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限制性定語從句用法

時間:2022-10-20 11:00:11 英語 我要投稿

限制性定語從句用法

  定語從句是由關系代詞或關系副詞引導的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分,相當于形容詞,所以又稱為形容詞性從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。以下是小編幫大家整理的限制性定語從句用法,希望能夠幫助到大家。

  限制性定語從句用法1

  限制性定語從句是對先行詞的內容進行嚴格、明確限定的定語從句,與先行詞的意思關系非常緊密。

  此時如果把限制性從句移除,先行詞的意思就會受影響,意思不完整、不清楚或者有很大的變化。

  所以,限制性定語從句是不能移除的。

  例如:

  Give me the article that tells our company.

  把講述我們公司的文章給我。

  (限定的是“講述我們公司的那篇文章”,而不是別的文章)

  Which is the motorb ike that you fixed on the 12th?

  哪輛是你12號修理的摩托車?

  (限定的是“你12號修的那輛摩托車”,不是別的或者其他日子修的摩托車)

  說到定語從句大家肯定都很熟,但是關于定語從句中總有一個痛處那就是非限制性定語 non-restrictive/ non-defining attributive clauses和限制性定語從句restrictive attributive clause;其實區分很簡單,從形式上一句話:“which”前面有逗號的叫非限制性定語從句,沒有逗號的就是限制性定語從句;

  但是它們的難點其實根本不在于形式上的區分,而在于什么時候該用限制性定語從句和什么時候該非限制性定語從句,那么就不得不探究一下它們分別的作用;限制性定語從句:用于對先行詞的意義進行修飾,限制和識別,如果去掉,就會造成句意不完整或概念不清;

  比如:

  We arrived the day that(on which) they left.如果把這里的定語從句去掉意思就會不完整或者改變;非限制性定語從句:對先行詞起補充說明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚完整。

  Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.

  彼得現在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見過他。這里把定語從句去掉也不會影響這句話的主要意思;

  The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.

  這劇本是那個時期的典型作品,風格拘謹刻板。

  Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.

  水是一種清澈的液體,有許多用途。

  比如:

  I have a brother who is a doctor.

  (言外之意是我的弟弟不止1個)

  I have a brother , who is a doctor.

  (言外之意是我只有一個弟弟)

  總之,限制性定語從句能不能用主要就看前面的先行詞能不能被分類, 如果上個例子中我只有1個弟弟那就只能用非限制性定語從句,因為根本不需要用限制性定語從句分類挑出來;同理,只有當我有好幾個弟弟的時候,才能用限制性定語從句去區分

  限制性定語從句用法2

  我們知道,as和which作為關系代詞都可以用來引導非限制性定語從句,指代整個主句所表達的內容,在從句中作主語或賓語,但它們在用法上有區別,這一點許多學生往往搞不清楚。現就它們引導非限制性定語從句的用法簡述如下:

  一、相同之處

  當從句位于主句之后,引導詞指代整個主句所表達的全部意義時,as和which可以互換。如:

  The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.

  大家都看得出,這頭大象像條蛇。

  A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.

  據電視報道,昨夜那里發生了大地震。

  She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.

  她來自上海,那是我從她的口音知道的。

  二、不同之處

  1、as引導非限制性定語從句時,位置比較靈活,可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引導非限制定語從句只能位于主句之后,不能位于主句之前。如:

  _______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.

  A.It B.As C.That D.Which

  答案:B

  _______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.

  A.Which B.As C.That D.It

  答案:B

  Air,as we know,is a gas.眾所周知,空氣是一種氣體。

  He is very careful,as his work shows.

  他的工作表現表明他非常謹慎。

  as引導非限制性定語從句常有“如同......那樣”的含義,因此在一些固定結構中,如:

  as we know;as is known to all(眾所周知)

  as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣)

  as has been said before/above(正如前面所述)

  as might be imagined(可以想象得到)

  as might be expected(正如所預料的那樣)

  as is often the case(情況通常是這樣)

  以上種種固定搭配,一般不能用which代替as。

  2、搭配上,在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關系代詞引出非限制性定語從句。如:

  I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

  我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。

  I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.

  我從未聽過像他講得那么有趣的故事。

  3、which引導的從句在意義上相當于一個并列句,可以用and this代替,意思是“這件事”;as引導的從句主要起連接上下文的作用,表達說話人的觀點、看法,并指出主句內容的根據或出處等。如:

  He sold his new car,which surprised me.

  =He sold his new car,and this serprised me.

  Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.

  我們都知道,愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學家。

  As is known to all,Taiwan is part of China.

  眾所周知,臺灣是中國的一部分。

  4、當which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時,不可用as代替which。如:

  The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.

  這棵桃樹是我去年種下的,還沒有結出任何果實。

  The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.

