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歷年三級筆譯試題
全國翻譯專業資格(水平)考試分資深翻譯，一級，二級，三級口譯和筆譯四個級別，下面是小編分享的英語三級級筆譯歷年試題，希望能幫到大家!
第一部分 英譯漢
Freed by warming, waters once locked beneath ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle. In Bykovsky, a village of 457 on Russia's northeast coast, the shoreline is collapsing, creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil, at a rate of 15 to 18 feet a year.
"It is practically all ice - permafrost - and it is thawing." For the four million people who live north of the Arctic Circle, a changing climate presents new opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture.
A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.
are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. They are trying to adapt, but it can be confounding.
In Finnmark, Norway's northernmost province, the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau, silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine of a snowmobile herding them.
A changing Arctic is felt there, too. "The reindeer are becoming unhappy," said Issat Eira, a 31-year-old reindeer herder.
Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving indigenous customs. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and Sami culture has enjoyed something of a renaissance. And yet no amount of government support can convince Mr. Eira that his livelihood, intractably entwined with the reindeer, is not about to change. Like a Texas cattleman, he keeps the size of his herd secret. But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring were melting the top layers of snow, which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through to the lichen they eat.
"The people who are making the decisions, they are living in the south and they are living in towns," said Mr. Eira, sitting inside his home made of reindeer hides. "They don't mark the change of weather. It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it."
A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its
own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.
第二部分 漢譯英
維護世界和平，促進共同發展，謀求合作共贏，是各國人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的當今時代潮流。中國高舉和平、發展、合作的旗幟，堅持走和平發展道路，與世界各國一道，共同致力于建設一個持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。
中國與世界從未像今天這樣緊密相連。政府把中國人民的根本利益與各國人民的共同利益結合起來，堅持奉行防御性的國防政策。中國的國防服從和服務于國家發展戰略和安全戰略，旨在維護國家安 段，中國把科學發展觀作為國防和軍隊建設的重要指導方針，積極推進中國特色軍事變革，努力實現國防和軍隊建設全面協調可持續發展。
2006年11月人事部三級筆譯真題
第一部分 英譯漢
Faced with growing evidence that avian influenza is spreading in birds, the World Health Organization on Wednesday signed an agreement with the Swiss pharmaceutical company Roche Holding to build up its stockpile of medicines in case of a pandemic in humans.
Under the agreement, Roche will reserve three million treatments of its Tamiflu antiviral medicine for use by the UN agency in case of a worldwide human pandemic of avian flu.
"It's just enough to deal with an initial outbreak," said Jong-Wook Lee, director-general of the WHO. "But clearly this is not enough to deal with a full pandemic."
The agency says only 57 people in Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia have died, mainly from contact with infected birds. The virus has killed millions of chickens and led to preventive culling across Asia since late 2003.
Sustained human-to-human infection has not yet been recorded.But the World Health Organization warns that bird flu, which first appeared in Hong Kong in 1997, could mutate genetically, making it easier for humans to catch and transmit the disease among themselves.
Signs the disease has spread recently to birds in Siberia and Kazakhstan are adding to concerns, the WHO says.
A panel of European Union experts will convene Thursday in Brussels to discuss measures to prevent the spread of bird deaths to European poultry.
When asked whether he thought a widespread outbreak in humans was imminent, Lee said: "We don't know when it will come. But it would be hugely irresponsible if the WHO and member states did not take preventive measures now."
order was placed- a relatively long time due to a complicated production process.
第二部分 漢譯英
25年來，中國堅定不移地推進改革開放，社會主義市場經濟體制初步建立，開放型經濟已經形成，社會生產力和綜合國力不斷增強，各項社會事業全面發展，人民生活總體上實現了由溫飽到小康的歷史性跨越。從1978年至2003年的25年間，中國經濟年均增長9.4%。25年前，中國年國內生產總值為1473億美元，去年已達到14000多億美元。25年前，中國年進出口貿易總額為206億美元，去年已達到8512億美元。25年前，中國外匯儲備為1.67億美元，去年已達到4033億美元。目前，中國經濟總量居世界第六，進出口貿易總額居世界第四。中國之所以能夠發生這樣巨大的變化，最關鍵的原因是我們始終堅持走中國特色社會主義道路，始終堅持改革開放，激發了全體人民的積極性、主動性、創造性。
中國雖然取得了很大的發展成就，但中國人口多，底子薄，生產力不發達，發展很不平衡，生態環境、自然資源與經濟社會發展的矛盾比較突出。雖然中國人均國內生產總值已經突破1000美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中國要實現現代化，使全體人民都過上富裕生活，還需要進行長期不懈的艱苦奮斗。 我們已經明確了本世紀頭20年的奮斗目標，這就是全面建設惠及十幾億人口的更高水平的小康社會，到2020年實現國內生產總值比2000年翻兩番，達到4萬億美元，人均國內生產總值達到3000美元，使經濟更加發展、民主更加健全、科教更加進步、文化更加繁榮、社會更加和諧、人民生活更加殷實。
2007年5月人事部三級筆譯真題
第一部分 英譯漢
It took nine years from the time the Danish and Swedish governments agreed to build a fixed link between their countries to the time the first car, train, truck and bicyclists crossed the Oresund Bridge.
