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公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀文章《植物學(xué)》
人類(lèi)文明是從植物學(xué)開(kāi)始的，比如種地，植物學(xué)一開(kāi)始就是面向生物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)與健康的。植物學(xué)是生物學(xué)的分支學(xué)科。下面，小編為大家送上一篇公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀文章，我們一起走進(jìn)植物學(xué)的世界。
Botany
Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge"at all.
Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10, 000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild - and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.
植物學(xué)
植物學(xué)，即對(duì)植物的研究，在人類(lèi)知識(shí)的歷史中占據(jù)了特殊的地位。這是人類(lèi)幾千年來(lái)超越模糊的認(rèn)知而真正有所了解的領(lǐng)域之一。我們今天不可能知道新石器時(shí)代的祖先們對(duì)植物到底了解多少，但我們?cè)谥两袢源嬖诘那肮I(yè)化社會(huì)觀察到：人類(lèi)對(duì)植物及其特性的詳細(xì)了解應(yīng)該是非常古老的。這是理所當(dāng)然的。植物是其他生物甚至其他植物食物金字塔的基礎(chǔ)。它們對(duì)人們的生活至關(guān)重要，不僅在食物上，而且在衣物、武器、工具、染料、 藥物、住所和許許多多其他的用途上。至今仍生活在亞馬遜河叢林中的部落確實(shí)能夠辨識(shí)幾百種植物并知道每一種的許多特性。對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，植物學(xué)沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)的名稱(chēng)，甚至可能根本未被認(rèn)為是一種專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)。
不幸的是，工業(yè)化的程度越高，我們距直接與植物接觸就越遠(yuǎn)，我們的植物學(xué)知識(shí)的增加也就越微不足道。然而每個(gè)人在不知不覺(jué)中擁有大量的植物學(xué)知識(shí)，很少有人認(rèn)不出玫瑰、蘋(píng)果或蘭花。大約一萬(wàn)年前居住在中東的新時(shí)代的祖先們 發(fā)現(xiàn)某些草能被收獲，它們的種子下一季耕種會(huì)收獲更多時(shí)，人類(lèi)就邁出了人和植物之間的新關(guān)系第一大步。谷子被發(fā)現(xiàn)后，農(nóng)業(yè)的奇跡從此誕生：這就是可栽培的谷物。從那時(shí)起，人類(lèi)越來(lái)越依賴(lài)少數(shù)可控制的作物生存，而不再是從眾多的野生種類(lèi)中這里獲取一點(diǎn)，那里獲取一點(diǎn)。這樣在千萬(wàn)年中對(duì)于野生植物的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和密切聯(lián)系中積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)就開(kāi)始消失了。
附：公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀技巧之如何做釋義性的題目
所謂釋義性的題目，就是要求對(duì)文章中闡述的事物進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的解釋。問(wèn)題往往問(wèn)該事物的特征、優(yōu)點(diǎn)、功能、作用等，如
The main characteristics of the system is _________.
One of the advantages of living in the countryside is _________.
這類(lèi)問(wèn)題在閱讀理解的題目中占較大的比例。因?yàn)椋喿x理解的文章大多是說(shuō)明文體裁。說(shuō)明文就是對(duì)事物解釋?zhuān)x。文章用較大的篇幅來(lái)解釋?zhuān)鸢疙?xiàng)要么是對(duì)這些解釋的另一說(shuō)法，要么是對(duì)這些解釋的歸納。
這類(lèi)問(wèn)題雖屬細(xì)節(jié)題，但不容易做。有兩點(diǎn)要注意。
1.注意解釋的準(zhǔn)確性
干擾項(xiàng)往往在對(duì)文章事物的解釋中，夾帶"私貨：，加進(jìn)一些詞，夸大了原文的意義，作了不合事實(shí)的引伸。
這就告訴我們，在辨別信息時(shí)，對(duì)一些對(duì)原文解釋、歸納的選項(xiàng)，要注意其釋義的準(zhǔn)確性。特別要當(dāng)心在解釋時(shí)加進(jìn)一些修飾詞，如mainly，chiefly，whenever，Only等，使原文的意思發(fā)生細(xì)微的變化。因此有這些詞的選項(xiàng)，多半是錯(cuò)誤的。
2.注意歸納的準(zhǔn)確性來(lái)源：
大多問(wèn)的是事物的主要特點(diǎn)、特征、功能，干擾項(xiàng)卻把次要的、細(xì)節(jié)性的東西，具體事實(shí)混進(jìn)選項(xiàng)。
這告訴我們，在做釋義題，辨別選項(xiàng)時(shí)，要注意區(qū)分細(xì)節(jié)和結(jié)論，事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)。問(wèn)歸納性的結(jié)論，觀點(diǎn)時(shí)不要把具體的細(xì)節(jié)，事實(shí)套上去。
拓展：公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀材料精選
第七部份：Dialogues /monologues:
1、 Cooking at table side has always been part of traditional haute cuisine, or art of cooking.
