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公共英語五級寫作語法解析
引言：公共英語五級是全國公共英語等級考試(PETS)五個級別中的最高級，相當于我國大學英語專業二年級結束時的水平。針對備戰公五的小伙伴們，小編教大家如何突破語法。
一、虛擬語氣
1.概念
虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個條件，不一定是事實，或與事實相反。
2.在條件句中的應用
條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實條件句，一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設的或實際可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。
二、真實條件句
真實條件句用于陳述語氣，假設的情況可能發生，其中if是“如果”的意思。
時態關系
句型：條件從句+主句 一般現在時：shall/will + 動詞原形
If he comes, he will bring his violin.
典型例題
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
答案B。真實條件句主句為將來時，從句用一般現在時。
注意：
1) 在真實條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來，該用shall, will.
(錯) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
(對) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
2) 表示真理時，主句謂語動詞便不用shall (will) +動詞原形，而直接用一般現在時的動詞形式。
三、非真實條件句
時態：可以表示過去，現在和將來的情況。它的基本特點是時態退后。
a.同現在事實相反的假設。
句型：條件從句+主句
一般過去時：should(would)+動詞原形
If they were here, they would help you.
b.表示于過去事實相反的假設。
句型：條件從句+主句
過去完成時：should(would)have+ 過去分詞
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含義： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.
c.表示對將來的假想
句型：條件從句+主句
一般過去時：should+動詞原形/were+不定式/would+動詞原形/should+ 動詞原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
四、混合條件句
主句與從句的動作發生在不同的時間，這時主，從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
(從句與過去事實相反，主句與現在事實相反。)
If it had rained last night (過去), it would be very cold today (現在).
五、虛擬條件句的倒裝
虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were、should、或had可將if省略，再把were、should或had移到從句句首，實行倒裝。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虛擬語氣的從句中，動詞“be”的過去時態一律用“were”，不用was，即在從句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就會去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right.
如果他在這兒，一切都會好的。
典型例題
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個詞，通常將if省略，主語提前, 變成 were、should、had+主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do，而不能說 Weren’t I to do.
六、
besides
except
except for
except that
but
but for besides除t know Peter except that hes an Japanese.
Theres nothing but a chair in the room.
But for your help，I wouldnt have finished my homework.
注意：
(1)形容詞最高級前要用the，而副詞最高級前的the可省。
(2)下面這些詞的比較等級可在后面加-er/-est或在前面加more/most構成。
cruel， often， able， clear， clever， correct， dear， free， friendly， happy， handsome， likely， lively， pleasant， right， simple， quiet， solid， strange， strict， stupid， wrong， etc.
形容詞、副詞比較等級常用的句型及用法：
類別 用法及意義 句型結構 例句
原級 沒有比較 very / so / quite / too， etc. +原級 It was very warm yesterday.
二者比較程度相同 as+原級+as+比較對象 You are as clever as Mike.
一方是另一方的幾倍 ...times as+原級+as+比較對象 This bridge is five times as long as that one.
二者比，程度不同 ...not as+原級+as+比較對象 You are not as tall as he.
二者比，前者不如后者 ...not so+原級+as+比較對象 Math isnt so hard as physics.
比 較 級 二者比，一方比另一方更re younger than Tom.
二者比，A比Bs much hotter today than it was yesterday.
A比B甚至還要s still stronger than Jack.
Hes far older than you.
表越來越s getting fatter and fatter.
A比B(高，長s getting healthier and stronger than his brother.
表比s less rich than he.
表與其說，不如s more than a teacher.
Shes more than tired.
表并不比某某s no taller than you.
最高級 三者或三者以上比較某某最s one of the best students in this class.
第幾大/長s a letter for you.
用于指初次提到某人/物 She has a dog.
指某類物或人中的任何一個 A horse runs fast.
用在不可數名詞前表一次/場/或一個/種人或物 I would like a coffee.
用于時間、度量衡名詞前表每一 He has two meals a day.
用于某些習慣用語或固定詞組中 as a result，have a rest
have a chat，in a hurry
have a word with sb.
a little，a lot，a pair of
a cup of，a great deal of.
七、Your boyfriend told you.
過去將來時態 should+v.原/would+v.原表過去預計將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。常用于從句或引語中 常用于狀語從句、名詞性從句或間接引語中。 She said she would vote for me.
She said she wouldnt vote for me.
were/was going to+v.原表過去即將發生或打算要做 She said it was going to rain soon.
was/were+v.-ing表過去的計劃，安排 I wondered when the plane was arriving.
was/were about to+v. 原表過去即將，就要 I was about to go out when the phone rang.
was/were to+v.原表過去的計劃決定，要求命令等 He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.
現在進行時態 說話時正進行的動作 now， at present， these days，
this morning / week / month， during this season， Look! Listen! etc.
always， constantly， frequently， all the time He is playing basketball now.
現階段正進行的動作 Im writing a book these days.
表計劃安排好的將來動作 Shes flying to Paris tomorrow.
八、名詞性從句
概念
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
引導名詞性從句的連接詞 引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：
連接詞：that、whether、if不充當從句的任何成分)
連接代詞：what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、whose、which.
連接副詞：when、where、how、why
不可省略的連詞
1. 介詞后的連詞
2. 引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比較：whether與if 均為“是否”的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether不能被if 取代：
1. whether引導主語從句并在句首
2. 引導表語從句
3. whether從句作介詞賓語
4. 從句后有“or not”
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分連接詞引導的主語從句都可以置于句末，用it充當形式主語。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
九、名詞性that-從句
1)由從屬連詞that引導的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語，例如：
主語：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他還活著全靠運氣。
賓語：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。
表語：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實是近來誰也沒有見過他。
同位語：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近來誰也沒有見過他，這一事實令辦公室所有的人不安。
形容詞賓語：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你對工作滿意我感到很高興。
2)That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。
It’s a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關系：
a.It + be +形容詞+ that-從句
It is necessary that... 有必要……
It is important that... 重要的是……
It is obvious that... 很明顯……
b. It + be + -ed分詞+ that-從句
It is believed that... 人們相信……
It is known to all that... 從所周知……
It has been decided that... 已決定……
c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句
It is common knowledge that... ……是常識
It is a surprise that... 令人驚奇的是……
It is a fact that... 事實是……
d. It +不及物動詞+ that-分句
It appears that... 似乎……
It happens that... 碰巧……
It occurred to me that... 我突然想起……
十、名詞性wh-從句
由wh-詞引導的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who、whom、whose、whoever、what、whatever、which、whichever等連接代詞和where、when、how、why等連接副詞。
Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等，例如：
主語： How the book will sell depends on its author.書銷售如何取決于作者本人。
直接賓語：In one’s own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲
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