Construction of the bridge, including design and cornerstone, began in March 1991 and was completed in July road and rail bridge in the world. At approximately 10 miles (16 tunnel, it is an But as time has proven, the minimalism has contributed greatly to the development of the Oresund region: the eastern part of Denmark, including Copenhagen, and the southwestern part of Sweden, including Malm and Lund.
The level of commuting between Malm and Copenhagen has quadrupled since the opening of the bridge in 2000, and the number of Danes moving to the south of Sweden has increased sixfold. The Oresund region has become a cultural and economic powerhouse, considered a model region by the European Union.
Work on the bridge began in 1995, and was undertaken by a team of international consulting and construction companies.
From the beginning, construction of the bridge complied with some of the worlds toughest environmental regulations, as well as many advanced design and construction details. The Mexico-based CEMEX, one of the worlds largest producers of Cement and ready-mix concrete, was awarded a contract to deliver tons of high-quality cement to help build the main part of the bridge, the two approach bridges and the tunnel.
When it opened in July 2000, the Oresund Bridge consisted of a 3.5-kilometer immersed tunnel, the largest of its kind in the world, a 4-kilometer long artificial island (made from mud dug out from the bottom of strait to make space for the tunnel) and a 7.8-kilometer cable-stayed bridge, the worlds longest bridge including both a highway and a railroad.
Though just half of the total construction, the actual bridge span, is visible above water, the overall architecture was designed to please the eye from both the Danish and Swedish sides of the strait.
The four 204-meter (670 feet) tall pillars carrying the bridge have a simple Scandinavian design. To drivers and passengers crossing the bridge, the pillars provide a visual, as well as actual, impression of stability and calm. The two-level structure is made of steel and concrete. Along tile two approach bridges, tracks are piaced in concrete troughs that turn into steel decks on the bridge. The bridges upper deck carries cars and trucks, while the lower deck accommodates the railroad. The four pillars are grounded in giant cement boxes placed at the bottom of the strait, about 18 meters below sea level.
Last 13,600 traffic Throughout the construction process, the Danish and Swedish environmental agencies have surveyed but found no changes in the wildlife, birds, fish and vegetation surrounding the bridge. In addition, the chemicals used in construction and the percentage of waste materials have been kept to a minimum, as required by both Danish and Swedish laws.
In 2003, the Oresund Bridge won the IABSE (International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering) Outstanding Structural Award for its innovative design, planning and construction management, as well as its strict compliance with the time schedule, budget and environmental requirements.
第二部分 漢譯英
能源是人類社會賴以生存和發展的重要物質基礎。縱觀人類社會發展的歷史，人類文明的每一次重大進步都伴隨著能源的改進和更替。能源的開發利用極大地推進了世界經濟和人類社會的發展。
過去100多年里，發達國家先后完成了工業化，消耗了地球上大量的自然資源，特別是能源資源。當前，一些發展中國家正在步入工業化階段，能源消費增加是經濟社會發展的客觀必然。
中國是當今世界上最大的發展中國家，發展經濟，擺脫貧困，是政府和中國人民在相當長一段時期內的主要任務。20世紀70年代末以來，中國作為世界上發展最快的發展中國家，經濟社會發展取得了舉世矚目的輝煌成就，成功地開辟了中國特色社會主義道路，為世界的發展和繁榮作出了重大貢獻。 中國是目前世界上第二位能源生產國和消費國。能源供應持續增長，為經濟社會發展提供了重要的支撐。能源消費的快速增長，為世界能源市場創造了廣闊的發展空間。中國已經成為世界能源市場不可或缺的重要組成部分，對維護全球能源安全，正在發揮著越來越重要的積極作用。
人事部三級筆譯(CATTI)2007.11英譯漢真題
One of the biggest decisions Andy Blevins has ever made, and one of the few he now regrets, never seemed like much of a decision at all. It just felt like the natural thing to do.
In the summer of 1995, he was moving boxes of soup cans, paper towels and dog food across the floor of a supermarket warehouse, one of the biggest buildings here in southwest Virginia. The heat was brutal. The job had sounded impossible when he arrived fresh off his first year of college, looking to make some summer money, still a skinny teenager with sandy blond hair and a narrow, freckled face.
But hard work done well was something he understood, even if he was the first college boy in his family. Soon he was making bonuses on top of his $6.75 an hour, more money than either of his parents made. His girlfriend was around, and so were his hometown buddies. Andy acted more outgoing with them, more relaxed. People in Chilhowie noticed that.
It was just about the perfect summer. So the thought crossed his mind: maybe it did not have to end. Maybe he would take a break from college and keep working. He had been getting C's and D's, and college never felt like home, anyway.
"I enjoyed working hard, getting the job done, getting a paycheck," Mr. Blevins recalled. "I just knew I didn't want to quit."
So he quit college instead, and with that, Andy Blevins joined one of the largest and fastest-growing groups of young adults in America. He became a college , though nongraduate may be the more precise term.
