2017職稱英語考試閱讀理解解題技巧
職稱英語考試閱讀理解是試卷中分值比重最大的題型。由此可見，想要通過全國專業技術職稱英語考試，必須掌握基本閱讀技能，努力提高閱讀理解能力。
1.閱讀題的解題流程圖
2.定位原句的方法
1)利用題干關鍵詞在原文中定位相關句子
*利用數字信息定位：題干中的時間、價格、比例等數字信息都是很好的定位信息，因為數字在文中十分明顯，容易尋找。
*利用人名、地名和機構名稱定位：人名、地名和機構名稱等一般都是以大寫字母開頭，它們在文中比較突出，容易定位。
*利用生詞及專有名詞定位：題干中的生詞有時是一些專業術語或專門含義的特殊表達，大都也是以大寫字母開頭，這些一般都是照搬原文信息，有利于定位。
*利用題干中的核心詞定位：如果沒有上述的明顯詞匯，就要利用題干中的核心詞匯(如動詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞等)以及短語來定位。
2)利用選項關鍵詞在原文中定位相關句子
有時候題干中沒有關鍵詞，特別是判斷類的題目，如：which ofthe following is true/not true?/Which ofthe followin9…except?這類題目利用選項關鍵詞來定位反而更容易，從而迅速地判斷出選項的對錯與否。
3)利用題目順序與段落順序一致的原則定位
閱讀理解的出題順序和原文的順序基本一致，即第一題的答案應在文章的前部，第二題的答案應在第一題的答案之后。換句話講，靠前的題在靠文章前面的段落尋找答案。這個規律有助于考生確定題干所對應的句子在文中的位置。
下面我們來看具體考點的解題方法：
考點一：主旨題
主旨題是對主題思想提問，是閱讀理解的必考題。
常見主旨大意提問的方式有：
The main idea of this section is
The best title for this passage might be __________.
The main idea of this article is__________.
Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?
The last paragraph is mainly about __________.
The major point discussed in the paragraph is __________.
What is the passage mainly about ?
The subject matter of this selection is __________.
What can you conclude from the passage?
如何抓文章或段落的主旨大意呢?
書最重要的手段還是精讀文章的首段和末段，以及每段的首句。例如：
More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.
It's easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer isdoing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but witha glowing recommendation from his former employers.
Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's disturbing to note howmany of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic inspections orother security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been thevictims of uncommonly bad luck.
For example, a certain keypunch (鍵盤打孔) operator complained of having to stay overtimeto punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch werefor dishonest transaction. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off ( 向……透露 ) the company that was being robbed.
Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met.
Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled (耍弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.
在文章第一段最后一句、第二段最后一句都反復提到了計算機犯罪分子不受懲罰，文章第六段又分析了這種現象的種種原因。故全文核心內容談的是計算機犯罪分子作案后不受懲罰。
* 首段、末段沒有明確的主題句時，全篇重復的中心詞或每一段中重復的主題詞即為
中心大意。例如：
The differences in living standards around the world are vast. In 1993, the average American had an income of about $25,000. In the same year, the average Mexican earned $7,000, and the average Nigerian earned $1,500. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life. Changes in living standards over time are also large. In the United States, incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year (after adjusting for changes in the cost of living). At this rate, average income doubles every 35 years. In some countries, economic growth has been even more rapid. In Japan, for instance, average income has doubled in the past 20 years, and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10 years.
What explains these large differences in living standards among countries and over time? Thanswer is surprisingly simple. Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries' productivity-- that is, the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time. In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time, most people enjoy a high standard of living—— in nations where workers are less productive, most people must endure a more meager existence. Similarly, the growth rate of a nation's productivity determines the growth rate of its average income.
The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching. If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards, other explanations must be of secondary importance. For example, people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage laws contributed to the rise in living standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity.
The relationship between productivity and living standards also has great implications for public policy. When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards, the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services. To improve living standards,policymakers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the tools needed to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.
全文沒有主題段，但從每段主題句(畫線句子)中重復的單詞productivity和living standards可以看出，該主旨題的答案中應該同時包含這兩個主題詞。
*沒有主題句，也少有重復的詞，需要通過總結全文、并讀透字里行間的意義來確定。
A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. All day long,the driver answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her rout on schedule.
本段沒有主題句。讀者只能通過通讀全文來歸納出隱含主題：Driving a bus is hard work.
考點二：細節題職稱英語考試閱讀理解部分對文章細節信息的考查占總分比重最大，約占60%。對細節題的考查包括事實信息題和邏輯關系細節題。解答前者的關鍵是準確定位，而后者除了準確定位之外，還需要把握文章句與句之間、段與段之間的邏輯關系。
常見的考查邏輯關系的提問方式為：
●…because__________.
●…includes__________.
●…except__________.
●Which ofthe followin9…true/not true?
●Who/When/Where/Why/How/What…?
