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四六級作文習作綱要
無論是在學校還是在社會中,大家都寫過作文吧,作文是一種言語活動,具有高度的綜合性和創造性。作文的注意事項有許多,你確定會寫嗎?以下是小編幫大家整理的四六級作文習作綱要,供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
一、審題立意
大學英語四六級作文的題型一般是標題作文、主題句作文或情景、圖表作文等等,去年四級作文考試有書信和記敘文,但基本都屬于命題作文范疇。對于命題作文,審題立意是寫好作文至關重要的一步。所謂審題,就是要看清題意,確定文章的中心思想和主題,并圍繞中心思想組織材料。也就是通過分析作文題給出的標題、主題旬或情景,找出關鍵詞或中心詞,明確寫作要求,是寫哪方面的內容,既包括題材上的要求,也包括體裁上的要求.如果不審題就隨便下筆,想一句寫一句,內容離題,即使再好的再華麗的再精心構思的詞句表達也無濟于事.另一方面,四六級寫作的目的是測試學生用英語書面表達思想的初步能力,并不是測試你母語創作能力,而且為了便于作文評卷有一盡量統一的標準,出題方式無論怎樣變化,四六級作文都可以歸納為三段式,有的甚至給出三段的段首句。其目的就是讓學生們在統一主題下的寫作要點、思維和方式盡可能地同一化和統一化。鑒于此,我們應清楚四六級寫作沒有太大的自由發揮空間。在構思段落之前一定要仔細斟酌標題、主題句和段首字,找出關鍵詞從而確定寫作的方向和范圍,而且還應記住要盡量縮小這個范圍,不能脫離要求任意展開,那樣屬于跑題。
二、段落構思
文章的段落,是文章的基本組成部分,一篇好的文章需要精心的段落構思和合理的段落安排,根據不同的題材確定不同的段落寫作順序.四六級作文從結構上看,一般由三部分組成:引言部分;展開部分;結尾部分,而且每段往往只有一個主題,段中各支持句圍繞明確的主題,層層展開論證并服務于主題句。整篇文章也是層層推進,環環相扣,條理分明,完整統一。下面進一步說明每一部分的具體寫作技巧與要求:首先,引言部分,文章開頭很重要,關系到全篇文章,一定要認真考慮好如何寫好第一句。一般緊扣主題,開門見山,直接入題。如果已給出段首句,則要考慮如何跟開頭連接好.在實際寫作中,主要有以下幾種開頭方式。定義法。即用一句話或幾句話來解放說明題中的關鍵詞,給出關鍵詞的定義。多用于給出一簡單題目的標題作文。直接切入主題。也就是直截了當地揭示文章的主題或寫作原由,如已給出每一段的中文提示,可直接翻譯提示中每一段的中心思想,作為開頭.提問法。用疑問句或設問句開頭,緊接著提出自己對這個問題的看法或直接點明主題,這種方法如果使用得當,能夠激起讀者往下讀的興趣,以便找出答案.以故事背景開頭,交待時間、地點、人物及背景,然后在這個背景下引出正文.這種方法多用于記敘文,使讀者一開始就產生鮮明視覺形象。引用法.即引用名人名言或諺語等作為文章的開頭,指出閱讀的內容范圍。
其次,主題部分,篇章寫作不僅應層次清楚,而且主次也要分明。任何文章都有主體部分,即文章的精華部分,寫主體段應注意以下幾點要求。
要緊扣開頭段提出的主題思想,突出中心.圍繞主題句用一組意思連貫而且完整的句子展開文章,切記各展開句是能起到說明、支持或闡述主題的句子并服務于主題,全文保持統一性,也就是我們通常所說的“切題”。主體段取材必須精練典型,系統而完整。根據內容需要和字數的規定,確定要點的詳與略后,選擇正確的、典型的、具有說服力的事實、例子、數據和論據等說明解釋并擴充主題.主體段要與開頭段和結尾段有內在的必然歸宿,要順其自然地過渡,使用好承上啟下的連接詞或句子,防止突然轉折.另外,主體段的句與句之間也要逐步展開,通順連貫,符合一定的邏輯關系。
最后,結尾部分
文章如何結尾關系到寫作的成敗。好的結尾不僅在形式上起到面龍點睛的效果,而且在內容上讀者明其宗旨,解其寓意.一般結尾段的寫法有以下幾種;
總結式,即在上文所述事實和論據的基礎上,對全文進行歸納、總結得出結論,使讀者對文章的主題或作者的觀點有個更完整而清晰的理解。首尾呼應式,即對引言段所提出的同題給出解決方案,作到首尾呼應,主題突出,結構勻稱,使讀者對提出的問題有了明確的答案.提問式,這種結尾形式可以引起讀者的思考。并起到強調主題的作用.展望式,也就是要提出作者的希望、號召或表示信心和決心,使讀者受鼓舞.引語式,引用名人名言,諺語俗語做文章的結尾,使文章更具說服力.
