchmorelikelytosinkintopovertyintheirolderyears.由于種種原因,女性,尤其是在發(fā)展國(guó)家,更容易在老年陷入貧困境地。
3.Thedemandfornewskillsandknowledgeplacesolderworkersatadisadvantage,astheirtrainingandskillsdevelopedearlierinlifebecomeobsolete.對(duì)于新技術(shù)和新知識(shí)的需求使這些老齡從業(yè)者處于劣勢(shì),因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谠缒攴e累的技術(shù)已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)。
4.Biasedattitudeshampertheeffortsofolderworkerstofindnewemploymentanddiscourageemployersfromprovidingthemwithtraining.但是年齡歧視也給老齡人在職場(chǎng)中設(shè)置了障礙。人們的偏見(jiàn)影響了老齡人找份新的工作,也使雇主不愿意為他們提供培訓(xùn)的機(jī)會(huì)。
http://m.okwtrl.com ecommutingholdsgreatpromiseasatoolthatcanhelpolderworkerstomaintaintheirintegrationintheeconomyandinsociety.遠(yuǎn)程辦公作為一種工具,有助于老齡從業(yè)者繼續(xù)融入經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)當(dāng)中。
Text32TheMostImportantThingYouCanDoForYourChild你可以為你的孩子做的最重要的事情
1.Numerousstudies,includingrecentreportsbytheCenterfortheStudyofReadingandtheNationalCouncilofTeachersofEnglish,confirmthatreadingtochildrenbuildsvocabulary,stimulatesimagination,stretchestheattentionpan,nourishesemotionaldevelopment,andintroducesthetexturesandnuancesoftheEnglishlanguage.大量的研究,包括閱讀研究中心和全國(guó)英語(yǔ)教師委員會(huì)的最近報(bào)告都證實(shí),給孩子閱讀既可以構(gòu)建和擴(kuò)大詞匯量,又可以激發(fā)其想像力;既可以拓寬孩子的注意力范圍,又可以培養(yǎng)其情感的發(fā)展;還可以幫助他們了解英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)及其細(xì)微差別。
2.Lesttherebeanydoubtaboutthestakesinvolved,Treleasemakesaboldclaim.為了不讓人們對(duì)以上所述各種利害關(guān)系產(chǎn)生任何懷疑,特里斯做出大膽斷言。
3.Treleasefoundhiscallingnotbecauseitspoketohisintellect,butbecauseitnurturedhisemotions.特里斯具有這樣強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任感,不是因?yàn)樗C明了他的智慧,而是因?yàn)樗嘤怂那楦小?/p>
4.InprofessionalreadingjournalsTreleasefoundawealthofresearchtosupporthis
hunch.在專業(yè)期刊的閱讀中,特里斯發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的研究都在支持他的設(shè)想和觀點(diǎn)。
5.Nowaten-year-oldinaregularfourth-gradeclainConcord,Mas.,JenniferThomasisavoraciousreaderwithavocabularyoneofherteachersdescribesas―phenomenal.‖珍妮弗現(xiàn)在已十歲了,在康科德的一所正規(guī)學(xué)校讀四年級(jí),珍妮弗·托馬斯是個(gè)非常嗜好讀書(shū)的學(xué)生,好的詞匯套用她老師的話說(shuō)是―相當(dāng)出眾‖。
Text33ComputersCannotTeachChildrenBasicSkills計(jì)算機(jī)教不會(huì)孩子們基本技能
1.Inpractice,however,computersmakeourworsteducationalnightmarescometrue.Whilewebemoanthedeclineofliteracy,computersdiscountwordsinfavorofpicturesandpicturesinfavorofvideo.Whilewefretaboutthedecreasingcogencyofpublicdebate,computersdismilinearargumentandpromotefast,shallowrompsacrotheinformationlandscape.Whileweworryaboutbasicskills,weallowintotheclassroomsoftwarethatwilldoastudent’sarithmeticorcorrecthisspelling.然而在實(shí)踐中,計(jì)算機(jī)使我們最糟糕的教育噩夢(mèng)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)。當(dāng)我們哀嘆學(xué)生的讀寫(xiě)能力在衰退時(shí),計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)文字的運(yùn)用大打折扣,取而代之的是圖畫(huà),進(jìn)而是影像。當(dāng)我們對(duì)辯論中說(shuō)服力的下降感到苦惱時(shí),計(jì)算機(jī)消除了線性論據(jù),而代之以快捷、淺顯的信息表達(dá)。當(dāng)我們對(duì)學(xué)生的基本技能表示擔(dān)憂時(shí),我們又在教室中引進(jìn)了軟件,幫助學(xué)生算算術(shù)、改正拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。
Text35JuvenileCrime(Part1)青少年犯罪(第一部分)
1.Judgingfromcountlemediareportsinnewspapersfromcoasttocoast,itwouldsurelyseemthatwehavefinallygotahandleontheNation’scrimeproblem.從各州無(wú)數(shù)的報(bào)紙媒體所報(bào)道的信息來(lái)看,顯然我們已經(jīng)對(duì)全國(guó)的犯罪問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了有效的控制。
2.Whilemanypoliceofficialscanlegitimatelyfeelgratifiedaboutthearrestedcrimerate—betterthatitbedownthanup—thereismuchmoretothegreatcrimedropstory.當(dāng)許多警察對(duì)犯罪率感到很滿意時(shí)—當(dāng)然降低要比升高好得多—在犯罪率降低的背后隱藏有許多故事。
http://m.okwtrl.com nventionalwisdomincriminology–thatyoungadultsgenerallyrepresentthemostviolence-pronegroup–apparentlyneedstobemodifiedinlightofthesedisturbingchanges.犯罪學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為,青年人是最有可能實(shí)施暴力犯罪的人群,鑒于以上這些變化,如今看來(lái)這一觀點(diǎn)有待修改了。
4.Theremaybelittletoliveforandtostrivefor,butplentytodieforandeventokillfor.沒(méi)有什么值得活下去,并為之奮斗的,但卻有很多東西值得他們?nèi)ニ溃踔潦菤⑷恕?/p>
5.Althoughjuvenilesmaybeuntrainedinusingfirearms,theyaremorewillingtopullthetriggerovertrivialmatters—aleatherjacket,apairofsneakers,achallengingremark,ornoreasonatall—withoutfullyconsideringtheconsequences.
