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2017年公共英語四級(jí)考試閱讀B備考練習(xí)
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Part B
Read the following three texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] ,[B] ,[C] or[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics, there are
already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human su'pervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves--goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, " says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. "
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of .the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain' s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented--and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can' t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
36. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
A. the use of machines to produce science fiction
B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
C.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
D. the elite' s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
37. The word "gizmos" ( Line 1, Paragraph 2 ) most probably means
A. programs
B. experts
C. devices
D. creatures
38. According to the text, what is beyond man' s ability now is to design a robot that can
A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
B. interact with human beings verbally
C. have a little common sense
D. respond independently to a changing world
39. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
A. make a few decisions for themselves
B. deal with some errors with human intervention
C. improve factory environments
D. cultivate human creativity
40. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure
B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately
C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
D. best used in a controlled environment
Text 2
Education is primarily the responsibility of the states. State constitutions set up certain standards and rules for the establishment of school. State laws require children to go to school until they reach a certain age. The actual control of the schools, however, is usually a local matter.
The control of the schools does not usually come directly from the local government. In each of the three types of city government, public schools are generally quite separate and independent.
They cooperate with local officials but are not dominated by the municipal government. Most Americans believe that schools should be free of political pressures. They believe that the separate control of the school systems preserves such freedom.
Public schools are usually maintained by school districts. The state often sets the district boundaries. Sometimes the school district has the same boundaries as the city. Sometimes it is larger than the city.
In the South, county boards of education members are elected. In some places they are appointed by the mayor or city council. The state legislature decides which method should be used.
Most district boards of education try to give all pupils a chance to get a good education. A good education prepares a person to live a better life. It helps him to become a better citizen.
Nearly all states give financial aid to local school districts. State departments of education offer other kinds of aid. States offer help with such things as program planning and the school districts.
The federal government also helps. The National Defense Education Act allows school districts to get financial aid for certain purposes. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 added many other kinds of financial help. But neither the state nor the federal government dictates school policy. This is determined by local school boards.
41. Which of the following law is related to education?
A. The National Defense Education Act.
B. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
C. The Independence Act.
D. Both A and B.
42. How did the state control education?
A. By setting up certain standard and rules.
B. By requesting the children to go to schools until they are of certain age.
C. Either A or B.
D. Both A and B.
43. How did they preserve the freedoem of the schools from political pressure?
A. By uniting all the schools into a union.
B. By having the federal administration.
C. By having separate and independent control.
D. By cooperating with the state government.
44. People favor the independence of school for the reason that
A. people believe that it will ensure the existence of freedom
B. people believe that it will deprive the school of the financial aid
C. local government can rid itself from the financial burden
D. state government is not willing to exert its effort on it
45. The school district is likely to be all of the following EXCEPT
A. larger than city district
B. larger than the state district
C. the same as the city district
D. Both A and C
Text 3
Karen Rusa was a 30-year-old woman and the mother of four children. For the past several months Karenhad been experiencing repetitive thoughts that centered around her children' s safety.
She frequently found herself imagining that a serious accident had occurred; she was unable to put these thoughts out of her mind. On one such occasion she imagined that her son, Alan, had broken his leg playing football at school. There was no reason to believe that an accident had occurred, but she kept thinking about the possibility until she finally called the school to see if Alan was all right. Even after receiving their assurance that he had not been hurt, she described herself as being
somewhat surprised when he later arrived home unharmed. Karen also noted that her daily routine was seriously hampered by an extensive series of counting work that she performed throughout each day. Specific numbers had come to have a special meaning to her; she found that her preoccupation with these numbers was hampering her ability to perform everyday activities. One example was grocery shopping. Karen believed that if she selected the first item on the shelf, something terrible
would happen to her oldest child. If she selected the second item, some unknown disaster would fall on her second child, and so on for the four children. Karen' s preoccupation with numbers extended to other activities, most notable the pattern in which she smoked cigarettes and drank coffee. If she had one cigarette; she believed that she had to smoke at least four in a row, or one of her children word be harmed in some way. If she drank one cup of coffee, she felt compelled to
drink four. Karen acknowledged the unreasonableness of these rules, but, nevertheless, maintained that she felt more comfortable.,When she observed them earnestly, when she was occasionally in too great a hurry to observe these rules, she experienced considerable anxiety, in the form of a subjective feeling of dread and fear. She described herself as tense, uneasy, and unable to relax during
these periods. The occurrence of rarely minor accidents does not reduce her belief that she had beendirectly responsible because of her inability to observe the. rules about number.
46. The main idea of this passage is to .
A. describe a woman who suffered from a psychological disease
B. warn the readers against any imagination
C. explain the reason why Karen had such fanciful thoughts
D. present a case for the readers to study
47. Which of the following statements, if true, could most probably cure Karen of the illness?
A. Her children were all right.
B. She had a job having little to do with numbers.
C. She went to a psychoanalyst.
D. She gave up smoking and drinking coffee.
48. What does the underlined word preoccupation mean?
A. The fin'st right to occupy something.
B. The first impression.
C . The extreme focus of attention.