Many people like him plan to return to get their degrees, even if few actually do. Almost one in three Americans in their mid-20's now fall into this group, up from one in five in the late 1960's, when the Census Bureau began keeping such data. Most come from poor and working-class families.
That gap had grown over recent years. "We need to recognize that the most serious domestic problem in the United States today is the widening gap between the children of the rich and the children of the poor," Lawrence H. Summers, the president of Harvard, said last year when announcing that Harvard would give full scholarships to all its lowest-income students. "And education is the most weapon we have to address that problem."
Andy Blevins says that he too knows the importance of a degree. Ten years after trading college for the warehouse, Mr. Blevins, 29, spends his days at the same supermarket company. He has worked his way up to produce buyer, earning $35,000 a year with health benefits and a 401(k) plan. He is on a path typical for someone who attended college without getting a four-year degree. Men in their early 40's in this category made an average of $42,000 in 2000. Those with a four-year degree made $65,000.
Mr. Blevins says he has many reasons to be happy. He lives with his wife, Karla, and their year-old son, Lucas, in a small blue-and-yellow house in the middle of a stunningly picturesque Appalachian valley.
"Looking back, I wish I had gotten that degree," Mr. Blevins said in his soft-spoken lilt. "Four years seemed like a thousand years then. But I wish I would have just put in my four years."
Why so many low-income students fall from the college ranks is a question without a simple answer. Many high schools do a poor job of preparing s for college. Tuition bills scare some students from even applying and leave others with years of debt. To Mr. Blevins, like many other students of limited means, every week of going to classes seemed like another week of losing money .
"The system makes a false promise to students," said John T. Casteen III, the president of the University of Virginia, himself the son of a Virginia shipyard worker.
2008年11月人事部三級筆譯(CATTI)完形填空
One of Nature's most fascinating mysteries is how pigeons find their way home over vast distances.
No matter how far away they are taken, they almost always return to their lofts.
Now German scientists believe they have discovered how the birds do it. Research has revealed that tiny iron structures in their beaks allow them to analyse the earth's magnetic field - much like a compass.
Through the signals picked up, the birds can work out where they are and set out on the best course home. As well as pigeons, many migrating birds display a remarkable ability to fly thousands of miles to return to using them to send messages over enemy lines.
Thirty-two of the 250,000 pigeons used by UK forces in World War Two were even awarded medals for valour.
In 2005, the film Valiant recorded the exploits of a group of fictional wartime homing pigeons.
In the past, experts have suggested the birds use the sun and stars to navigate, although in 2004 researchers found that many follow roads rather than their internal compass to plan their route.
Italian scientists also recently found that the birds can create 'odour maps' of areas they fly over, which may help them find their way. However scientists have long believed that they can in some way use the natural magnetism of the earth to navigate. The recent study by German scientists has revealed how this may be possible.
The research, published in the latest edition of the journal Naturwissenschaften, used X-rays to examine the upper beaks of pigeons. They found that within the skin lining are tiny ironcontaining particles in nerve branches which are arranged in a 3D pattern.
The team, led by Gerta Fleissner, concluded that this allows the birds to react to the external magnetic field of the planet and work out their precise location.
She pointed out that similar ironcontaining cells had been found in the beaks of robins, warblers and chickens so it may well turn out to be the way that other species also navigate.
"We expect that the pigeon-type receptor might turn out to be a universal feature of all birds," she said. Scientists are still discovering more about the incredible abilities of the pigeon.
Last year a French team found that they can memorise 1,200 pictures.
The researchers concluded that while birds and other animals are different in so many ways, our divergent evolutionary paths have had little impact on the basic processes of our memories.
However, despite such impressive memories, pigeons are not the most intelligent birds, according to researchers.
A team in 2005 judged the intelligence of a range of birds and concluded that crows, rooks, jays and ravens topped the IQ league, while the New World quail earned the dubious honour of being the most stupid. 人事部三級筆譯(CATTI)2008.5英譯漢真題 Europe Pushes to Get Fuel From Fields
ARDEA, Italy — The previous growing season, this lush field near Rome was filled with rows of delicate durum wheat, used to make high-quality pasta. Today it overflows with rapeseed, a tall, gnarled weedlike plant bursting with coarse yellow flowers that has become a new manna for European farmers: rapeseed can be turned into biofuel.
Motivated by generous subsidies to develop alternative energy sources — and a measure of concern about the future of the planet — Europes farmers are beginning to grow crops that can be turned into fuels meant to produce fewer s than gas or oil. They are chasing their counterparts in the Americas who have been raising crops for biofuel for more than five years.
“This is a much-needed to our economy, our farms,” said Marcello Pini, 50, a farmer, standing in front of the rapeseed he planted for the first time. “Of course, we hope it helps the environment, too.”
In March, the European Commission, disappointed by the slow growth of the biofuels industry, approved a directive that included a “binding target” requiring member countries to use 10 percent biofuel for transport by 2020 — the most ambitious and specific goal in the world.
Most European countries are far from achieving the target, and are introducing incentives and subsidies to bolster production.