三、語言表達
四六級作文評分的原則之一就是要從內容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判.內容和語言是一個統一體,作文應表達題目所規定的內容,而內容要通過語言來表達。
(一)詞法層次
英語詞匯一詞多義和同義詞現象非常普遍,外延相同而內涵不同的詞數量很多.許多學生只知其表面意思,不了解詞語的深層的文化以及感情色彩等,出現用詞不當的錯誤.比如: “1 was grieved to hear that your father kicked thebucket”.這個句子中的“kick the bucket”雖然指死亡,但它是一個貶義詞,用在此旬不合適,應改為。pass away”。單詞拼寫錯誤較多,漏用詞語以及搭配有誤現象比比皆是。如一學生想要表達這樣一句話:一流的旅館對旅游者不可抗拒的吸引力。他這樣寫到:
The first--rate hotels give people an irresistible attraction.
The first—rate hotels have an irresistible attraction fortourists.
(二)句法層次
句子中語法錯誤太多,包括時態、語態、語氣以及主謂一致等,如果這些成份的一致關系弄錯會使句子邏輯混亂,意義含糊不清.例如:
In college,students should learn tO analyze and solveproblems on their own.Try to help them to acquire this ability.應改為:In college,students should learn to analyze andsolve problems on their own.The teacher should help themto acquire this ability.
句式單一不變.這是目前一般大學生寫作中出現的普遍問題,整篇文章都是一連串簡單句的羅列,句型沒有變化.如果能恰如其分地變化旬式,長短句交錯使用,互相補充會增加語言的表現力。比較下面兩個句子,就會發現改過的B句式不僅僅句式復雜,而且表達要生動有力得多。
A)Many liberal arts graduates are unwilling to acceptwork outside their major interest.If SO they will have diffi—culty finding employment.
B)Unless they are willing to accept work outside theirmajor interest,many liberal arts graduates will have difficul—ty finding employment.
(三)語言的連貫性
文字連貫,語言流暢是寫好作文的基本要求,會給人以美的享受.而內容充實,意思完整是文章連貫流暢的基礎,達到這一目標要求學生有較強的語感和語言功底,需要一個長期積累和大量實踐的過程.通過對以上寫作方法與技巧的探討,我們不僅了解到其重要性,更應付諸實踐。尤其是教師在實際教學中,要加強學生的語言基本功的訓練,將閱讀教學與寫作培養相結合.因為寫作是一種語言的輸出,閱讀是一種輸入,只有大量的輸入才會有輸出。同時也要強調寫作技能的訓練和實踐,采用多種方法調動學生的寫作積極性。
七類段落
1. 記敘一件事 When and where who did what?
A few days ago, I bought an English-Chinese dictionary at Xinhua bookstore in the downtown area of Xinjiekou. When I went back to look up some new words in the dictionary, I found pages 101 to 150 were missing. So on that afternoon, I returned to the bookstore where I had purchased it and filed a complaint directly to the general manager about the problem.
一次活動的安排,旅游的行程都可以套用記敘文模式,注意時間的推進,可用明確的時間幾點幾分,也可用大致的時間如early in the morning/at noon/in the afternoon/evening/at night, 還可用First…Then…At last…如果是發生過的事,一定要用一般過去時,如果是活動安排,須用將來時。
2. 描述一個社會現象,如不誠實、盜版、校園浪費等等,要充分利用例證
Dishonesty has been prevalent in our society in recent years. For example, many students cheat to obtain high scores on various exams such as CET for Band 4 or 6. Or businesses and companies produce fake goods or products of inferior quality to reap illegal profits. What is worse, some government officials and corporate leaders are involved in criminal cases of bribery and corruption, abusing the power in their hands. The flood of dishonest phenomena has brought about a harmful effect on our society.