D. The question.
49. Which of the following inferences is most probably NOT true according to the passage?
A. When Karen was in a great hurry to smoke, she would feel much anxiety.
B. If she selected the fourth item on the sheff in a group, the fourth child must experience some unknown disaster.
C. Drinking four cups of coffee would make Karen more comfortable than drinking two cups.
D. Karen was a mother of four sons.
50. The author cited the example of the grocery shopping to
A. demonstrate her children' s safety was closely related to the item she selected in the store
B. account for Karen' s inability to perform everyday activities
C . show how specific numbers were related to the safety of her children
D. further explain that Karen was suffering from a psychological illness
答案與解析：
Part B
Text l .
閱讀賞析
本文首先講述了人們一直以來在制造越來越精巧的工具方面所作出的努力。這一努力的結(jié)果是各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的機(jī)械化。從世界上看來，智能機(jī)器已經(jīng)廣泛用于工廠、銀行、地鐵、醫(yī)療等行業(yè)。為了更多地節(jié)省勞力，科學(xué)家們預(yù)想讓機(jī)器模擬人的行為，甚至人的思維。但這一預(yù)想在近些年是難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
答案及解析
36.C
【命題目的】此題考查考生對(duì)文首細(xì)節(jié)的捕捉。
【解題要點(diǎn)】解題的關(guān)鍵在于準(zhǔn)確理解第一句話的含義，句中并沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)the elite精英人才，只提到“people have devised cunning tools”， 因此排除選項(xiàng)D精英人才機(jī)智地應(yīng)付危險(xiǎn)和枯燥的工作，而A、B兩 項(xiàng)都不符合題中initially最初、最早這一要求，故選C。
37.C
【命題目的】此題考查考生依據(jù)上下文推測(cè)詞義的能力。
【解題要點(diǎn)】本題要判斷gizmos這一單詞的含義，由第一段提到ro-botics，而“conferring human capabilities oll machines”與修飾gizmos的 定語從句中remove，much human labor相照應(yīng)，聯(lián)系上下文句意，giz-mos應(yīng)該是與機(jī)器人有關(guān)，因此排除A、B、D，選c。
38.D
【命題目的】此題考查對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的捕捉。
【解題要點(diǎn)】A強(qiáng)調(diào)“fulfill delicate tasks”，第二段最后一句指出，已經(jīng) 有機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)，能完成某些大腦或骨科外科手術(shù)，因此排除A;B強(qiáng) 調(diào)與人進(jìn)行言語上的交流，第二段第三句則指出“automated teller ter-minals”可以“thank US with mechanical politeness”，因此8亦被排除; C強(qiáng)調(diào)“have a little common sense”，從第三段Dave Lavery的話可以 看出，機(jī)器人不是沒有common sense，而是沒有enough common sense，排除C;只有D符合第三段原意，機(jī)器人尚不能“reliably inter-act with a dynamic world”。
39.B
【命題目的】此題考查對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的捕捉。
【解題要點(diǎn)】由第三段第一句可以看出，機(jī)器人尚不能“make at least a few decisions for themselves”，故排除A自己作一些決定。C、D在文 中根本沒有出現(xiàn)這樣的字眼，可不予考慮，而在第三段中，由“We know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error”可得出8項(xiàng)正確。40.C
【命題目的】此題考查對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推理的能力。
【解題要點(diǎn)】本題monkey一詞出現(xiàn)在第五段第三句，由“the human mind Can…immediately disregard the 98%that is irrelevant.Instantane-ously focusing on the monkey…”，可看出，這里談的是人腦能迅速捕捉相關(guān)信息，而忽略無關(guān)信息，由第四句“the most advanced computer systems on Earth Can’t approach that kind of ability”，可知，最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)都不能有這樣的能力，故選C。A、B、D三項(xiàng)都與此例無關(guān)，可排除。
Text 2
閱讀賞析