注意的詞語(yǔ)：art of cooking:烹飪術(shù)，例：art of defense: 武術(shù)。
2、 I’m a very cook.
翻譯為：我是一個(gè)絕對(duì)的廚師。
3、 Stir the mixture until it leaves sides of the bowl.
翻譯為：與碗邊脫離，即不沾碗邊。引申義：就是要求充分?jǐn)噭?
4、 Roll the crust mixture into a round shape.
注意的詞語(yǔ)：roll into: 卷成, 使合為一體。
翻譯為：將外面的蛋糕皮混合物卷成一團(tuán)。
5、 Yes, the apple pie is ready to serve.
注意的詞語(yǔ)：be ready to: 預(yù)備, 即將
翻譯為：是的，蘋(píng)果派可以預(yù)備用了。
練習(xí):
What should be more French than an outdoor market on a sunny Sunday morning? The air is filled with vital fragrances from the fruits and vegetables piled high in the greengrocers’ creative layouts. A trace of the Atlantic blows off the shellfish on the fishmonger’s bed of ice.
This, you think, is the very essence of France, until read those little signs that tell you the tomatoes (which are really pretty tasteless) come from Moroccan hothouses, the grapes from South Africa, and the kiwis from Chile.
For generations, the French have prided themselves on their distinctiveness. Nothing has stood for France’s sense of exceptionalism more famously than its cooking. Gallic talent, taste and techniques have been exported all over the world. And therein lies part of the problem. From the Thames to Tokyo, non-French cooks have cracked the codes of the best French cuisine. Meanwhile, what was mediocre elsewhere has been imported. (Believe it or not, one restaurant associate with a famous Paris chef serves steak with a sauce that’s indistinguishable from the stuff on a Big Mac.) The result: many tourists—as well as the French themselves—no longer see what’s so special about French cooking.
The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high prices. More and more restaurants-owners say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have got stuck in the red tape for which France is infamous—not to mention regulations from Brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the Brie cheese. Many warn that expanding the European Union to the east will hurt small French farmers, who remain the backbone of traditional cuisine—and, hence French identity: Unfortunately for the French, there are few reassuring answers to these questions.
France’s problem isn’t the lack of creativity, but rather an unfavorable political environmentfor creativity. If you’re choked by bureaucracy and taxes, as so much of France is, “there is not much you can do,” says Raymond Blanc, born in the Jura region of France and chef of the two-star hotel-restaurant Manoir aux Quat’saisons. “I can open a business in England in five days. In France it would take three months.” The manoir aux Quat’saisons, by the way, is in Oxford, Britain, France’s ancient rival. And, when it comes to cooking, a future one as well.
