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which非限制性定語從句
非限定性定語從句起補充說明作用,缺少也不會影響全句的理解,它與主句往往用逗號隔開。下面小編講解which非限制性定語從句,歡迎參考。
■關系代詞which只用于指事或物,不用于指人,它在定語從句中主要用作主語或賓語。如:
She was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在剛才到達的那列火車上。(關系代詞which指train,在從句中用作主語)
He never got back the money which he had lent him. 他從未收回他曾借給他的那筆錢。(關系代詞which指money,在從句中用作賓語)
■which用于引導限制性定語從句外,還可以引導非限制定語從句。如:
The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side. 船碰在一座冰山上,船幫被撞出一個大洞。
She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself. 她送給我這件羊毛衫,這是她親手織的。
This machine, which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working perfectly. 這臺機器我已經照管了20年,現在仍然沒一點兒毛病。
■which有時也可用作定語,尤其用于“介詞+which+名詞”這類結構中,此時的which含有this或that的意味。如:
He may be busy, in which case I’ll call later. 他可能忙,如若如此,我以后再來拜訪。
I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone. 我可能得晚點下班,那樣我會打電話的。
He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他發脾氣了,這時我就決定回家了。
He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命為大法官,在這個職位上度過了他的后半生。
The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep. 郵遞員早晨6點30分來,這個時候我通常還睡著大覺呢。
It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason much of its information may well have been out of date. 它源于鮑森杜尼爾斯。由于這個原因,它的大部分信息很可能已經過時。
有時其前也可以沒有介詞。如:
He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today. 他學經濟學,這種知識現今很重要。
He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty. 他說希臘語,我聽起來很吃力。
■ 關系代詞which有時可用于指人。原則上說,which用于指事物,不用于指人。但以下情況屬于例外:
1. 用于在指人的名詞之后,指不強調性別的嬰兒:
He was the last child which was born. 他是最后出生的孩子。(which指小孩)
2. 當不是指具體的某人,而是指人的屬性(如職業、身份、地位、職務、品質、特征等)時,則也用關系代詞 which而不用 who。如:
They accused him of being a traitor, which he was. 他們指控他是叛徒,他真是叛徒。
She talked like a native, which she hardly was. 她說起話來像是個本地人,其實她不見得是。
■ 在非常正式的文體中,代詞that后可以接一個修飾它的定語從句,這個定語從句通常用which來引導。如:
They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 據說唯一真實的知識是可以檢驗的知識。
在現代英語中,that which通常用what來代替。如:
We have that which (=what) we need. 我們需要的東西都有了。
That which (=What) many people say is not always true. 很多人說的話并不表示一定是真的。
非限制性定語從句which和as的用法
我們知道,as和which作為關系代詞都可以用來引導非限制性定語從句,指代整個主句所表達的內容,在從句中作主語或賓語,但它們在用法上有區別,這一點許多學生往往搞不清楚。現就它們引導非限制性定語從句的.用法簡述如下:
一、相同之處
當從句位于主句之后,引導詞指代整個主句所表達的全部意義時,as和which可以互換。如:
The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.
大家都看得出,這頭大象像條蛇。
A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.
據電視報道,昨夜那里發生了大地震。
She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.
她來自上海,那是我從她的口音知道的。
二、不同之處
1、as引導非限制性定語從句時,位置比較靈活,可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引導非限制定語從句只能位于主句之后,不能位于主句之前。如:
_______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.
A.It B.As C.That D.Which
答案:B
_______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.
A.Which B.As C.That D.It
答案:B
Air,as we know,is a gas.眾所周知,空氣是一種氣體。
He is very careful,as his work shows.
他的工作表現表明他非常謹慎。
as引導非限制性定語從句常有“如同......那樣”的含義,因此在一些固定結構中,如:
as we know;as is known to all(眾所周知)
as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣)
as might be imagined(可以想象得到)
as might be expected(正如所預料的那樣)
as is often the case(情況通常是這樣)
以上種種固定搭配,一般不能用which代替as。
2、搭配上,在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關系代詞引出非限制性定語從句。如:
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。
I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
我從未聽過像他講得那么有趣的故事。
3、which引導的從句在意義上相當于一個并列句,可以用and this代替,意思是“這件事”;as引導的從句主要起連接上下文的作用,表達說話人的觀點、看法,并指出主句內容的根據或出處等。如:
He sold his new car,which surprised me.
=He sold his new car,and this serprised me.
Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.
我們都知道,愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學家。
As is known to all,Taiwan is part of China.
眾所周知,臺灣是中國的一部分。
4、當which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時,不可用as代替which。如:
The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.
這棵桃樹是我去年種下的,還沒有結出任何果實。
The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.
我昨天買的這本書很有教育意義。
5、在從句中作主語時,which既可作系動詞be的主語,也可作實義動詞的主語,而as只可作系動詞be的主語。如:
He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)
他和她結婚了,這是很自然的事。
She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)
她見到了那個男孩,這使得她很高興。
He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.
他考試有不及格了,這是他父母很生氣。
6、as引導的從句在意義上不可與主語相悖,而which引導的從句則不受此限制。
Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.
媽媽把我當小孩看待,這是我不能忍受的。
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