本文介紹了美國的教育制度。美國的教育主要是各州的任務(wù)，但事實(shí)上對(duì)學(xué)校的控制權(quán)仍在地方。美國人支持獨(dú)立辦學(xué)的精神，所以盡管學(xué)校受地方政府和地方官員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，但有自己的獨(dú)立決策權(quán)。各州規(guī)定學(xué)校的區(qū)劃。在南方，各縣的教育董事會(huì)由選舉產(chǎn)生。一些地方則是由市長或市議會(huì)指定。絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)的教育董事會(huì)都盡力讓所有的孩子有機(jī)會(huì)上學(xué)，有改變自己命運(yùn)的機(jī)會(huì)。各州都對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匦^(qū)撥款，聯(lián)邦政府也有義務(wù)援助教育，國防教育法案和基礎(chǔ)教育法案都對(duì)此有所規(guī)定。
答案及解析
41.D
【命題目的】此題考查對(duì)文章信息的捕捉。
【解題要點(diǎn)】除獨(dú)立法案在文中沒提到，國防教育法及基礎(chǔ)和中等教育法在文中都提到過，所以，D項(xiàng)較全面地概括了答案。
42.D
【命題目的】此題考查文章細(xì)節(jié)。
【解題要點(diǎn)】參看短文第一段，A.B兩項(xiàng)，即“建立一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則”和“要求孩子在一定年齡前必須上學(xué)”，在文中都提到過。
43.C
【命題目的】本題考查對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的捕捉和對(duì)文章整體的把握。
【解題要點(diǎn)】參看第二段最后一句，“他們相信學(xué)校系統(tǒng)的獨(dú)立控制會(huì)保持這種自由”，與C項(xiàng)符合。而且，全文都貫徹一種主張學(xué)校獨(dú)立自主的精神。
44.A
【命題目的】本題考查推理能力。
【解題要點(diǎn)】文章一開始就提到“辦學(xué)自由，不受政治影響”，所以可推知人們支持學(xué)校獨(dú)立是因?yàn)檎J(rèn)為這樣可以保證其自由。
45.B
【命題目的】本題考查對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的捕捉。
【解題要點(diǎn)】第三段中第三、四句提到“學(xué)校區(qū)劃有時(shí)和城市的邊界相同，有時(shí)甚至比城市的邊界還大”，所以A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)都有可能。所以也排除D項(xiàng)。即使從常識(shí)推斷，也可判斷8項(xiàng)是不正確的，因?yàn)橹菹驅(qū)W校撥款，后者不可能比前者大，所以8項(xiàng)不正確。無論用排除法還是正面推理法，都可得出答案是B。
Text 3
閱讀賞析
文章主要描述了一個(gè)遭受心理障礙困擾的女人。在過去幾個(gè)月，這位婦女一直受到有關(guān)她孩子安全的困擾。她經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己總是在想象發(fā)生一系列的嚴(yán)重事故。一次，她對(duì)兒子的安全產(chǎn)生懷疑，直到打電話到學(xué)校證實(shí)兒子安然無恙。在購物時(shí)，她每從貨架上拿一件物品，便想著自己的一個(gè)孩子因此遭殃。她抽煙，喝咖啡，都要連抽4根和連喝4杯。如果做不到，就會(huì)很憂慮。這些都說明她由于過分關(guān)心孩子，受到了嚴(yán)重的精神困擾。
答案及解析46.A
【命題目的】本題考查考生歸納中心思想的能力。
【解題要點(diǎn)】文章第一段前五句說“在過去幾個(gè)月，這位婦女一直受到有關(guān)她孩子安全的困擾。她經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己總是在想象發(fā)生一系列的嚴(yán)重事故。一次，她對(duì)兒子的安全產(chǎn)生懷疑，打電話到學(xué)校證實(shí)兒子安然無恙”。這些足以證明這個(gè)婦女深受心理障礙之苦。
47.C
【命題目的】本題考查細(xì)節(jié)和推理能力。
【解題要點(diǎn)】本題可用排除法，A項(xiàng)“她的孩子安好無恙”，B項(xiàng)“她的工作和數(shù)字無太大關(guān)系”，D項(xiàng)“她戒煙，且不喝咖啡”，這些都只觸及 她心理障礙的表象，不可能治愈她的心理疾病。對(duì)于一個(gè)遭受心理 障礙困擾的女人，應(yīng)該“看心理醫(yī)生”。
48.C
【命題目的】本題考查結(jié)合上下文猜測(cè)詞義。
【解題要點(diǎn)】preoccupation意為“關(guān)注”。the first impression意為“第一印象”。即使不知道詞義，通過上下文也應(yīng)推測(cè)出這里作者想說，“她對(duì)數(shù)字的過分關(guān)注損壞了日常生活能力”，能達(dá)到影響日常生活能力的一定是產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響的活動(dòng)，只有C項(xiàng)表示出“過分”的含義，所以猜測(cè)是該選項(xiàng)。
49.D
【命題目的】本題考查對(duì)信息的捕捉和推理能力。
【解題要點(diǎn)】A項(xiàng)是事實(shí)，文中倒數(shù)第三句有原文表示。文中倒數(shù)第六句提到了“這位婦女在抽煙時(shí)會(huì)感到緊張，要連抽4根煙，因?yàn)楹?怕如果少抽幾根，會(huì)給她的孩子帶來災(zāi)難”，從原文可推測(cè)，這是因?yàn)?她將自己抽的每一根煙看成自己孩子的安全的象征，漏了哪一個(gè)，就都會(huì)給哪個(gè)孩子帶來災(zāi)難，這間接說明她有4個(gè)孩子，故B項(xiàng)也屬 實(shí)。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第五句“她喝了一杯咖啡，那她就一定要連喝到4杯咖啡”，C項(xiàng)符合原文意思。D項(xiàng)說她有4個(gè)兒子，文中只說她有4個(gè)孩子，不一定都是兒子。
50.D
【命題目的】本題考查推理判斷。
【解題要點(diǎn)】文章主要想描述一個(gè)受心理疾病困擾的女人，那么作者引用例子的目的是與此相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)是婦女所抱有的錯(cuò)誤想法，而非作者的引用目的。B項(xiàng)“解釋凱倫不能做日常事情的原因”與中心無關(guān)。“買東西”的例子說明婦女心里困擾已經(jīng)到了影響 日常生活的地步，與D項(xiàng)相符。
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