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5月CATTI二級(jí)筆譯練習(xí)題(英譯漢部分)
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5月CATTI二級(jí)筆譯練習(xí)題(英譯漢部分) 1
英譯漢部分
Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall. So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.” “The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.
原文：
Holding Back the Sahara
Senegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off the Desert
By DIANA S. POWERSNOV. 18, 2014
Continue reading the main story Share This Page
Women working in a drip-irrigated garden in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit UMI 3189
WIDOU THIENGOLY, Senegal — Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky.
Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.
Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.
“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”
Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.
First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert.
While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.
Photo
A tree nursery for the Great Green Wall in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit Arnaud Spani
“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology.
“In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said.
Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.
Newly planted trees are protected from hungry animals by fencing for six years — time for their roots to reach down to groundwater and their branches to grow higher than the animals can reach. Unplanted strips protect the parcels from forest fire and provide passageways for herders’ livestock.
In especially harsh years, when there is nothing left for herds to eat and too many animals starve, the protected parcels are opened up as an emergency forage bank, a flexibility that has won local acceptance of the project.
Six indigenous tree species were chosen by local people and the scientists for their hardiness and their economic uses. Among them, Acacia Senegal can be tapped for its gum arabic, a stabilizer and emulsifying agent, widely used in soft drinks, confectionery, paints and other products. The desert date, Balanites Aegyptiacus, is used for food, forage, cooking oil, folk medicine and in cosmetics. Many of the uses of these plants are still being explored by researchers.
After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall.
So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.
There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.
“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”
“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added.
Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.
The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.
Widou has one of the pumping stations, serving nomads and herders who bring as many 25,000 animals a day — cattle, goats, donkeys and horses — from more than 10 miles around to drink at the basin. A drip-irrigated garden covering 7.5 hectares, or nearly 20 acres, is supplied with seeds by Colonel Sarr’s agency. About 250 women spend a half a day each tending the garden and learning about horticulture. They grow onions, carrots, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, lettuce, tamarind, guava, watermelon and many other fruits and vegetables, taking the produce home to enrich their families’ traditional diet of milk and millet.
Colonel Sarr said he was looking forward to trying one of the first mangos from young trees in the garden.
“In another garden, 30 kilometers away, the first honey will be gathered next year,” he said. “This is just the beginning,” he added. “The gardens could cover 50 hectares in the future.
漢譯英部分(摘自《中國(guó)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)白皮書》)
健康是促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展的必然要求。提高人民健康水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)病有所醫(yī)的理想，是人類社會(huì)的共同追求。在中國(guó)這個(gè)有著13億多人口的發(fā)展中大國(guó)，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生關(guān)系億萬(wàn)人民健康，是一個(gè)重大民生問(wèn)題。
中國(guó)高度重視保護(hù)和增進(jìn)人民健康。憲法規(guī)定，國(guó)家發(fā)展醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代醫(yī)藥和傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥，保護(hù)人民健康。多年來(lái)，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持“以農(nóng)村為重點(diǎn)，預(yù)防為主，中西醫(yī)并重，依靠科技與教育，動(dòng)員全社會(huì)參與，為人民健康服務(wù)，為社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)服務(wù)”的`衛(wèi)生工作方針，努力發(fā)展具有中國(guó)特色的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)。經(jīng)過(guò)不懈努力，覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系基本形成，疾病防治能力不斷增強(qiáng)，醫(yī)療保障覆蓋人口逐步擴(kuò)大，衛(wèi)生科技水平日益提高，居民健康水平明顯改善。
隨著中國(guó)工業(yè)化、城市化進(jìn)程和人口老齡化趨勢(shì)的加快，居民健康面臨著傳染病和慢性病的雙重威脅，公眾對(duì)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)的需求日益提高。與此同時(shí)，中國(guó)衛(wèi)生資源特別是優(yōu)質(zhì)資源短缺、分布不均衡的矛盾依然存在，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)改革與發(fā)展的任務(wù)十分艱巨。
5月CATTI二級(jí)筆譯練習(xí)題(英譯漢部分) 2
At 51, Cathy McDonnell wanted to put her Oxford physics degree and former experience crunching data at Qinetiq to better use. She had worked part-time in a school for several years while her three children were young, but she wanted to get back into the corporate world.
Several applications later, all for jobs in her former field of defence, she was getting nowhere. Then a friend told her about “returnships”, a form of later-life work experience that some companies are experimenting with to help older people — mainly women — return to work, often after breaks to care for families.
Cathy eventually secured a place on an 11-week “Career Returners” programme with O2, open to men and women, which included being buddied with a 20-year-old male student who was also with the company on work experience. He helped to acquaint her with new technology, such as using an iPhone and accessing the company’s virtual private network from her laptop so she could work from home but still access internal files.
“On the assessment day, I thought they must have been looking at my project management skills. But they weren’t looking at us for specific roles. They were just thinking, ‘These women have a lot to offer, let’s see what they can do.’ That was refreshing.”