  我昨天買的這本書很有教育意義。

  5、在從句中作主語時,which既可作系動詞be的主語,也可作實義動詞的主語,而as只可作系動詞be的主語。如:

  He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)

  他和她結婚了,這是很自然的事。

  She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)

  她見到了那個男孩,這使得她很高興。

  He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.

  他考試有不及格了,這是他父母很生氣。

  6、as引導的從句在意義上不可與主語相悖,而which引導的從句則不受此限制。

  Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.

  媽媽把我當小孩看待,這是我不能忍受的。

  限制性定語從句用法3

  who引導

  Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.

  我們的向導,一個法裔加拿大人,擅長于烹調。

  My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.

  我家的園丁非常悲觀,他說今年將不結蘋果。

  whom引導

  關系代詞whom用于指人,在句中作動詞賓語和介詞賓語,作介詞賓語時,介詞可位于句首。

  如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.

  彼得現在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見過他。

  Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.

  史密斯先生是一位著名的科學家,我從他那兒學了許多東西。

  whose引導

  whose是關系代詞who的所有格形式,在從句中作定語。whose通常指人,也可指動物或無生命的事物。

  如:The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.

  那位父親是位工程師小男孩學習很努力。

  Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.

  在樹林的高處是山,其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。

  The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.

  這劇本是那個時期的典型作品,風格拘謹刻板。

  which引導

  關系代詞which在非限制性定語從句,中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語、其他從句或整個主句,在從句中作主語、動詞賓語、介詞賓語或表語。

  ① which指代主句中的名詞,被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動物的名詞、表示單數意義的集體名詞以及表示職業、品格等的名詞。

  如:These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.

  這些蘋果樹是我三年前栽的,還沒有結過果實。

  She is an artist,which I am not.

  她是一位藝術家,而我不是。

  Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.

  水是一種清澈的液體,有許多用途。

  The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.

  那兩個警察完全受到信任,事實上也確實如此。

  ② which指代主句中的形容詞。

  如:She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.

  她對孩子們很耐心,她丈夫卻很少這樣。

  She is always careless,which we should not be.

  她總是馬虎大意,我們可不應該這樣。

  ③ which指代主句中的某個從句。

  如:He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.

  他說以前從沒見過她,這不是真的。

  ④ which指代整個主句。

  如:In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.

  在那么多人面前他有點緊張,這是可以理解的。

  He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.

  他可能得了急性盲腸炎,如果是這樣,他就得動手術。

  When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping.

  他經常聚精會神地工作,這時他會廢寢忘食。

  when引導

  關系副詞when在非限制性定語從句中作時間狀語,指代主句中表示時間的詞語。

  如:He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.

  他將把郊游推遲到5月1號,那時他將有空。

  where引導

  副詞where在非限制性定語從句中作地點狀語,指代主句中表示地點的'詞語。

  如:They went to London,where they lived for six months.

  他們去了倫敦,在那兒呆了六個月的時間。

  as引導

  as引出非限定性定語從句時,代替整個主句,對其進行說明但通常用于像as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定語從句中作主語、表語或賓語,且引出的從句位置比較靈活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號將其與主句隔開。as有“正如……, 就像……”之意。

  如:As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.

  美國人都知道,馬克·吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。(as在從句中作主語)

  He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.

  他忘了帶筆,這是常事。(as在從句中作主語)

  He is absorbed in work, as he often was.

  他正在全神貫注地工作,他過去經常這樣。(as在從句中作表語)

  As we all know, the earth is round.

  眾所周知,地球是圓的。(as在從句中作賓語)

  The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as was agreed beforehand.

  兩兄弟對此決定都滿意,這項決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。(as在從句中作主語)

  Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.

  你知道,臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。(as在從句中作賓語)

  “介詞+關系代詞”引導非限制性定語從句:在介詞后引導非限制性定語從句。

  難:句意相同

  as it is known to all (that...) (as 做狀語從句連詞,是狀語從句, 可以加that)

  與 as is known to all (as做主語,是定語從句)

  與 it is known to all that... (主語從句,it是形式主語)

  即:As is widely known, the moon is closer to the us than the sun.(定從)

  = That the moon is closer to the us than the sun is widely known.(主從)

  = It is widely known that the moon is closer to the us than the sun.(主從)

  As it is known to everyone, I thought you knew about it too.(狀從)[1]

  關系代詞which有時并不代表主句中某一確定的詞,而是概括整個主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動詞的搭配。

  They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the yield would be halved.

  他們缺搭葡萄架的桿兒,沒有它們產量會減少一半。

  They thanked Tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.

  他們很感激Tom,沒有他的支持他們是不會成功的。

  特殊結構

  “名詞/代詞+of+which / whom”

  It now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.

  現在它擁有兩萬公頃土地,其中三分之二之多已經耕種。

  Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300000 kilometer per second.