As a result, bioenergy crops have replaced food as the most profitable crop in several European countries. In this part of Italy, for example, the government guarantees the purchase of biofuel crops at 22 euros for 100 kilograms, or $13.42 for 100 pounds — nearly twice the 11 to 12 euros for 100 kilograms of wheat on the open market in 2006. Better still, farmers can plant biofuel crops on “set aside” fields, land that Europes agriculture policy would otherwise require be left fallow.
But an expert panel convened by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization pointed out that the biofuels boom produces benefits as well as trade-offs and risks — including higher and wildly fluctuating food prices. In some markets, grain prices have nearly doubled.
“At a time when agricultural prices are low, in comes biofuel and improves the lot of farmers and injects life into rural areas,” said Gustavo Best, an expert at the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome. “But as the grows and the demand for biofuel crops seems to be infinite, were seeing some negative effects and we need to hold up a yellow light.”
Josette Sheeran, the new head of the United Nations World Food program, which fed nearly 90 million people in 2006, said that biofuels created new problems. “An increase in grain prices impacts us because we are a major of grain for food,” she said. “So biofuels are both a challenge and an opportunity.”
In Europe, the rapid conversion of fields that once grew wheat or barley to biofuel crops like rapeseed is already leading to shortages of the ingredients for making pasta and brewing beer, suppliers say. That could translate into higher prices in supermarkets.
“New and increasing demand for bioenergy production has put high pressure on the whole world grain market,” said Claudia Conti, a spokesman for Barilla, one of the largest Italian pasta makers. “Not only German beer producers, but Mexican tortilla makers have see the cost of their main raw material growing quickly to historical highs.”
Some experts are more worried about the potential impact to low-income consumers. In the developing world, the shift to more lucrative biofuel crops destined for richer countries could create serious hunger and damage the environment if wild land is converted to biofuel cultivation, the agriculture panel concluded.
But officials at the European Commission say they are pursuing a measured course that will prevent some of the price and supply problems seen in American markets.
In a recent speech, Mariann Fischer Boel, the European agriculture and rural development commissioner, said that the 10 percent target was “not a shot in the dark,” but was carefully chosen to encourage a level of growth for the biofuel industry that would not produce undue hardship for Europes poor.
She calculated that this approach would push up would raw material prices for cereal by 3 percent to 6 percent by 2020, while prices for oilseed might rise 5 percent to 18 percent. But food prices on the shelves would barely change, she said.
Yet even as the European program begins to harvest biofuels in greater volume, homegrown production is still far short of what is needed to reach the 10 percent goal: Europes farmers produced an estimated 2.9 billion liters, or 768 million gallons, of biofuel in 2004, far shy of the 3.4 billion gallons generated in the United States in the period. In 2005, biofuel accounted for around 1 percent of Europes fuel, according to European statistics,with almost all of that in Germany and Sweden. The biofuel share in Italy was 0.51 percent, and in Britain, 0.18 percent.
That could pose a threat to European markets as foreign producers like Brazil or developing countries like Indonesia and Malaysia try to ship their biofuels to markets where demand, subsidies and tax breaks are the greatest.
Ms. Fischer Boel recently acknowledged that Europe would have to import at least a third of what it would need to reach its 10 percent biofuels target. Politicians fear that could hamper development of a local industry, while perversely generating tons of new emissions as “green” fuel is shipped thousands of kilometers across the Atlantic, instead of coming from the farm next door.
Such imports could make biofuel far less green in other ways as well — for example if Southeast Asian rainforest is destroyed for cropland.
Brazil, a country with a perfect climate for sugar cane and vast amounts of land, started with subsidies years ago to encourage the farming of sugarcane for biofuels, partly to take up “excess capacity” in its flagging agricultural sector.
The auto industry jumped in, too. In 2003, Brazilian automakers started producing flex-fuel cars that could run on biofuels, including locally produced ethanol. Today, 70 percent of new cars in the country are flex-fuel models, and Brazil is one of the largest growers of cane for ethanol.
Analysts are unsure if the Brazilian achievement can be replicated in Europe — or anywhere else. Sugar takes far less energy to convert to biofuel than almost any product.
Yet after a series of alarming reports on climate change, the political urgency to move faster is clearly growing.
With an armload of incentives, the Italian government hopes that 70,000 hectares, or 173,000 acres, of land will be planted with biofuel crops in 2007, and 240,000 hectares in 2010, up from zero in 2006.
Mr. Pini, the farmer, has converted about 25 percent of his land, or 18 hectares, including his “set aside” land, to Europes fastest-growing biofuel crop, rapeseed. He still has 50 hectares in grain and 7 in olives.
He has discovered other advantages as well. In Italys finicky food culture, food crops have to look good and be high quality to sell— a drought or undue heat can mean an off year. Crops for fuel, in contrast, can be ugly or stunted.
“You need fewer seeds and its much easier to grow,” he said.
2008年11月人事部三級筆譯英譯漢試題
1.LONGYEARBYEN, Norway With plant species disappearing at an alarming rate, scientists and
2.This week, the flagship of that effort, the Global Seed Vault near here, received its first seeds, millions of them. Bored into the middle of a frozen Arctic mountain topped with snow, the vaults goal is to store and protect samples of every type of seed from every seed collection in the world.