參考譯文:
還有什么比晴朗的周日上午的露天市場(chǎng)更具法國(guó)風(fēng)情呢?空氣中滿(mǎn)是水果和蔬菜的香味，這些水果和蔬菜被商販們擺放得極具創(chuàng)意。魚(yú)販子們冰床上的新產(chǎn)品還帶著大西洋的痕跡。
你可能會(huì)認(rèn)為這就是法國(guó)的精髓所在，直到你看到那些小標(biāo)簽上標(biāo)明西紅柿(真的很難吃)是摩洛哥的溫室里培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的，葡萄是從南非出產(chǎn)的，而獼猴桃的產(chǎn)地則是智利。
對(duì)于幾代法國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們都為自己的獨(dú)特而感到驕傲。沒(méi)有什么比烹飪更能代表法國(guó)的優(yōu)越性。法國(guó)人的烹飪天賦、品味以及技術(shù)已經(jīng)遍及世界各地，但是卻存在著問(wèn)題。從泰晤士到東京，非法國(guó)本土廚師已經(jīng)破解出了最高水平法式烹飪的秘訣。與此同時(shí)，其他地方平庸的烹飪技藝被引入法國(guó)。(信不信由你，一家號(hào)稱(chēng)有巴黎名廚的餐館做牛排用的醬料與做巨無(wú)霸所用的醬料別無(wú)兩樣。)其結(jié)果是：許多游客——連同法國(guó)人自己——根本就看不出法國(guó)烹飪到底有什么特別。
這種衰落與最近一項(xiàng)調(diào)查吻合。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示人們對(duì)法式烹飪的平庸及高價(jià)的抱怨在不斷增加。越來(lái)越多的餐館老板聲稱(chēng)政府的稅收和經(jīng)濟(jì)政策使他們的利潤(rùn)減少，因而削弱了他們進(jìn)一步投資或者雇用更多員工的能力。他們陷入繁文縟節(jié)使得法國(guó)聲名狼籍——更不用提布魯塞爾的那些條條框框，從銷(xiāo)售稅到布里干酪里的細(xì)菌含量，這些條條框框的影響遠(yuǎn)處不在。許多人警告說(shuō)，歐盟東擴(kuò)會(huì)損害法國(guó)小農(nóng)場(chǎng)主的利益，而這些人是法國(guó)傳統(tǒng)烹飪的支柱——因此出現(xiàn)了法國(guó)的身份問(wèn)題。讓法國(guó)人感到不幸的是，對(duì)于這些問(wèn)題，至今沒(méi)有找到讓人放心的解決辦法。
法國(guó)的問(wèn)題并不在于缺少創(chuàng)造性，而是政治環(huán)境不利于創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)展。如果官僚作風(fēng)和稅收壓得你透不過(guò)氣來(lái)，就像法國(guó)一樣，“你根本就沒(méi)辦法有所作為。”瑞蒙德.布朗說(shuō)道，他出生在法國(guó)的釹拉地區(qū)，現(xiàn)在是一家叫做四季莊園的二星級(jí)賓館的主廚。“在英國(guó)，我能在五天之內(nèi)開(kāi)店，而在法國(guó)則要花上三個(gè)月時(shí)間。”順便說(shuō)一句，四季莊園開(kāi)在英國(guó)的牛津，法國(guó)的老對(duì)手那里。在烹飪方面，英國(guó)在未來(lái)仍將是法國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。
Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 through 45.
A house is the most expensive thing most people will ever buy. Very few people have enough money of their own to buy a home, so they have to borrow money from a bank. Borrowing money from a bank to buy a house is called “take a mortgage (抵押).”The bank usually lends money or gives a mortgae for twenty-five years. Houses are so expensive that many people nowadays have to borrow as much as $ 50 000. In other words, they will have a $ 50 000 mortgage.
How can you get a mortgage? When you find a house you like, you go to a bank. The bank will research you financial (金融的) history and decide if. they think you are a good risk. They will want to know what kind of job you have, what kind of salary you make, and how long you have had the job. They will also want to know how much money you have. In addition, the banks will require a down payment. Depending on which state you live in, the bank may require as much as 30% of the-price of the house as a down payment. The bank will then lend you the rest of the money to buy the house. Many people are never able to buy a house because they cannot save enough money for the down payment.
1. What does a house mean in the United States?轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com
A) It is a dream which many people can hardly realize.
B) It is so expensive that many people cannot really buy them.
C) It is the most important property that many people try to buy.
D) It doesn't belong to people if they can't borrow money from the bank.
2. If American people borrow money from the bank for 25 years, this means that the person who borrows
A) has twenty-five years to pay back the money
B) has more than twenty-five years to pay back the money
C) has less than twenty-five years to pay back the money
D) has about twenty-five years to pay back the money
3. What does“down payment”refer to in the passage?
A) Money borrowed from a bank as a mortgage.
B) Money paid to a bank before the mortgages is given.
C) Interest received by a person who borrows money as the mortgages.
D) Interest charged by a bank on a mortgage.
4. Which is not one of the things researched by a bank?
A) How much money the borrower owns.
B) What salary the borrower makes.
C) What kind of job the borrower has.
D) What kind of house the borrower lives in.
5. The most suitable title for this passage would be _______.
A) How to Save Money on the House
B) How to Borrow Money from a Bank
C) How to Take a Mortgage
D) How to Buy a House
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