Text36JuvenileCrime(Part2)青少年犯罪(第二部分)
1.Giventhedifficultconditionsinwhichmanyoftheseyoungstersgrowup—withinferiorschoolsandviolence-tornneighborhoods—manymoreteenagerswillbeatriskintheyearsahead.考慮到許多年輕人在成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中遇到的各種困境—例如在教學(xué)質(zhì)量不高的高校就讀,遭遇具有暴力傾向的鄰居—更多的青少年會(huì)在未來(lái)遇到危險(xiǎn)。
2.However,giventheworseningconditionsinwhichchildrenarebeingraised,giventhe
breakdownofallourinstitutionsaswellasofourculturalnorms,givenourwholesaledisinvestmentinyouth,ourNationfacesthegrimprospectofafuturewaveofjuvenileviolencethatmaymakethecomingyearslooklike―thegoodolddays.‖然而考慮到孩子們成長(zhǎng)在日益惡化的環(huán)境中,考慮到我們的所有機(jī)構(gòu)以及文化規(guī)范的瓦解,考慮到對(duì)青少年投資的大規(guī)模縮減,我們的國(guó)家面臨著暗淡的前景,青少年暴力行為會(huì)像浪潮席卷而來(lái),這使將要到來(lái)的年代像是―值得回憶的舊時(shí)光。‖
3.Besidesthesignificantdrainoncourtresourcesasmanymorefelonsdemandjurytrials,disputingsecondandthirdstrikecallsmorevociferouslythanBillyMartineverdid,besidesthelong-termeffectsoffillingourprisonswithagingliferswhosecriminalhistoryisreallyhistory,andbesidestheinevitablemiscarriagesofjusticewhencertainpettyfelonsgetsentuptheriverinappropriately,whydoweneedthiskindofautomaticprovision?這要消耗大量的法庭資源,因?yàn)楦嗟闹匦谭感枰銓張F(tuán)審判,長(zhǎng)期的結(jié)果就是監(jiān)獄里盡是上了年紀(jì)的無(wú)期徒刑犯,他們的犯罪史真的可以稱作是真正的歷史,有些并不嚴(yán)重的罪犯因誤判而被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄,我們?yōu)槭裁葱枰@種預(yù)防性措施呢?
英譯漢7-句子翻譯(1)長(zhǎng)句處理
第四單元句子翻譯
第一節(jié)長(zhǎng)句處理
一、分譯法
分譯即把一個(gè)句子中的某個(gè)句子成分,分出了另譯為一個(gè)分句或句子。所分出來(lái)的部分必須是一個(gè)意義完整的邏輯上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。
例:AcoldthatrapidlygrewworsecausedhisunlamentedreturntoParis.
譯文:他得了感冒,而且越來(lái)越重,只好回巴黎去了。但對(duì)他的離去,沒(méi)有人感到惋惜。
1、單詞
例1.Thedust,theuproarandthegrowingdarkthreweverythingintochaos.
譯文:煙塵滾滾,人聲嘈雜,夜色愈深,一切都陷入混亂之中。
例2.Amovieofmeleavingthatfoxholewouldlooklikeashellleavingarifle.
譯文:我離開(kāi)那個(gè)單人掩體的速度之快,要是拍成電影的話,會(huì)像出膛的子彈一樣。
例3.Alchemistmaderesultleeffortstotransformonemetalintoanother.
譯文:煉金術(shù)士企圖把一種金屬轉(zhuǎn)變成另一種金屬,這完全是徒勞的。
例4.Withthefearoflargelyimaginaryplotsagainsthisleadership,hisself-confidenceseemedtotallytodeserthim.
譯文:由于擔(dān)心有人陰謀推翻他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),他似乎完全喪失了自信心。但所謂的陰謀在很大程度上是他自己假想出來(lái)的。
2、詞組
例1.Hepointedoutthegrowingtension.
譯文:他指出,緊張局勢(shì)日益加劇。
例2.Carefulcyclistsareinledangerthaniscommonlybelieved.
譯文:只要小心謹(jǐn)慎,騎摩托車并不像一般人想象的那樣危險(xiǎn)。
例3.Hiswearineandtheincreasingheatdeterminedhimtositdowninthefirstconvenientshade.譯文:天氣愈來(lái)愈熱,他也疲憊不堪。因此,他下定決心,一遇到方便的陰涼處,就坐下休息。例4.Thesepureverbalartificesdonotchangetheessenceofthematter.
譯文:這些純粹是文詞上的花樣,并不能改變問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)。
例5.Thefleetneofhismaresavedhislife.
譯文:他的母馬奔馳如飛,救了他一命。
3、短語(yǔ)
例1.Iwrotefourbooksinthefirstthreeyears,arecordnevertouchedbefore.
譯文:我頭三年寫(xiě)了四本書(shū),打破了以往的記錄。
例2.Hisfailuretoobservethesafetyregulationsresultedinanaccidenttothemachinery。譯文:因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有遵守安全規(guī)則,機(jī)器出了事故。
例3.Thepowerincreasedwiththeirnumber.
譯文:他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了,力量也隨之增強(qiáng)。
例4.Shehadmadeseveralattemptstohelpthemfindotherrentalquarterswithoutsuccess.譯文:她已試了好幾次,要幫他們另找一所出租的房子,結(jié)果并未成功。
例5.SometimesMrs.Crowouldbewalkingaroundinthebigkitchenwatchingthemeat.譯文:有時(shí),克羅斯太太會(huì)一面在大廚房踱來(lái)踱去,一面看他們吃飯。
1
4、分句
并列分句
定語(yǔ)從句
狀語(yǔ)從句
名詞性從句
二、長(zhǎng)句處理
分譯法——先分后“合”。
1、順譯法
例1.OnAugust1,thegunboatbeganhermission,whichwasintheeyesofthedefenders,aprovocativeactandseemedtobepartoftheoverallassaultwhichbeganonJuly31.
