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公共英語三級考試經典語法講解:虛擬語氣

時間:2024-12-16 20:52:26 煒玲 三級 我要投稿
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公共英語三級考試經典語法講解:虛擬語氣

  虛擬語氣表示與客觀事實相反的假設,由if虛擬條件從句和主句構成。下面是小編精心整理的公共英語三級考試經典語法講解:虛擬語氣,歡迎大家分享。

公共英語三級考試經典語法講解:虛擬語氣

  虛擬語氣

  一、虛擬語氣的基本內容

  根據虛擬與其這種與事實相反的假設所對應的時間不同,虛擬語氣的if虛擬條件從句與主句的謂語動詞分別有三類構成形式:

  假設類型If虛擬條件從句

  主句與現在事實相反 Did/were Would/should do 與過去事實相反 Had done Would/should have done 與將來事實可能相反 Were to do/did/should do Would/should do

  例:1、I wouldn't talk that way if I were Peter.

  2、If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money

  would have been lost

  3、Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.

  4、I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.

  5、Do you think there would be less conflict (戰斗、斗爭) in the world if all people spoke the same language.

  6、If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time.

  二、if的省略形式(又稱虛擬語氣的倒裝結構)

  在if虛擬條件從句中,如果謂語部分包含were,should,had等詞,則可以把這些詞放到主語前,省略if,構成虛擬語氣的倒裝結構。

  三、主句與從句時間不一致時虛擬語氣的構成

  當虛擬語氣的if虛擬條件從句和主句的動作發生的時間不一致時,要根據各自表示的時間采用對應的虛擬語氣的構成形式。

  例:1、If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.

  2、If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.

  四、主觀傾向性動詞引導的虛擬語氣的構成

  在英語中存在一些動詞,表示建議、命令、要求等主觀的傾向,由這些動詞引導的that賓語從句中,從句的謂語動詞要用should+動詞原形,should可以省略。這類常見的主觀傾向性動詞有“一堅持、二命令、三建議、五要求”,分別是:

  一堅持:insist 二命令:order、command 三建議:suggest、advise(n advice)、propose(提議、建議) 五要求:ask、demand、require、request、desire

  例:1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.

  2、His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out. 同時,如果在題干中出現上面這些主觀傾向性動詞的名詞和形容詞形式,題干中從句部分的謂語動詞也要用should+動詞原形,should可以省略。考試中常見的詞匯有:order,command,suggestion,advice,proposal,demand,request,desire,advisable,desirable.

  五、wish that和if only引導的虛擬語氣的構成

  Wish that引導的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句都用虛擬語氣來表示一種沒有實現或無法實現的愿望,其中wish that句型往往翻譯為:多么希望?;if only表示的愿望較wish that更強烈,常翻譯為但愿;要是?就好了。兩者的用法基本相同。兩者的用法是:

  1、當表示與現在的事實相反的一種愿望時,wish that引導的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語動詞采用的形式是:did/were;

  2、當表示與過去的事實相反的一種愿望時,wish that引導的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語動詞采用的形式是:had done;

  3、當表示未來一時很難實現的一種愿望時,wish that引導的賓語從句和if only引起的感嘆句中謂語動詞采用的形式是:would do.

  六、would rather引導的虛擬語氣的構成

  Would rather的意思是“寧愿、寧可”其引導的賓語從句(一般省去that)通常用虛擬語氣表示一種與事實相反的假設。我們可以假設A.B是兩個人,通過牢記一下句式來記住其用法:

  1、A would rather B did sth:表示與現在或將來事實相反的一種假設

  2、A would rather B had done sth:表示與過去事實相反的一種假設

  虛擬語氣的其它用法

  1.虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法。在"It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that..."這類句型中,that所引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用“(should)+動詞原形”結構,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意義。如:

  It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每個北京人能說英語。

  It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要馬上把他送醫院。

  2.虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法。

  (1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句中,表示與現在或過去的事實相反,或對將來的主觀愿望,從句通常省略連詞that。

  a.表示對現在情況的虛擬:從句動詞用過去式或過去進行時(be的過去式用were)表示。如:

  I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個問題的答案。(可惜不知道。)

  I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. 但愿我的家鄉四季如春。(只是愿望,實際根本不可能實現。)

  b.表示對過去情況的虛擬:從句動詞用had+過去分詞。如:

  I wish (that) I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(實際上已經浪費掉了。)

  He wishes (wished) he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望沒有失去機會。(事實上機會已經失去了,他感到惋惜。)

  c.表示對將來的主觀愿望:謂語動詞形式為“would/should/could/might+動詞原形”,此時要注意,主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同,因為主句的主語所期望的從句動作能否實現,取決于從句主語的態度或意愿(非動作名詞除外)。如:

  I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。

  I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安靜一些。

  (2)在suggest(建議), demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建議), insist(堅持要做), command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等動詞后的賓語從句中,謂語動詞用“(should)+動詞原形”,表示建議,要求,命令等。如:

  I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once. 我建議馬上開會。

  The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south. 這位即將畢業的學生堅持要到南方去工作。

  注:當suggest 表示暗示,主語為something;insist 表示堅持觀點時,后接的賓語從句當用真實語氣。比較:

  His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 他的沉默暗示著他贊成我的決定。

  He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision. 他建議我堅持自己的決定。

  He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他堅持認為做早操對健康有益。

  He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 他堅持他每天都要早操。

  3. 虛擬語氣在表語從句中的用法。

  當主語為advice, suggestion, order, proposal等詞時后接表語從句,表語從句中的謂語動詞常用“(should)+動詞原形”結構,表示某人建議、勸告、命令等的內容。如:

  My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 我的建議是你盡可能經常地練習說英語。

  The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 司令官的命令是部隊立即開拔去前線。

  4. 特殊的虛擬語氣結構。

  (1)虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中由as if 或as though引導的狀語從句表示比較或方式時,從句中的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。動詞形式用動詞的過去式(be→were)或had+過去分詞。如:

  The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child. 這位老師帶這位學生就象她的親生孩子一樣。

  He speaks as if he had been to the United States. 他說得好象他真的到過美國似的。

  (2)在It is time (that) …; I'd rather (that)…句型中從句的謂語動詞常用動詞的過去式表示虛擬語氣,意思是“該干某事了,時間已經有些晚了”“我寧愿/希望”。如:

  It is time that we did something to stop pollution. 該我們做些什么制止污染的時候了。

  It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten. 該父親去幼兒園接莉莉的時候了。

  I'd rather you told me the truth. 我真希望你告訴我真相。

  I'd rather I didn't see you again. 我寧愿不再見著你。

  5.虛擬語氣在同位語從句中的用法

  在名詞advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位語從句中,謂語動詞用虛擬語氣,起形式為“(should)+動詞原形”,說明“建議”,“勸告”,“命令”等的具體內容。如:

  The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time. 提前兩天完成工作的命令傳來了。

  Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on. 她勉強接受了他們要她去接受手術的建議。

  難點釋疑:

  (一)主從句時間不一致情況下的虛擬語氣(混合條件句)有時條件從句中的動作和結果與主句中的動作,發生的時間不一致,這時動作的形式應根據它所表示的時間加以調整。如:

  If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now. 如果你當時聽了我的話,現在就能完成這份工作了。(從句說明過去,主句說明現在。)

  If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party. 如果我是你,我就去參加她的生日晚會了。(從句說明現在,主句說明過去。)

  If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. 假若你不借錢給我,我不可能買下這幢新房,很可能現在還住在危房里。(從句說明過去,主句說明過去和現在。)

  (二)含蓄條件句非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來,只暗含在上下文中,這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況;

  1. 條件暗含在短語中。如:

  (1)W hat would I have done without you? 如沒有你,我會怎么辦呢?(條件暗含在分詞短語without you中)

  (2) It would be easier to do it this way. 這樣做會比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語to do it this way中)

  (3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同樣的事,如發生在戰時,就會釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語happening in wartime中)

  (4) But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助,我們的實驗是不會成功。(暗含條件是but for your help)

  (5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河馬,否則他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)

  (6) Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是單獨一人,他是會感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)

  (三)條件從句中省去if的情況在if引導的表示虛擬的條件狀語從句中,常可以省略if,將had, were或should提至句首。

  Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部電影,昨晚我就可以和他們一起討論了。

  Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鳥,我就能自由翱翔。

  Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的話,農民們就能有個好收成了。

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