3.As of Thursday, thousands of neatly stacked and labeled gray boxes of seeds — peas from Nigeria, corn from Mexico — reside in this glazed cavelike structure, forming a sort of backup hard drive, in case natural disasters or human errors erase the seeds from the outside world.
4.Descending almost 500 feet under the permafrost, the entrance tunnel to the seed vault is designed to withstand bomb blasts and earthquakes. An automated digital monitoring system controls temperature and provides security akin to a missile silo or Fort Knox. No one person has all the codes for entrance.
5.The Global Vault is part of a broader effort to gather and systematize information about plants and their genes, which climate change experts say may indeed prove more valuable than gold. In Leuven, Belgium, scientists are scouring the world for banana samples and preserving their shoots in liquid nitrogen before they become extinct.
A similar effort is under way in France on coffee plants. A number of plants, most from the tropics, do not produce seeds that can be stored.
6.For years, a hodgepodge network of seed banks has been amassing seed and shoot collections in a haphazard manner. Labs in Mexico banked corn species. Those in Nigeria banked cassava. Now these scattershot efforts are being urgently consolidated and systematized, in part because of better technology to preserve plant genes and in part because of the rising alarm about climate change and its impact on world food production.
7.“We started thinking about this post-9/11 and on the heels of Hurricane Katrina,” said Cary Fowler, president of the Global Crop Diversity Trust, a nonprofit group that runs the vault. “Everyone was saying, why didnt anyone prepare for a hurricane before? We knew it was going to happen.
8.“Well, we are losing biodiversity every day — its a kind of drip, drip, drip. Its also inevitable. We need to do something about it.”
9.This week the urgency of the problem was underscored as wheat prices rose to record highs and wheat stores dropped to the lowest level in 35 years. A series of droughts and new diseases cut wheat production in many parts of the world. “The erosion of plants genetic resources is really going fast,” said Dr. Rony Swennen, head of the division of crop biotechnology at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, who has preserved half
10.The United Nations International Treaty Plant Genetic ratified in 2004, created a formal global network for banking and sharing seeds, as well as for studying their genetic traits. Last year, its database received thousands of new seeds.
11.A system of plant banks could be crucial in responding to climate crises since it could identify genetic material and plant strains better able to cope with a changed environment.
12.Here at the Global Vault, hundreds of gray boxes containing seeds from places ranging from Syria to Mexico were moved this week into a freezing vault to be placed in suspended animation. They harbor a vast range of qualities, like the ability to withstand drier, warmer climate.
挪威朗伊爾城——隨著植物物種正在以駭人聽聞的速度滅絕，科學家和各國政府正在創建全球網絡性的植物庫來儲存種子和苗芽。人類可以利用這些珍貴的種芽資源確保充足的食物供應，以應對氣候變化。 本周，作為這種不懈努力的旗艦機構，“全球種子地庫”接收了首批數百萬種的種子。該地庫建于北極的一座白雪皚皚的大山之中，其目標是儲存和保護世界各地收藏的各類種子樣本。
截至周四，成千上萬個堆放整齊且貼有標簽的灰色種盒在上釉的洞穴式結構中安家落戶，如尼日利亞的豌豆、墨西哥的玉米。這些盒子就如已經備份了的電腦硬盤，以防世界上的植物物種會因自然災害和人為破壞而消失。
通往種子地庫的入口隧道，位于永凍帶下約500英尺處，其設計旨在防御爆炸和地震。自動化數字監控系統用于控制溫度并提供類似導彈發射井或福特諾克斯軍事基地的安全保障。任何人都不單獨擁有進入種子庫的全部密碼。
目前，世界上很多人士致力于收集種子及其種子基因的信息并使之系統化，全球種子地庫是這種全球性努力的的一個縮影。氣候變化專家稱，這些信息要比金子還要貴重。在比利時的魯汶，科學家正在搜集世界上的香蕉樣本并將香蕉芽保存在液體氮中，以防其滅絕。法國也正在進行類似的努力，保護咖啡物種。很多植物，大多數是來自熱帶地區的植物，無法通過種子繁殖，不能產生可供儲存的種子。
多年來，很多龐雜的種子庫網絡一直以隨意的方式收集種子和苗芽。例如，墨西哥的實驗室收藏玉米種，尼日利亞的實驗室收藏木薯種。現在，正對這些分散的努力進行亟需的整合和系統化操作。之所以可以這樣做，部分原因是儲存植物基因技術的更新，部分原因是氣候變化的警鐘繼續長鳴及其對世界糧食產量的影響。
卡里·福勒是一家負責管理種子庫的非營利性組織全球作物多樣性托管會的總裁，他說：“我們是在9·11事件之后、尤其是卡特里娜颶風之后，開始有這個構想的。” 他還說：“每個人都在問：為什么事先不作好迎接颶風的準備呢?我們明明知道會發生颶風的。”
他指出：“喏，我們每天都在損失生物多樣性——一點一滴地在損失。這種損失沒有止步的跡象，我們必須為此做點什么。”
本周，由于小麥價格上升到最高紀錄水平和小麥儲存量下滑到35年來最低水平，更加突出了這個問題的緊迫性。由于一連串的干旱及新的疾病，世界很多地方的小麥產量下降。羅尼·斯文奈恩博士現任比利時魯汶天主教大學作物生物技術部主任，他保存了世界上1200種香蕉種的一半以上。斯文奈恩博士說：“植物基因資源正在受到快速侵蝕。”他還指出：“我們正處于關鍵時刻，如果不迅速采取行動，我們將失去很多我們需要的植物物種。”
已于2004年獲得批準的聯合國國際植物基因資源條約創建了一個正式的全球網絡，旨在對種子進行儲存和共享并對其遺傳特征進行研究。去年，有成千上萬的新種子在其數據庫安家落戶。
由于植物庫系統能夠識別出那些對環境變化適應能力較強的基因物質和植物種類，因而這種系統能在應本周，
2009年5月24日三級筆譯真題(英譯中)
Last Friday an advisory panel to the European Environment Agency issued an extraordinary scientific opinion: The European Union should suspend its goal of having 10 percent of transportation fuel made from biofuel by 2020.