譯文:八月一日,炮艦開(kāi)始執(zhí)行任務(wù)。/在防御者看來(lái),只是一次挑釁行動(dòng),/而且似乎是七月三十一日開(kāi)始的全面攻擊的一個(gè)組成部分。
2、逆譯法
例1.AndItakeheartformthefactthattheenemy,whichboaststhatitcanoccupythestrategicpointinacoupleofhours,hasnotyetbeenabletotakeeventheoutlyingregions,becauseofthestiffresistancethatgetsintheway.
譯文:由于受到頑強(qiáng)抵抗,/吹噓能在幾小時(shí)內(nèi)就占領(lǐng)戰(zhàn)略要地的敵人甚至還沒(méi)有能占領(lǐng)外圍地帶。/這一事實(shí)使我增強(qiáng)了信心。
3、綜合法
例1.ItwasthemostgloomyandanxiousnightthathadyetclosedinontheAmericanarmy譯文:雖然美軍歷盡艱險(xiǎn),連打敗仗,/但是,這個(gè)夜晚卻是他們所遇到的最陰郁寡歡、最焦慮不安的夜晚,/因?yàn)槲kU(xiǎn)迫在眉睫,完全無(wú)從掩飾。
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大學(xué)碩士英語(yǔ)讀思研英譯漢重點(diǎn)句子
讀思研英譯漢重點(diǎn)句子
第一課:
1.所有的人都會(huì)生兒育女,組成家庭或社會(huì),發(fā)展一種語(yǔ)言以及適應(yīng)他們周圍環(huán)境的這種傾向特別具有欺騙性,因?yàn)樗鼛?lái)了一種期望,這種期望就是這些行為的形式以及圍繞這些行動(dòng)的態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀念將是相似的。(段二倒6排)
Thetendencyforallpeopletoreproduce,groupintofamiliesorsocieties,developalanguage,andadapttotheirenvironmentisparticularlydeceivingbecauseitleadstotheexpectationthattheformsofthesebehaviorsandtheattitudesandvaluessurroundingthemwillalsobesimilar.
2.力求證明達(dá)爾文關(guān)于面部表情是共同的這一理論的跨文化研究給人極大的希望,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)臉部的某些看得見(jiàn)的表情,即因憤怒、恐懼、驚訝、悲傷、厭惡、幸福而緊縮的肌肉組合,我們?nèi)祟惓蓡T都是一樣的。但是這似乎無(wú)濟(jì)于事,只要我們意識(shí)到一個(gè)人生長(zhǎng)的文化決定了這種情感是否會(huì)表露或壓抑,決定了在何種場(chǎng)合和多大的程度上會(huì)表露或壓抑。(段三正1句)
Promisingarethecross-culturalstudiesseekingtosupportDarwin’stheorythatfacialexpressionsareuniversalandresearchersfoundthattheparticularvisiblepatternontheface,thecombinationofmusclescontractedforanger,fear,surprise,sadness,disgust,happineisthesameforallmembersofourspecies,butthisseemshelpfuluntilitisrealizedthataperson’sculturalupbringingdetermineswhetherornotthatemotionwillbedisplayedorsuppressed,aswellasonwhichoccasionsandtowhatdegree.
3.由于似乎沒(méi)有普遍的人性可以作為自動(dòng)理解的基礎(chǔ),所以我們必須把每交往當(dāng)作個(gè)別案例來(lái)處理,尋求任何共同的認(rèn)知和交流方法并以此作為出發(fā)點(diǎn)。(段四正1)
Sincethereseemstobenouniversalsof“humannature”thatcanbeusedasabasisforautomaticunderstanding,wemusttreateachencounterasanindividualcase,searchingforwhateverperceptionsandcommunicationmeansareheldincommonandproceedfromthere.
4.來(lái)自具有明顯的區(qū)別的文化的代表們見(jiàn)面時(shí),他們都身著西裝,講英語(yǔ),使用相同的招呼禮儀,這種表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。(段五倒3)
Alook-alikefacadeiddeceivingwhenrepresentativesfromcontrastingculturesmeet,eachwearingwesterndress,speakingEnglish,andusingsimilargreetingrituals.
5.相信相似性的神話比設(shè)想存在差異更讓人覺(jué)得舒服,因?yàn)楹笳咭笤囂叫缘脑O(shè)想和行為并且樂(lè)意接受由于“不知”而產(chǎn)生的焦慮。(段六正1—09年)
Theconfidencethatgoeswiththemythofsimilarityismuchmorecomfortablethantheassumptionofdifferences,thelatterrequiringtentativeassumptionsandbehaviorsandawillingnetoaccepttheanxietyof“notknowing”.
6.然而,只有設(shè)想存在著差異時(shí),才可能會(huì)去調(diào)整反應(yīng)和解釋,以適合“眼前發(fā)生的事情”。否則,很可能錯(cuò)誤地解讀符號(hào)和以自我民族為中心去判斷眼前的情形。(段六正2)
Onlywiththeassumptionofdifferences,however,canreactionsandinterpretationsbeadjustedtofit“what’shappening.”O(jiān)therwisesomeoneislikelytomisreadsignsandjudgethesceneethnocentrically.
7.正如一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的人所表達(dá)的那樣,相似性的假設(shè)這個(gè)的絆腳石是一個(gè)“麻煩”,不僅僅是對(duì)于來(lái)訪的外國(guó)人,就連這個(gè)外國(guó)人接觸的東道國(guó)的人也都是個(gè)問(wèn)題。(段七正1)
Thestumblingblockofassumedsimilarityisa“trouble,”asoneEnglishlearnerexpressedit,notonlyfortheforeignerbutforthepeopleinthehostcountrywithwhomtheinternationalvisitorcomesintocontact.
9.詞意多變的現(xiàn)象,尤其再加上了語(yǔ)調(diào)起伏和音調(diào)元素,就更難以掌握,以致于常常被置之不理.(段八正7)Thevariationsinpossiblemeaning,especiallyifinflectingandtonalqualitiesareadded,aresodifficultotcopewiththattheyareoftenwavedaside.