  光是世界上最快的東西,它的速度是每秒30萬千米。

  There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.

  大廳里有三十把椅子,絕大部分是新的。

  The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff,eighty per cent of whom are women.

  這家紡織廠有8千多職工,女職工占百分之八十。

  限制性定語從句用法4

  一、在句中作用不同

  限制性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。

  非限制性定語從句與先行詞關系不十分密切,只是對其作一些附加說明,不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語從句省去,主句的意義仍然完整。

  二、外在表現形式不同

  限制性定語從句因與先行詞關系密切,所以不可以用逗號將其與主句隔開;而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關系不十分密切,所以可用逗號將其與主句隔開。

  例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?

  你還記得教我們英語的那個女孩嗎?

  例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.

  鐘是一種能夠告訴人們時間的儀器。

  例 3. This is the place where he used to live.

  這就是他過去居住的地方。

  例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.

  張先生昨天來看我,他是我的一位朋友。

  例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.

  我們沿著村里的大街向前走去,村民們正在那里趕集。

  析:在前三個例句中,定語從句與先行詞關系密切,為限制性定語從句,不可用逗號將其與主句隔開。在后兩個例句中,定語從句與先行詞關系不密切,為非限制性定語從句,可用逗號將其與主句隔開。

  三、先行詞內容有所不同

  大多數限制性和非限制性定語從句的先行詞往往為某一個詞或短語,而特殊情況下非限制性定語從句的先行詞也可為整個主句,此時非限制性定語從句常由 which 引導。

  例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.

  一個中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。

  析:由語境可知,令“我”恐懼的內容應為“中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫”這整個一件事,因此先行詞為整個主句,此時應由 which 引導定語從句。

  例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.

  一個五歲男孩會講兩門外語,這令所有在場的人感到非常驚訝。

  析:由語境可知,令所有在場的人感到驚訝的內容是“一個五歲男孩會講兩門外語”這整個一件事,因此先行詞為整個主句,此時應由 which 引導非限制性定語從句。

  四、關系詞的使用情況有所不同

  (一) that 不可用于引導非限制性定語從句

  所有關系代詞和關系副詞均可引導限制性定語從句,大多數關系代詞和關系副詞可引導非限制性定語從句,但 that 不可。

  例 1. 他送給他母親一臺彩電作為生日禮物,這使她非常高興。

  誤: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.

  正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.

  例 2. 他沒通過這次考試,令我很失望。

  誤: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.

  正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.

  值得注意的是,不少同學誤認為只有 which 才能引導非限制性定語從句,這個觀點是不正確的。使用非限制性定語從句時,如果先行詞指人,則用 who , which 或 whose 引導非限制性定語從句;先行詞指物可用 which 引導非限制性定語從句;先行詞表時間或地點且在從句中作時間狀語或地點狀語時,可用 when , where 引導非限制性定語從句。

  例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.

  我們將于七月份畢業,到那時我們就自由了。

  例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.

  他們上周日到達南京,有個會議要在那里舉行。

  (二)關系代詞替代情況不同

  關系代詞 whom 在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時不可用 who 來代替。

  例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.

  這是我在街上遇到的那個女孩。

  析:先行詞 the girl 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,可用 who 代替 whom .

  例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.

  一個年輕的小伙子新交了一個女朋友,他想給她留下深刻的印象。

  析:先行詞 a new girl friend 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,不可用 who 代替 whom .

  在限制性定語從句中,先行詞指人時可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定語從句中先行詞指人時,不可用 that 代替 who/whom .

  例:她有一個姐姐,她是教師。

  誤: She has a sister, that is a teacher.

  正: She has a sister, who is teacher.

  (三)關系代詞省略情況不同

  關系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可以省去,非限制性定語從句的所有關系詞均不可省。

  例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.

  這就是他昨天丟的那本書。

  析:先行詞 the book 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,關系代詞 which 或 that 可以省略。

  例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.

  他昨天丟了這本書,但現在已找到了。

  析:先行詞 the book 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,關系代詞 which 不可省。

  [實戰演練]

  1. She heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.

  A. it B. which C. this D. that

  2. Have you ever been to Xi'an, _________ I left ten years ago.

  A. which B. whose C. that D. /

  3. The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.

  A. what B. which C. that D. it

  4. His English, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.

  A. which B. that C. it D . whom

  5. Some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes o

  ur journey more difficult.

  A. that B. it C. which D. who

  6. I'll find a nice girl, _________ I want to marry.

  A. who B. whom C. that D. which

  7. I'll come at ten, ________ I'll be free.

  A. which B. that C. when D. what

  8. She has two brothers, _________ are teachers.

  A. who B. that C. whom D. /

  9. Which answer is NOT true?

  This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.

  A. that B. which C. / D. where

  10. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.

  A. when B. what C. that D. during

  Key:

  1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C

  6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C

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