The European Union's biofuel targets were increased and extended from 5.75 percent by 2010 to 10 percent by 2020 just last year. Still, Europe's well-meaning rush to biofuels, the scientists concluded, had produced a slew of harmful ripple effects - from deforestation in Southeast Asia to higher prices for grains.
In a recommendation released last weekend, the 20-member panel, made up of some of Europe's most distinguished climate scientists, called the 10 percent target "overambitious" and an "experiment" whose "unintended effects are difficult to predict and difficult to control."
"The idea was that we felt we needed to slow down, to analyze the issue carefully and then come back at the problem," Laszlo Somlyody, the panel's chairman and a professor at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, said in a telephone interview.
He said that part of the problem was that when it set the targets, the European Union was trying desperately to solve the problem of rising transportation emissions "in isolation," without adequately studying the effects of other sectors like land use and food supply.
"The starting point was correct: I'm happy that the European Union took the lead in cutting greenhouse gasses and we need to control traffic emissions," Somlyody said. "But the basic problem is it thought of transport alone, without considering all these other effects. And we don't understand those very well yet."
The panel's advice is not binding and it is not clear whether the European Commission will follow the recommendation.
It has become increasingly clear that the global pursuit of biofuels - encouraged by a rash of targets and subsides in both Europe and the United States - has not produced the desired effect.
Investigations have shown, for example, rain forests and peat swamp are being cleared to make way for biofuel plantations, a process that produces more emissions than the biofuels can save. Equally concerning, land needed to produce food for people to eat is planted with more profitable biofuel crops, and water is diverted from the drinking supply.
In Europe and the United States, food prices for items like pizza and bread have increased significantly as grain stores shrink and wheat prices rise.
The price of wheat and rice are double those of a year ago, and corn is a third higher, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization said this week.
"Food price inflation hits the poor hardest, as the share of food in their total expenditures is much higher than that of wealthier populations," said Henri Josserand of the Food and Agriculture Organization
For example, the European Environment Agency advisory panel suggests that the best use of plant biomass is not for transport fuel but to heat homes and generate electricity.
To be useful for vehicles, plant matter must be distilled to a fuel and often transported long distances. To heat a home, it can often be used raw or with minimal processing, and moved just a short distance away 2009年11月15日三級筆譯實物真題
英譯漢
Plans are well under way for a year of celebrations to mark the upcoming bicentennial of one of Poland's favorite native sons-Frédéric, Chopin.
The prestigious International Chopin Competition for pianists will mark its 16th edition in October 2010. Held every five years, the competition draws scores of young musicians from all over the world. In addition, Warsaw's Chopin Museum, with world's largest collection of Chopin documents and other artifacts, will to dozens of sites in and the lived, ate, studied, performed, visited or even partied.
"Actually, Chopin doesn't need to be promoted, but we hope that Poland and Polish culture can be promoted through Chopin," said Monika Strugala, who is coordinating the Chopin 2010 program under the aegis of the Fryderyk Chopin Institute, a body set up by the Sejm in 2001 to promote and protect Chopin's work and image. "We want to confirm to all that he is a very, very important Polish symbol," she said. Indeed, it's not much of an exaggeration to say that Chopin's music flows through the Polish national consciousness like some sort of cultural lifeblood.
The son of a Polish mother and a French émigré father, Chopin was born in a manor house at Zelazowa Wola, about 50 kilometers, or 30 miles, west of Warsaw, and moved to Warsaw as an infant.
The manor is something of a Chopin shrine-since the 1930 s it has been a museum and center for concerts. Like the Chopin Museum in Warsaw, it, too, is undergoing extensive renovation as part of bicentennial preparations. Chopin spent his first 20 years in and around Warsaw. He was already a noted pianist as a boy and composed concertos and other important works as a teenager. He carried Polish soil with him when he left Warsaw on a concert tour in 1830, just a few weeks before the outbreak of the November Uprising, an abortive Polish revolt against Czarist Russia, which then ruled Warsaw and a broad swath of Polish territory.