10.當(dāng)一個(gè)日本人被問(wèn)到“你不想要喝點(diǎn)茶嗎?”,他(或她)聽(tīng)出了句子的字面意思,然后回答“不”,意思是他(或她)想要。其實(shí)“是的,我不想要”也許是一個(gè)更好的回答,因?yàn)檫@種前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人這之中可能存在誤解。(段八倒8)
WhenaJapanesehears“won’t”heorshelistenstotheliteralmeaningofthesentenceandanswers,””meaningthatwantssome.””Wouldbeabetterreplybecausethistipsoffthehostorhostethattheremaybea1
misunderstanding.
11.當(dāng)然,在一些文化中,拒絕主人前兩次提供的茶點(diǎn)是禮貌的行為。但是,許多外國(guó)客人最終會(huì)感到饑餓,因?yàn)樗麄兊拿绹?guó)主人從不主動(dòng)第三次提供茶點(diǎn)——另外一種“不”就意味著“是”的情況。(段八倒4)
Also,insomeculture,itispolitetorefusethefirstorsecondofferofrefreshment,manyforeignguestshavegonehungrybecausetheirUShostorhosteneverpresentedthethirdoffer---anothercaseof“no”meaning“yes”.
12.更困難的是如何正確理解那些遠(yuǎn)未意識(shí)到的其他文化中的潛在規(guī)則,如對(duì)時(shí)空關(guān)系的處理和尊重禮節(jié)的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴。(段十)
Itismoredifficulttonotecorrectlytheunspokencodesoftheotherculturethatarefurtherfromawareness,suchasthehandlingoftimeandspatialrelationshipsandsubtlesignsofrespectofformality.
13.如果一位教授認(rèn)為來(lái)自印度尼西亞、墨西哥和一些其他國(guó)家的每名學(xué)生都“愛(ài)討價(jià)還價(jià)”,那么可能會(huì)不公平地把這些國(guó)際學(xué)生的遲疑或請(qǐng)求理解為他們?cè)噲D利用優(yōu)先對(duì)待。(段十一倒4)
AprofessorwhoexpectseveryonefromIndonesia,Mexico,andmanyothercountriestobargainmayunfairlyinterpretahesitationorrequestfromaninternationalstudentasamovetomanipulatepreferentialtreatment.
14.在眼前展現(xiàn)一個(gè)可預(yù)知的,給個(gè)人確定方向的世界,這的確是文化的基本功能之一。思維定式是過(guò)度概括的、第二手的信念,提供概念基礎(chǔ),在此基礎(chǔ)上“弄清楚”我們身邊發(fā)生事情,無(wú)論這些信念是否正確,是否符合實(shí)際情形。(段十二正3)
Indeed,thisisoneofthebasicfunctionsofculture:tolayoutapredictableworldinwhichtheindividualisfirmlyoriented.Stereotypesareovergeneralized,secondhandbeliefsthatprovideconceptualbasesfromwhichto“makesense”outofwhatgoesonaroundus,whetherornottheyareaccurateorfitthecircumstances.
15.在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng),運(yùn)用它們會(huì)增強(qiáng)我們的安全感,在心理上是必要的--只要我們無(wú)法容忍歧義,無(wú)法容忍因不能了解并處理那些超出我們理解的人或情況而感到的無(wú)助。(段十二倒5)
Inaforeignlandtheiruseincreaseourfeelingofsecurityandispsychologicallynecessarytothedegreethatwecannottolerateambiguityorthesenseofhelplessneresultingfrominabilitytounderstandanddealwithpeopleandsituationsbeyondourcomprehension.
16.程式化思維之所以難以消除是因?yàn)楸久褡逅诒久褡逦幕懈畹俟蹋殉蔀樯裨捇蚬恚瑫r(shí)也因?yàn)樗袝r(shí)使偏見(jiàn)合理化了。(段十三正5)
Stereotypesarenoteasytoovercomeinourselvesortocorrectinothers,evenwiththepresentationofevidence,theypersistbecausetheyarefirmlyestablishedasmythsortruismsbyone’sownnationalcultureandbecausetheysometimesrationalizeprejudices.
17.一旦深深牽涉到感受和情緒時(shí),直接評(píng)價(jià)導(dǎo)致的交流中止就會(huì)更加突出;而正是此時(shí)最需要通過(guò)聆聽(tīng)去進(jìn)行理解。(段十六)
Communicationcutoffcausedbyimmediateevaluationisheightenedwhenfeelingsandemotionsaredeeplyinvolved;yetthisisjustthetimewhenlisteningwithunderstandingismostneeded.
18.不應(yīng)該通過(guò)價(jià)值判斷的重重密障,而應(yīng)該換位去觀察和聆聽(tīng),不然只會(huì)妨礙我們?nèi)ス睦斫?(段16)Lookandlistenempatheticallyratherthanthroughthethickscreenofvaluejudgmentsthatimpedeafairunderstanding.
19.適度的警惕和積極的態(tài)度可以使人滿懷精力去應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn),但是由于適度的壓力不斷積累造成高度的興奮,就會(huì)很快耗盡身體儲(chǔ)備的能量;不論這個(gè)人是否愿意,必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生防備心理。(段十七正3)
Moderatearousalandpositiveattitudeprepareonetomeetchallengeswithenergy,buthigharousalcausedbyabuildupofcontinuedmoderatestress,depletesthebody’senergyreservequicklyanddefensemustbeusedwhetherornotthepersonwillsit.
20.如果長(zhǎng)期呆在國(guó)外,并且又不能降低自己的戒備心理,就難免會(huì)產(chǎn)生“文化休克”現(xiàn)象。其結(jié)果可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生,此時(shí)身體必須要休息和恢復(fù)。(段十七倒4)
Ifthestayinaforeigncountryisprolongedandthenewcomercannotletdownhisorherhighalertlevel,thecultureshockphenomenonoccurs.Illnemayresult,thebodyforcingneededrestandrecuperation.
