托福閱讀理解練習(xí)題
考生在備考托福考試的時(shí)候，一定要注意對(duì)閱讀理解的練習(xí)，下面是小編送給大家的一篇托福閱讀理解練習(xí)題，供大家練習(xí)。
The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.
The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.
In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is nature.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization. 1. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?
(A) Their naturalistic themes
(B) Their importance in museum collections
(C) Their British origin
(D) Their role in an industrialized society
2. According to the passage , before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be
(A) defenders of moral standards
(B) creators of cheap merchandise
(C) skilled workers
(D) artists
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movement would have considered all of the following to be artists EXCEPT
(A) creators of textile designs
(B) people who produce handmade glass objects
(C) operators of machines that automatically cut legs for furniture
(D) metalworkers who create unique pieces of jewelry
4. The word "revered" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) respected
(B) described
(C) avoided
(D) created
5. According to paragraph 2, the handcrafted objects in the homes of middle- and working-class families usually were
(A) made by members of the family
(B) the least expensive objects in their homes
(C) regarded as being morally uplifting
(D) thought to symbolize progress
6. The word "extolled" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) exposed
(B) praised
(C) believed
(D) accepted
7. The author mentions all of the following as attributes of handcrafted objects EXCEPT
(A) the pride with which they were crafted
(B) the complexity of their design
(C) the long time that they lasted
(D) the quality of their materials
8. The word "consistent" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) conservative
(B) considerable
(C) constant
(D) concrete
9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred at the same time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?
(A) The creation of brighter and more airy spaces inside homes
(B) The rejection of art that depicted nature in a realistic manner
(C) A decline of interest in art museum collections
(D) An increase in the buying of imported art objects
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?
(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth century concentrated on acquiring paintings.
(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States, unlike the one in Britain, did not react strongly against mechanized processes.
(C) Handcrafted objects in the United States and Britain in the nineteenth century did not use geometric designs.
(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement believed in the beneficial effect for people from being surrounded by beautiful objects.
參考答案：DCCAC BBCAD
附：托福閱讀技巧之做題的誤區(qū)
考生做舊托福考試(TOEFL)閱讀或者平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)時(shí)，時(shí)常表現(xiàn)出一些不良的做題習(xí)慣。有些考生讀文章時(shí)喜歡在試題上劃線，似乎不做記號(hào)，閱讀就無法進(jìn)行，思維就停止活動(dòng)。不過在新托福網(wǎng)絡(luò)考試中，考生面對(duì)電腦就做不了任何標(biāo)志記號(hào)。
有些考生文章根本不讀完，直接做題。這種方法相當(dāng)于瞎子摸象，對(duì)文章只有局部的感覺，整個(gè)文章的概念無法獲得。要提醒考生的是，近年考試中針對(duì)整個(gè)文章提問的題量有所增加。所以，這種不看文章直接做題的方法是極其危險(xiǎn)的。
有些考生則喜歡把文章一字不漏地細(xì)讀之后再做題。這種方法僅適合于兩種情況，其一，考生已具備相當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x水平，長(zhǎng)期以來運(yùn)用這種方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具體的文章是考生所熟悉的內(nèi)容，細(xì)讀文章并不會(huì)花太多的時(shí)間。一般來說，大部分考生采用細(xì)讀文章方法，做題時(shí)間嚴(yán)重不足。考生不應(yīng)該忘記，閱讀理解測(cè)試速度和理解兩個(gè)方面。
在做詞匯題時(shí)，許多考生認(rèn)為做不對(duì)題與自己的詞匯量有關(guān)，認(rèn)識(shí)單詞能做對(duì)，不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞就會(huì)做錯(cuò)。事實(shí)上，那些認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞經(jīng)常做錯(cuò)，不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞反而能做對(duì)。原因是，做不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí)，考生會(huì)仔細(xì)研讀詞匯題的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做認(rèn)識(shí)單詞時(shí)，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是裝模作樣的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉擇。所以，做好詞匯題關(guān)鍵在于透徹分析上下文--詞匯題的句子以及上下一句話，有時(shí)候，個(gè)別詞匯題也許需要在文章其他段落尋找線索。
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