Chopin remained in exile in France after the uprising was crushed. But so attached was he to his native land that after his death in Paris in 1849 his heart-on his own instructions-was brought back to Warsaw for interment. The rest of his body is buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
"For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also,"reads the Biblical inscription on a plaque where his heart is kept today, preserved in an urn and concealed in a pillar of the Holy Cross Church in central Warsaw. Mozart's"Requiem" will be performed here as part of Bicentennial events.
Exile and patriotism, as well as extraordinary genius, have long made Chopin's appeal transcend all manner of social and political divides.
Polish folk motifs thread through some of his finest pieces, and patriotic fervor, as well as homesick longing, infuse some of his best-known works.
漢譯英
國際金融危機給中國帶來了前所未有的困難和挑戰。主要表現在：經濟增長壓力明顯加大，進出口繼續下滑，工業生產明顯放緩，部分企業生產經營困難，就業難度加大。這場國際金融危機與中國發展方式轉變、經濟結構調整的關鍵時期不期而遇，新的挑戰與既有矛盾相互交織，加大了我們解決問題的難度。
為應對國際金融危機沖擊、保持經濟平穩較快發展，中國及時調整宏觀經濟政策，果斷實施積極的財政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，形成了進一步擴大內需、促進經濟增長的一攬子計劃。
政府大規模增加政府支出，實施總額4萬億元人民幣的兩年投資計劃，實行結構性減稅政策，多次降息和增加銀行體系流動性，大范圍實施產業調整振興規劃，大力推進科技創新和技術改造，大力加強節能減排和生態環境保護，繼續調整國民收入分配格局，大力拓展國內市場特別是農村市場，大幅度提高社會保障水平。
這些措施已取得初步成效。國內消費需求比較旺盛，投資需求穩步提高，社會大局保持穩定。
2010年5月9日人事部三級筆譯真題回憶
英譯漢(出自紐約時報2009.3.26)：
LECCO, Italy —In 2003, to confront the triple threats of childhood obesity, local traffic jams and — most important — a rise in global greenhouse gases abetted by car emissions, an environmental group here proposed a retro-radical concept: children should walk to school.
They set up a piedibus (literally foot-bus in Italian) — a bus route with a driver but no vehicle. Each morning a mix of paid staff members and parental volunteers in fluorescent yellow vests lead lines of walking students along Leccos twisting streets to the schools gates, Pied Piper-style, stopping here and there as their flock expands.
At the Carducci School, 100 children, or more than half of the students, now take walking buses. Many of them were previously driven in cars. Giulio Greppi, a 9-year-old with shaggy blond hair, said he had been driven about a third of a mile each way until he started taking the piedibus. “I get to see my friends and we feel special because we know its good for the environment,” he said.
Although the routes are each generally less than a mile, the towns piedibuses have so far eliminated more than 100,000 miles of car travel and, in principle, prevented thousands of tons of greenhouse gases from entering the air, Dario Pesenti, the towns environment auditor, estimates.
The number of children who are driven to school over all is rising in the United States and Europe, experts on both continents say, making up a sizable chunk of transportations contribution to greenhouse-gas emissions. The “school run” made up 18 percent of car trips by urban residents of Britain last year, a national survey showed.
In 1969, 40 percent of students in the United States walked to school; in 2001, the most recent year data was collected, 13 percent did, according to the federal governments National Household Travel Survey.
Leccos walking bus was the first in Italy, but hundreds have cropped up elsewhere in Europe and, more recently, in North America to combat the trend.
Towns in France, Britain and elsewhere in Italy have created such routes, although few are as extensive and long-
全球氣候變化深刻影響著人類生存和發展，是各國共同面臨的重大挑戰。氣候變化是人類發展進程中出現的問題，既受自然因素影響，也受人類活動影響，既是環境問題，更是發展問題，同各國發展階段、生活方式、人口規模、資源稟賦以及國際產業分工等因素密切相關。
歸根到底，應對氣候變化問題應該也只能在發展過程中推進，應該也只能靠共同發展來解決。中國已經制定和實施了《應對氣候變化國家方案》，明確提出2005年到2010年降低單位國內生產總值能耗和主要污染物排放、提高森林覆蓋率和可再生能源比重等有約束力的國家指標。
中國高度重視和積極推動以人為本、全面協調可持續的科學發展，明確提出了建設生態文明的重大戰略任務，強調要堅持節約資源和保護環境的基本國策，堅持走可持續發展道路，在加快建設資源節約型、環境友好型社會和建設創新型國家的進程中不斷為應對氣候變化作出貢獻。
今后，中國將進一步把應對氣候變化納入經濟社會發展規劃，并繼續采取強有力的措施。一是加強節能、提高能效工作，爭取到2020年單位國內生產總值二氧化碳排放比2005年有顯著下降。二是大力發展可再生能源和核能。三是大力增加森林碳匯。四是大力發展綠色經濟，積極發展低碳經濟和循環經濟，研發和推廣氣候友好技術。
2011年5月人事部三級筆譯真題
第一部分 英譯漢
The prehistoric monument of Stonehenge stands tall in the British countryside as one of the last remnants of the Neolithic Age. Recently it has also become the latest symbol of another era: the new fiscal austerity.