21.除非他們采取防衛(wèi)措施,比如回到他們自己的文化或自我當(dāng)中,剔除或忽視這種刺激,或者變得具有2
攻擊性或抱有敵意,否則他們的自尊所受到傷害會(huì)達(dá)到不可忍受的地步。這些防衛(wèi)中的任何一種都不會(huì)帶來(lái)積極有效的交流。(段十八倒5)
Theirselfesteemisoftenintolerablyunderminedunletheyemploysuchdefensesaswithdrawalintotheirownreferencegrouporintothemselves,screeningoutormisperceivingstimuli,orbecomingaggressiveorhostile.Noneofthesedefensesleadstoeffectivecommunication.
第三課:
1.這種心態(tài)認(rèn)為把所有的原料放在一起攪拌混合,最后變成一種均勻的的混合物。(段一正1)
Thismentalityassumesallingredientscanbewhippedtogetherintoonesmoothmisture.
2.對(duì)繼父或繼母來(lái)說(shuō),和一個(gè)繼子女有著親密的關(guān)系,正在和另一個(gè)繼子女建立關(guān)系,還和年紀(jì)較大的那個(gè)繼子女有一定距離,這些都是很正常的。(段二正1—09/07年)
Itisquitenormalforastepparentstohaveclosebondswithonestepchild,beworkingonbondswithanother,whileexperiencingadistantrelationshipwithanolderchild.
3.這個(gè)家庭融合方式的結(jié)果,是把原料和調(diào)料(即儀式,價(jià)值觀,偏好)置于高壓之下完全混合起來(lái).(段九正1)Thisfamilycookingstyleresultsiningredientsandspices(thatisritualsvaluesandpreferences)beingputunderpressuretomeldtogethercompletely.
4.尊重他人的所有物是很重要的,因?yàn)檫@教會(huì)人要尊重他人;這也給回到另一個(gè)家的孩子傳達(dá)了一種歸屬感。“你也許在你爸爸的家里,但你仍然在這里有一個(gè)位置。”(段十二倒5)
Respectingoneanother’spossessionsisimportantbecauseitteachespeopletohonorothers;itisalsocommunicatesbelongingtothechildwhoisspendingtimeattheotherhome.Youmaybeatyourdad’shouse,butyoustillhaveaplacehere.
5.我推薦一種瓦罐煨湯式的方法。選擇這種方式的繼親家庭明白,時(shí)間和低溫能導(dǎo)致一種有效的融合。(段十三正2)
IrecommendaCrockpotcookingstyle.Stepfamilieschoosingthisstyleunderstandthattimeandlowheatmakeforaneffectivecombination.
6.當(dāng)原料的汁液開(kāi)始流到一起,瑕疵被凈化掉,每種原料中有益的、令人滿意的品質(zhì)都添加到了口味里。(段十三倒5)
Asthejuicesbegintoflowtogether,imperfectionsarepurified,andthebeneficial,desirablequalitiesofeachingredientareaddedtothetaste.
7.溫火慢燉的狀態(tài)會(huì)讓你此時(shí)此刻放松心情,享受你的繼親家庭走向融合的每一小步所帶來(lái)的喜悅,而不是逼迫家庭成員向前沖。(段十五倒4)
Aslow-cookingmentalityinvitesyoutorelaxinthemomentandenjoythesmallstepsyourstepfamilyismakingtowardintegration,ratherthanpressuringfamilymemberstomoveahead.
8.作為一個(gè)瓦罐煨湯式的繼父,你會(huì)過(guò)分擔(dān)心為什么沒(méi)有迅速地與青春期的繼女相處融洽。(段十七正1)Asacrockpotstepfather,youdonnotworryexcessivelyaboutwhyyouarenotimmediatelybondingwithyourteenagestepdaughter.
9.如果他們接收了你,那你就要公開(kāi)地回報(bào)他們的愛(ài)。如果她仍跟你保持距離或是很冷淡,那你就找到把握規(guī)則,繼續(xù)生活的方法。但是不要堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為孩子會(huì)自動(dòng)接受你的權(quán)威和撫愛(ài)。(段十七倒4)
Ifsheremainsdistantorstandoffish,findwaysofmanagingrulesandgettingthroughlife.Butdonotinsistachildautomaticallyacceptyourauthorityorphysicalaffection.
10.但是瓦罐煨湯式的家長(zhǎng)卻懂得繼父母對(duì)于最小的繼子來(lái)說(shuō)是“爹地”,對(duì)于稍大點(diǎn)的孩子來(lái)說(shuō)是“James”,對(duì)于青春期的孩子卻是“James先生”。(段十八正4)
Butacrockpotadultwouldunderstandthatastepparentcanbe“”tohisyoungeststepchild/nextoldest/teenager.
11.瓦罐煨湯式的繼親家庭了解孩子們對(duì)其親生父母的感情和心理依戀,他們不會(huì)強(qiáng)迫孩子們改變這種依戀。(段十八倒3)
3
Crockpotstepfamiliesrecognizetheemotionalandpsychologicalattachmentchildrenhavetobiologicalparentsanddonotforcethemtochangethoseattachments.
12.在繼親家庭的融合過(guò)程的早期,容許父母在沒(méi)有繼親成員情況下,與自己的子女單獨(dú)呆在一起,保持各自家庭的傳統(tǒng)和儀式,這可能是有幫助的。(段十九正2)
Earlyinastepfamily’sintegrationproceitcanbehelpfultomaintainseparatefamilytraditionsandritualsbygivingparentspermissiontospendtimewiththeirchildrenwithoutthesteprelationspresent.
13.象這樣的小家庭的活動(dòng)有助于孩子得到與自己生父或生母和親兄弟姐妹在一起,不受打擾的時(shí)間,尊重他們得到自己最愛(ài)的人的關(guān)注的需要。(段十九倒5)
Suchamini-familyactivityhelpschildrengetuninterruptedtimewiththeirbiologicalparentandsiblings,honoringtheirneedforattentionfromtheonestheylovemost.