為了考查考生是否真正掌握了文章的行文規律和布局特色，閱讀測試常常會在有一定邏輯關系的地方(詞與詞之間、句與句之間、段與段之間)設置考題，考查細節，需要考生從題目回到原文，找到相關信息點，并通過表示邏輯關系的連詞判斷哪個選項是真正符合原文關系的信息再現。
英語銜接手段有很多種，比如：指示(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、連接(conjunction)、詞匯銜接(1exical cohesion)等。一般來說，句與句之間或段與段之間存在著下列10種語義連貫：列舉、附加、比較、對比、讓步、重復、結果、結論、時間和強調。表達這10種語義聯系的銜接詞也有10類：
●列舉：for example，for instance，for one thin9，to illustrate，in particular,in general，significantly,frequently,occasionally
●遞進：again，in addition，t00，besides，furthermore，as well，next to
●比較: similarly,likewise，at the same time，in the same way
●對比：but，however,nevertheless，still，conversely,whereas，though，on the contrary,by contract，on the one hand…on the other hand
●讓步(即轉折)：doubtless，surely,granted that，although this may be true，no doubt，I concede，I admit
·解釋：again，as has been pointed out，to repeat，in other words，as I have said above，once again，或者用代詞it，that，the one，they,those等來避免重復
●因果：therefore，thus，hence，S0，consequently,as a result，all in all，because
●結論：thus，finally,hence，in conclusion，to sum up，to summarize，to conclude，in short，in aword...
●時間：earlier,formerly,afterwards，later,presently,subsequently,meanwhile，after a while，at last，at that time，in the mean time，in the past，until now
●強調：indeed，equally,chiefly,even more important
除此之外，還可通過重復關鍵詞組來實現句與句之間或段與段之間的語義連貫。
考點三：推理題
常見判斷推理題的提問方式有：
●It can be inferred from the text/paragraph that__________.
●What is implied in the paragraph one?
●The primary purpose of the passage is to__________.
●It may be concluded from the passage that__________.
●The survey indicates that__________.
推理就是以已知的事實為依據，來獲得未知的信息。在閱讀中，我們要善于利用文章中明確表示的內容，進行正確的推理，以挖掘作者的隱含意思，要求進行推理的問題，在文中往往找不到直接答案。在職稱英語考試中，推理題的正確選項往往與原文中的信息有或多或少的直接關系。
如果問題要求理解某句或某段的隱含意義，那么我們必須在文中找到所涉及的關鍵詞語，仔細閱讀一至兩遍，吃透意思，并以此為根據，進行分析和推理。然后，再逐個考慮選擇項，選出答案。
如果需要進行推理判斷的內容涉及全文，則必須在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文邏輯發展過程的基礎上，才能進行正確的推理判斷。
考點四：詞匯題
在閱讀理解測試中必然考查對單詞或詞組意義的理解。閱讀中的生詞不是孤立的，而是與其上下文中的詞、句乃至整個篇章，在意義上、結構上或邏輯上存在聯系。這些聯系便是我們推測詞義的依據，通常簡稱為詞的上下文線索(context clues)。所以，從根本上說，猜詞題就是要求考生通過原文的已知線索，猜測出一些未知信息，而不是考查考生到底背了多少詞匯。
常見猜詞題的提問方式有：
●The word…probably means__________.
●The term…could be best replaced by__________.
●The phrase…is closest in meaning to which of the following?
●The word…probably refers to__________.
●By…the author means__________.
●… as used in the passage，can be best described as__________.
同其他類型的題目一樣，猜詞題也有一定的順序和方法，請看下面的表格：
考點五：態度題
考查觀點態度的提問方式有：
●What is the author’s attitude towards__________.
●The author’s tone would be best described as__________.
●What is the author’s opinion of__________.
●The author probably__________the method.
●Which of the following the author is most likely to agree with?
●How does the author feel about/think of__________.
下面我們以表格的形式來展示態度題的命題規律及解題方式：
解答態度題就必須熟悉表示態度的詞匯。下面我們來熟悉一下態度題中常見的態度詞：
1)表示贊成的態度詞：positive，optimistic，supportive，praising，encouraging，approve
2)表示反對的態度詞：negative，pessimistic，opposing，blaming，discouraging，prejudice，biased scared，afraid，fear,disapprove，critical，skeptical，suspicious
3)表示沒有態度的詞：indifferent，compromising，disinterested，impassive
4)表示中立的態度詞：neutral，objective
態度題要求考生能夠捕捉作者對某事物或觀點的態度：贊成或反對、支持或否定、褒獎或貶抑。閱讀理解的文章大多會體現出作者的態度，因此表示“無關緊要”“漠不關心”等字眼就是混淆項，不能選。
職稱英語考試中，偶爾會出現難度較高的態度題。此時考查原文表示態度的語句，它們已經不再是簡單的單詞或詞組，還包含下列常見的句型：
1)it無人稱句在閱讀中的批判表達。
2)用否定的前后綴表達作者的情感。
3)通過雙重否定句型表達作者的強調。
4)通過評價性副詞對整個句子進行的評價表明情感。
5)通過虛擬句型來表達情緒。
6)通過情態動詞來看作者的情感。
• 如表格中黑體字所示：在問作者的觀點時，要尋找全文的態度詞或態度句子。如果詢問篇章中某人的觀點，則為要回到原文中找到表示此人的態度詞。
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