將例子說清楚,盡量用完整句。
3. 分析現象的成因,至少要列出兩個方面的原因:學生選擇任課老師時所考慮的因素、住房產權變化的原因、國人喜歡過西方節日的原因,可用列舉法。另外,后果或影響類的段落可用同樣的方式處理。
The popularity of Western festivals in China may be attributed to several factors. On one hand, with China’s opening up to the outside world, many people, young people in particular, have been exposed to foreign cultures, an important part of which are holidays and festivals. On the other hand, business people take advantage of the occasion of celebrating western festivals to promote sales of their products to make much more money than usual. A case in point is Christmas shopping every year.
There are several factors/reasons for …First of all(For one thing)…Secondly(For another)…Lastly(In addition)
4. 提出解決問題的方案,要注意照顧到問題所涉及的方方面面:應該怎么做?
To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.
在上面這段關于食品、飲用水安全的文章中,提到了政府、相關產業以及消費者三個方面,而謂語動詞分別用了need to do sth.//should do sth.//will have to do a better job of doing sth.可以借鑒,此外還可 It is necessary/imperative/important for sb. to do sth.// It is high time that sb. did 等句型。
5. 描述圖表/變化/趨勢,一定要將變化清楚地表達出來,考過的作文有產權變化、出國旅游人數的增加、飲食結構的變化等。
As is shown in the chart/diagram/picture, there has been a rapid/slow/slight/steady/tremendous/dramatic increase/rise/decrease/fall/drop in the number of tourists traveling abroad in the past decade/from 1995 to 2005. In 1995, only about 10,000 people in X city went to foreign countries. However,//But in 2005, the number had soared to more than XXX, which is X times as much as that of the year XXXX.
From the table/graph/statistics it can be seen/concluded/estimated that the consumption of dairy products and eggs has been/is on the rise. On the contrary/By contrast, the consumption of rice and flour has been/is on the fall/decline. In other words, the diet of urban residents is more balanced and nutritious than ever before.
Those who choose to study overseas account for X percent of the total of high school graduates.
另外,注意增加/減少百分之幾,英文表達是increase/decrease by X percent, 介詞by 不可或缺。
6. 觀點闡述屬于議論文寫作,通常以介詞On或情態動詞should 的題目出現,而在給出的提綱中,則通常出現“有些人認為”、“在我看來”或“你的看法”這些詞語,要求考生就某個問題發表見解,闡明觀點。考生在論證的過程中,要區分論點和論據,注意邏輯性。近兩年的作文題有一種復歸趨勢,考生要特別注意。
As the inheritor and distributor of our civilization, we college students should(觀點)be fully aware the important role played by the classics in broadening our horizon and shaping our world outlook. Therefore(因果), we should start reading the repertoire of the classics which the greatest minds of all ages have left behind so that(目的) we can have a correct perspective on the world and understand the true meaning of life. In one word(總結), it is imperative for us to attach great importance to the reading of the classics.
還可用條件、比較、對比、正反論述、例證、解釋等方式展開段落。
Some suggest/argue that the Spring Festival Gala on CCTV should be canceled because the viewers have had a lot of other means of relaxation which are more colorful and full of more fun. For example, they can take advantage of the holiday to go traveling to some scenic or historic resorts together with the family.
As we all know, it pays to be honest. If we are honest with others, we will win trust and respect from them. But if we deceive others for our own benefits, we will be found out sooner or later and lose our credit and trustworthiness, thereby incurring disrepute and disgrace in the long run.
7. 應用文寫作:近些年考過的題目有書信、導游詞、倡議書、招募書、競選演說等等,非常靈活,不一而足。實際上,應用文并不難寫,只要注意相對固定的格式和一些常用的套話即可。如07年6月份的四級題Welcome to our Club,第一段說明社團的活動內容,第二段列出參加社團的好處有哪些,第三段說明加入社團的方式,不難看出主體上這是一篇說明文。再如05年六級的作文題Help Needed要求簡單介紹病人的病情和家境、目前所面臨的困難,給出捐助的聯系方式,幾乎與前者如出一轍。考生只要能熟練掌握上面所列出的六種展開段落的方式,就可以決戰考場、應付如裕!
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