14.小家庭活動(dòng)也許不像是一個(gè)好的解決方法,因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)噲D將自己繼親家庭當(dāng)作嫡親家庭來(lái)駕馭。承認(rèn)自己的繼親家庭正在融合一種過(guò)程中,將有助于他們認(rèn)識(shí)到:就目前而言,這也許是問(wèn)題的最好解決辦法。(段二十四)
Mini-familyactivitiesmightnotfeellikeagoodsolutionbecausetheyweretryingtosteertheirfamilyastheywouldabiologicalfamily,acceptingtheirstepfamilyasoneintheintegrationprocewouldhelpthemtoseethatfornow,thiswasthebestsolution.
第四課:
1.近來(lái),政府對(duì)人力資本的投資有加大的趨勢(shì),但較之2001年全世界高3.1%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),則投資比例仍然偏低。(段一倒4)
Recenttrendsininvestmentingovernmenthumancapitalinvestmentarefavorablebuttheinvestmentproportionisstilllowbyworldstandardsrisingtoin
2.這種曲解阻礙了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。(段二正2—09年)
However,evidenceindicatesthatthetruerateofreturntoeducationandskillformationishighandthattheimbalanceissymptomaticofaseriousdistortionofcurrentpolicythatretardseconomicdevelopmentinchina.
3.當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家最初衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的根源時(shí),從前一直被認(rèn)為是無(wú)法解釋的剩余因素,現(xiàn)在被稱為人力資本。(段三正1)
Wheneconomistsfirstbegantomeasurethesourcesofeconomicgrowth,whatpreviouslyhadbeenconsideredanunexplainedresidualbecameidentifiedashumancapital.
4.有些人認(rèn)為,“人力資本”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)意味著個(gè)性的喪失,使人們聯(lián)想到一個(gè)將人與機(jī)器等同的不人道社會(huì)。事實(shí)上,恰恰相反,這一概念承認(rèn)人的重要性。(段四正1)
Theterm“hp”suggeststosomeadepersonalizationofindividualsandisassociatedinthepopularmindwithadehumanizingsocietythatequatesmenwithmachines.
5.技能廣還便于勞動(dòng)者在出現(xiàn)新的機(jī)會(huì)時(shí)跨工種、跨行業(yè)、跨地區(qū)流動(dòng),有助于人們重新分配人力資源和物質(zhì)資源,使其投入到生產(chǎn)力更高的領(lǐng)域中去,甚至使人們預(yù)見(jiàn)到這些機(jī)會(huì)的存在。(段七正6)
Greatskillalsofacilitatesworkermobilityacrooccupation,industriesandregionsinresponsetonewopportunities,ithelpspeoplereallocateresources,bothhumanandphysical,towardmoreproductiveopportunitiesexist.
6.教育對(duì)中國(guó)各地區(qū)全因素生產(chǎn)力所造成的影響證明:中國(guó)內(nèi)地教育水平的低下,阻礙了政府最近對(duì)內(nèi)地加大投資政策的實(shí)施。(段九倒5)
Theimpactofeducationontotalfactorproductivityinregionsinchinashowsthattherecentpolicyofpromotinginvestmentinnoncoastalareasofchinawasthwartedbylowlevelofeducationinthenoncoastalregions.
7.當(dāng)我們思考在中國(guó)的適當(dāng)投資策略以及各地區(qū)發(fā)展的時(shí)候,十分重要的是要知道,優(yōu)化人力資本和實(shí)物資本投資組合將推動(dòng)最高速度的發(fā)展。(段十正1)
Whenwethinkaboutanappropriateinvestmentstrategyinchina,andthedevelopmentofitsregions,itisveryimportanttounderstandthatoptimizingoverthefullportfolioofinvestment---bothhumanandphysicalcapital
8.出身地是決定一個(gè)人成年后技能水平的最重要的因素之一,這是中國(guó)社會(huì)同代人和隔代人之間不平等的重要根源。(段十一正5)
Theplaceofaperson’sbirthisoneofthemostimportantdeterminantsofthatperson’sadultskilllevel.ThisisapowerfulsourceofinequalityinChinesesocietyacropeopleatapointintimeandacrogenerationgs.
9.殘存的戶籍政策加劇了這種不平等。這種政策向跨區(qū)流動(dòng)人員的子女征收高達(dá)他們家庭總收入百分之十的借讀費(fèi)。(段十一正8)
Thissourceofinequalityisreinforcedbythevestigesofhkpolicythatchargeschildrenofinterregionalimmigrantabovenormalfeesthatareaslargeas10oftotalfamilyincomejustfortherighttoattendschool.
10.各地區(qū)每個(gè)學(xué)生的費(fèi)用支出相差很大,它與各省人均GDP的正比關(guān)系是很顯然的,而且是可精確估算的。(段十二正1)
TheregionalvariationincrosectionperpupilexpenditureisenormousandthepositiverelationshipwithprovincialGDPpercapitaisfairlyclearandpreciselyestimated.
11.在中高等教育階段普遍征收學(xué)費(fèi)是合理的,將有限的教育資源分配給那些最有可能從教育獲益的人。(段十三正1)
Apolicyofchargingfeesforaccetoeducation,whichiswidespreadinsecondaryandhigherlevels,canbejustifiedasawaytorationscarceresourcestothosewhomightbenefitmostfromeducation.
12.的投資,實(shí)事求是地執(zhí)行政策,這是至關(guān)重要的。(段十五正1—08年)
WhatdoestheempiricalevidenceontherateofreturntoeducationintheChineseeconomyshow?Itisimportanttoevaluategovernmentactivitiesonaquantitativebasis,toscreenthebadinvestmentsfromthegoodonesandtoconductpolicyanafactuallyinformedbasis.
13.單靠鼓勵(lì)物力資本投資來(lái)提高內(nèi)地生產(chǎn)力的政策是不均衡的。這種政策的效率遠(yuǎn)低于對(duì)兩者同時(shí)投資的均衡政策。(正十七倒6)
Animbalancedpolicythatseekstoimproveproductivityinnoncastalregionsbyencouraginginvestmentinphysicalcapitalaloneismuchleefficientthanapolicythatinvestsinamorebalancedfashioninboth.