Renovations — including a plan to replace the sites run-down visitors center with one almost five times bigger and to close a busy road that runs along the 5,000-year-old monument — had to be mothballed in June. The British government had suddenly withdrawn 10 million, or $16 million, in financing for the project as part of a budget squeeze.
Stonehenge, once a temple with giant stone slabs aligned in a circle to mark the passage of the sun, is among the most prominent victims of the governments spending cuts. The decision was heavily criticized by local lawmakers, especially because Stonehenge, a Unesco World Heritage site, was part of Londons successful bid “Its a disgrace,” said Ian West, a Wiltshire councilor. “The visitor facilities are definitely not fit for purpose.” Alan Brown, who was visiting from Australia this week, agreed. “They should really treat this site as the best prehistoric site,” Mr. Brown said. “There is so much more they could do to improve it.”
Stonehenge is the busiest tourist attraction in Britains southwest, topping even Windsor Castle. But no major improvements have been made to the facilities there since they were built 40 years ago.
For now, portable toilets lead from a crammed parking lot, via a makeshift souvenir shop in a tent, to a ticket office opposite a small kiosk that sells coffee and snacks.
The overhaul was scheduled for next spring. Plans by the architectural firm Denton Corker Marshall would keep the stone monument itself unchanged. But the current ticket office and shop would be demolished and a new visitors center would be built on the other side of the monument, about two and a half kilometers, or 1.5 miles, from the stones.
The center would include a shop almost five times the size of the current one, a proper restaurant, three times as many parking spots and an exhibition space to provide more information about Stonehenges history.
A transit system would shuttle visitors between the center and the stones while footpaths would encourage tourists to walk to the monument and explore the surrounding burial hills. The closed road would be grassed over to improve the surrounding landscape.
Last year, the 27 million project won the backing of former Prime Minister Gordon Brown. After more than 25 years of bickering with local communities about how and where to build the new center, planning permission was granted in January. Construction was supposed to start next year and be completed in time for the Olympics — but the economic downturn has changed those plans.
The new prime minister, David Cameron, has reversed many of his predecessors promises as part of a program to cut more than 99 billion annually over the next five years to help close a gaping budget deficit. The financing for Stonehenge fell in the first round of cuts, worth about 6.2 billion, from the budget for the current year, along with support for a hospital and the British Film Institute.
“We are frustrated and disappointed,” Peter Carson, head of Stonehenge, said, standing in a windowless office at the site surrounded by boxes filled with toys and other souvenirs from the gift shop. It is now unclear whether someone else may step in to pay for the new visitors center.
English Heritage, a partly government-financed organization that owns Stonehenge and more than 400 other historic sites in the country, is now aggressively looking for private donations. But the economic downturn has made the endeavor more difficult.
Gary Norman, a tourist from Phoenix, said it was obvious that the visitors center was too small, but he
acknowledged that “right now, with a global recession, 10 million is a lot of money.”
Hunched over architectural renderings of the new center, Loraine Knowles, Stonehenges project director, said she was disappointed that the government had withdrawn money while continuing to support museums in London, like the Tate and the British Museum.
But Ms. Knowles said she was hopeful that English Heritage could raise the money elsewhere. Stonehenge, she said, could then also become “a shining example of how philanthropy could work.”
第二部分漢譯英 2010年9月7日國家副主席在聯合國貿發會的發言
堅持對外開放基本國策，堅定不移地發展開放型經濟、奉行互利共贏的開放戰略，是改革開放30多年來中國經濟持續快速發展的一條成功經驗。招商引資、擇優選資，促進“引資”與“引智”相結合，是中國對外開放的重要內容。截至2010年7月，中國累計設立外商投資企業69.8萬家，實際使用外資1.05萬億美元。目前中國22%的稅收、28%的工業增加值、55%的進出口、50%的技術引進、約4500萬人的就業，都來自外商投資企業的貢獻。對外開放、吸引外資是互利共贏的。對中國來說，通過持續吸引外資為國家現代化建設提供了必要的資金、先進的技術和寶貴的管理經驗以及眾多國際化人才。對外商投資企業來說，則贏得了可觀的投資回報，不少在華外商投資企業成為其母公司全球業務的增長亮點和利潤中心。聯合國貿發會議最新調查顯示，目前中國依然是全球最具吸引力的投資東道國。
近年來，中國全面把握對外開放階段性特點，按照完善內外聯動、互利共贏、安全高效的開放型經濟體系的要求，總結實踐中的成功經驗，把“引進來”和“走出去”更好地結合起來，創新對外投資和合作方式，支持企業在研發、生產、銷售等方面開展國際化經營。截至2009年底，中國共在境外設立企業1.3萬家，境外企業資產總額超過1萬億美元，對外投資存量已達2457億美元，投資區域遍布全球177個國家和地區。目前，中國正在加快推進各種形式的對外投資合作，培育發展中國的跨國公司，支持有實力的企業建立國際營銷網絡，加強境外基礎設施建設合作，規范發展對外勞務合作，積極推動境外經貿合作區建設，緩解我國生產能力過剩、內需不足的矛盾，推動國內產業轉型，帶動相關產品和服務出口。
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