14.一個(gè)自由的市場(chǎng)會(huì)使得像越來(lái)越多地主宰中國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)和產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)的那樣一種激勵(lì)機(jī)制發(fā)揮作用,大大地促進(jìn)技能培訓(xùn)。(段十九正3)
Afreemarketthatallowsthesamekindofincentives
15.另一個(gè)推進(jìn)發(fā)展的方式是通過(guò)資本和勞動(dòng)力的自由流動(dòng),來(lái)平衡地區(qū)之間和城鄉(xiāng)之間的人力資本和實(shí)物資本的回報(bào)率。(段二十正1)
Anotherpolicythatwouldpromotegrowthisequalizationofregionalandurbanvsruralratesofreturnstohumanandphysicalcapitalbypermittingfreecapitalandlabormobility.
16.消除地區(qū)工資差距,開(kāi)放市場(chǎng),讓人口在全國(guó)自由流動(dòng)尋找機(jī)會(huì),這會(huì)加快國(guó)家整體的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。同樣,集中式教育財(cái)政有利于將政府資金從中央均衡地分配給各地區(qū)和城鄉(xiāng),這也會(huì)加快國(guó)家整體的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。(段二十正七)
Eliminatingregionaldisparityinwagesandopeningupmarketstoallowfreedomofmigrationandpursuitofopportunitiesthroughoutchinawouldenhanceeconomicdevelopmentofthecountryasawhole.Sowouldacentralizededucationalfinancepolicythatservedtoallocategovernmentfundsfromthecentermoreevenlyacrotheregionsandbetweenruralandurbanareas.
17.注重培養(yǎng)人力資本和更開(kāi)放的勞動(dòng)力流動(dòng)的政策,將會(huì)彌補(bǔ)因開(kāi)放工資體系所造成的不斷加劇的不公平。(段二十三正1)
Apolicyfosteringhumancapitalandmoreopenmigrationwouldservetooffsettheriseininequalityproducedbymoreopenwagesetting.
18.(段九/4)
Aninvestmentstrategythatemphasizesphysicalcapitaloverhumancapitalfailstocapturethebenefitsthatcanarisefromamorebalancedinvestmentstrategy.
第五課:
1.下文對(duì)性別平等、減輕貧困以及環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性三者的協(xié)同作用與婦女貧困問(wèn)題的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,主要涉及能源短缺、水資源缺乏、健康、氣候變化、自然災(zāi)害以及強(qiáng)化婦女在農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、生態(tài)多元化管理領(lǐng)域中的權(quán)力,使之創(chuàng)造出可持續(xù)的生存方式等問(wèn)題。(段二—08年)
Thesynergiesbetweenthegoalsofgenderequity,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalsustainabilityareexploredbelowintermsofaddressingpovertyamongwomen-----includingenergyandwaterpoverty,health,climatechange,naturaldisastersandcreatingsustainablelivelihoodsbyempoweringwomenintherealmsofagriculture,forestandbiodiversitymanagement.
2.婦女被認(rèn)為是木質(zhì)燃料的使用者與采集者,亦被認(rèn)為是環(huán)境惡化導(dǎo)致能源短缺的受害者。(段三正2)Womenwerefirstrecognizedinrelationtobiomaenergy,andasvictimsofenvironmentaldeteriorationthatcausedenergyscarcity.
3.在許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家,公共土地仍是生物量能源的關(guān)鍵來(lái)源地。然而,這些土地正在飛速地變成私有土地。土地私有化使人們自由獲取燃柴變得艱難,搬遷到另一個(gè)地區(qū),該地區(qū)也會(huì)就燃柴來(lái)源的可持續(xù)管理問(wèn)題,做出一些協(xié)同合作的決定。(段六)
Inmanydevelopedcountries,communallandsremainacrucialsourceofbiomaenergy,yetprivatizationoftheselandscontinuesapace---reducingfreeaccetofuelwood,andremovingyetanotherareawherecooperativedecisionscouldbemadeonsustainablemanagementoffuelwoodsources.
4.在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,與性別、環(huán)境與能源相關(guān)的研究主要為:能源領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的平等就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、能源政策的決策、污染與健康、能源生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的選擇、實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)與技術(shù)教育的途徑和家庭內(nèi)的勞動(dòng)分工。(段七)
Indevelopedcountries,thelinksbetweengender,environmentandenergyhavebeenexploredmainlyintheareasofequalopportunityintheenergyprofessions,decisionmakinginenergypolicy,pollutionandhealth,preferencesforenergyproductionsystems,assetoscientificandtechnologicaleducationandthedivisionoflabourinthehome.
5.性別這一要素在制定減少溫室氣體排放的大政方略的潛在作用卻越來(lái)越被忽視。(段九正1)
Thepotentialvalueofgenderasafactorindecidingonpoliciesandprogramstoreducegreenhousegasemissionshasreceivedevenleattention.
6.更好地獲得農(nóng)業(yè)輔助系統(tǒng)如信貸、技術(shù)、教育、運(yùn)輸、擴(kuò)張、營(yíng)銷服務(wù)的支持對(duì)提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力、促進(jìn)環(huán)境可持續(xù)的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)是及其重要的。然而,在很多情況下,婦女根本無(wú)法獲取這些支持。(段十一倒5)Improvedaccetoagriculturalsupportsystems,includingcredittechnologyeducationtransportextensionandmarketingservices,isessentialtoimprovingagriculturalproductivityandpromotingenvironmentallysustainablepractices—yetoftenwomenhavenoaccetotheseservices.
7.男女性別的區(qū)分使他們形成的知識(shí)體系相異。這在保持、管理和改善食物及農(nóng)作物的基因方面起到了決定性的作用。(段十二正七)
Genderdifferentiatedlocalknowledgesystemsplayadecisiveroleinconserving,managingandimprovinggeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture.
8.相比之下,婦女對(duì)野生食物、加工工藝、藥材等多元化生態(tài)的保護(hù)和可持續(xù)性地利用有廣泛的了解,并且隨著角色與職責(zé)的變化,婦女會(huì)掌握一些新的自然資源知識(shí)。(段十二倒5)
Bycontrast,womenretainawidelysharedlevelofgeneralknowledgeintheconservationandsustainableuseofbiologicaldiversityaboutwildfoods,craftandmedicinalplants,andacquirenewknowledgeaboutnaturalresourcesastheirrolesanddutieschange.
9.近年來(lái),如果說(shuō)人們尚未依照健康與環(huán)境的關(guān)系來(lái)實(shí)施自己的行為的話,這一(健康與環(huán)境的)關(guān)系卻是得到了廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí)的。(段十六正1)
Thelinkbetweenhealthandtheenvironmenthasbeenwidelyrecognized,ifnotfullyactedupon,inrecentyears.
10.這些污染物包括來(lái)自運(yùn)輸和工業(yè)方面的空氣污染,化學(xué)有毒氣體和工業(yè)處理中的重金屬,還有廢品焚化時(shí)產(chǎn)生的二惡英。(段十六正5)
Includingairpollutantsfromindustrialprocesses,chemicaltoxinsandheavymetalsfromindustrialprocesses,anddioxinsfromwasteincineration.
11.氣候的變化極大地加重了疫情,因?yàn)闅夂畹淖兓苁鼓切⿴Ь锎罅糠敝常踔猎谀切┠壳皻鉁啬芤种茙Ь镒躺牡貐^(qū)繁殖。(段十六正9—07年)
Climatechangeisexpectedtoincreasetheburdenofdiseaseconsiderablybyallowingvectorstobreedinlatitudestoaltitudeswherecurrenttemperaturespreventthem.
12.在這個(gè)地區(qū),婦女耕種大部分的糧食作物。她們的農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)常常體現(xiàn)出艾滋病大規(guī)模入侵的最初跡象。(段十八正7)
Inthisregion,womengrowmostofthefood,andwomen’sagriculturallabouroftenshowsthefirstsignsofwidercommunitydisruptionbyhiv/adis.
13.此外,現(xiàn)實(shí)中的男女不平等使得以婦女為一家之首的家庭極其脆弱,尤其是在土地被剝奪的地區(qū)。(段二十倒5)
Inaddition,inequitableinheritancepracticesleavefemale-headedhouseholdsextremelyvulnerable,especiallywherelandgrabbingoccurs.
14.災(zāi)難的降臨不會(huì)因?yàn)槿说纳鐣?huì)等級(jí)或性別而有差異。但是眾所周知,窮人更容易受到環(huán)境和其它災(zāi)難的影響,更容易遭遇挫折。他們更可能是住在災(zāi)難易發(fā)區(qū),住在不牢固、質(zhì)量差、選址差的房子里,幾乎沒(méi)有什么辦法可以獲得救助或被重新安置居所。(段二十一)
Disastersdonotstrikeevenlybysocialclaofgender.However,itiswellestablishedthatthepooraremoreexposedtoenvironmentalandotherdisasters,andalsomorevulnerabletothemwhentheyoccur,theyaremorelikelytoliveindisasterproneareas,invulnerable,badlybuiltandbadlysitedhousing,andwithfewresourcestopayforrescueorrehabilitation.
15.將性別融入環(huán)境分析或者進(jìn)行環(huán)境分析時(shí)考慮性別因素這一前瞻性策略要獲得完全的成功取決于三個(gè)方面。(段二十四)
Thefullsucceofforward-lookingstrategiesforbringinggenderintoenvironmentalanalysis—andviceversa---mayhingeonthreemajorareasofactivity.
16.其次,要調(diào)整政府工作的重點(diǎn)。在制定財(cái)政計(jì)劃時(shí)要考慮性別平等問(wèn)題,并且要使該計(jì)劃有助于推進(jìn)性別平等。聯(lián)合國(guó)婦女委員會(huì)在20多個(gè)國(guó)家中展開(kāi)了針對(duì)性別的預(yù)算案。這一預(yù)算將查明公共資源該如何分配才會(huì)使得婦女、男性都受益,并且還致力于盡量滿足男女平等的要求。在墨西哥,政府決定把相當(dāng)于總預(yù)算0.85%的資金用于促進(jìn)性別平等項(xiàng)目。(段二十六正1)
Second,adjustinggovernmentprioritiessothatawareneandpromotionofgenderequalityareintegratedintofinancialplanning.In20countriessofar,UNIFEMhassupportedthedevelopmentofgenderresponsivebudgetsthatexaminehowtheallocationofpublicresourcesbenefitswomenandmen,andaddressesgenderequalityrequirements.
17.把社會(huì)因素作為研究環(huán)境問(wèn)題時(shí)的主要考慮因素是有相當(dāng)難度的。何況,性別作為又一考慮因素而加入其中,就更加具有挑戰(zhàn)性了。(段二十八正1)
Itisdifficultenoughtomainstreamsocialconsiderationswithinenvironmentalwork;addinggenderasathirddimensionisevenmorechallenging.
18.以性別為視角來(lái)討論(環(huán)境問(wèn)題)總被認(rèn)為是微不足道,或者至少是對(duì)當(dāng)務(wù)之急要解決的問(wèn)題是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的。(段二十八正5)
Bringingagenderperspectinvintothediscussionisoftendismissedastrivial—oratleastnotessentialtopriorityproblemsolving.
19.(把性別作為環(huán)境問(wèn)題的考慮要素)面臨的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)就是:說(shuō)服專家,讓他們認(rèn)識(shí)到性別問(wèn)題的重要性,讓他們相信分析性別平衡和性別平等不僅不會(huì)弱化或延誤環(huán)境分析、環(huán)境政策和環(huán)境工程,而實(shí)際上是對(duì)
環(huán)境分析、環(huán)境政策和環(huán)境工程的加強(qiáng)和深化。(段二十八倒4)
Partofthischallengeistoconvincetechnicalexpertsthatgendermatters,andthatanalysesofgenderbalanceandequitydonotweakenordelay,butactuallystrengthenandsharpenenvironmentalanalyses,policesandprogrammes.