In fact, by hiring female returnees, companies can access hard skills these women developed in their former high-level jobs — and for a discount. In return, employers coach older females back into working life.Through her returnship, Ms McDonnell gained a full-time role as an operations data consultant, handling projects within service management at O2.She still is earning less than she would like to. “But it’s a foot in the door and the salary is up for review in six months,” she says.
It is still overwhelmingly women who stay home to care for young families. UK government figures show that women account for around 90 per cent of people on extended career breaks for caring reasons.
A lack of middle-aged women working, particularly in highly skilled roles, is costing the UK economy 50bn a year, according to a report. The report found that men over 50 took home nearly two-thirds of the total wages paid out to everyone in that age range in 2015. It blamed the pay gap on the low-skilled, part-time roles older women often accept. Some 41 per cent of women in work in the UK do so part-time, as opposed to only 11 per cent of men.
A study last year by economists found “robust evidence of age discrimination in hiring against older women” in a range of white and blue-collar jobs. The data show that it is harder for older women to find jobs than it is for older men regardless of whether they have taken a break from working.
【漢譯英】（《網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間國(guó)際合作戰(zhàn)略》）：
現(xiàn)在，以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為代表的信息技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展，引領(lǐng)了生產(chǎn)新變革，創(chuàng)造了人類生活新空間，拓展了國(guó)家治理新領(lǐng)域。中國(guó)大力實(shí)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)強(qiáng)國(guó)戰(zhàn)略、國(guó)家信息化戰(zhàn)略、國(guó)家大數(shù)據(jù)戰(zhàn)略、“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。中國(guó)大力發(fā)展電子商務(wù)，推動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)深度融合發(fā)展，改善資源配置。這些措施為推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式、調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)揮積極作用。
中國(guó)歡迎公平、開放、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)，在自身發(fā)展的`同時(shí)，致力于推動(dòng)全球數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。中國(guó)主張自由貿(mào)易，反對(duì)貿(mào)易壁壘和貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義。我們希望建立開放、安全的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境，確保互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新服務(wù)。我們主張互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入應(yīng)公平、普遍。中國(guó)愿加強(qiáng)同其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全和信息技術(shù)方面的交流與合作。我們應(yīng)共同推進(jìn)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新，確保所有人都能平等分享數(shù)字紅利，實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
5月CATTI二級(jí)筆譯練習(xí)題(英譯漢部分) 3
In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases were found. Scientists believe that It was caused by a previously unknown virus- Now named COVID-19.
Coronaviruses have the appearance of a crown. Crown in Latin is called "corona" and thats how these viruses got their name. There are different types of coronaviruses that cause respiratory and sometimes gastrointestinal of symptoms.
Its known that coronaviruses circulate in a range of animals. But the animals which transmit COVID-19 are not known yet. And the exact dynamics of how the virus is transmitted is yet to be determined.
From what is known so far, there can be a number of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. There can be fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, theres been pneumonia, kidney failure and death. There is currently no specific medication for the virus and treatment is supportive care. There is currently no vaccine to protect against the virus. Treatment and vaccines are in development.
Nevertheless, we are committed to combatting the COVID-19 epidemic. Its certainly troubling that so many people and countries have been affected, so quickly. Now that the virus has a foothold in so many countries, the threat of a pandemic has become very real. But it would be the first pandemic in history that could be controlled. The bottom line is: we are not at the mercy of this virus.
The great advantage we have is that the decisions we all make-as governments, businesses, communities, families and individuals can influence the trajectory of the epidemic. We need to remember that with decisive, early action, we can slow down the virus and prevent infections. Among those who are infected, most will recover.
Its also important to remember that looking only at the total number of reported cases and the total number of countries doesnt tell the full story. This is an uneven epidemic at the global level. Different countries are in different scenarios, requiring a tailored response. Its not about containment or mitigation. Its about both.
All countries must take a comprehensive blended strategy for controlling their epidemics and pushing this deadly virus back. Countries that continue finding and testing cases and tracing their contacts not only protect their own people, they can also affect what happens in other countries and globally. The WHO has consolidated its guidance for countries in four categories: those with no case; those with sporadic cases; those with clusters; and those with community transmission. For all countries, the aim is the same: stop transmission and prevent the spread of the virus.
For the first three categories, countries must focus on finding, testing, treating and isolating individual cases and following their contacts. In areas with community spread, testing every suspected case and tracing their contacts become more challenging. Action must be taken to prevent transmission at the community level to reduce the epidemic to manageable clusters.
【漢譯英】
水稻是世界上最主要的糧食作物之一，世界上一半以上人口（包括中國(guó) 60%以上人口）都以稻米作為主食。中國(guó)是世界上最早種植水稻的國(guó)家，至今已有 7000 年左右的歷史，當(dāng)前水稻產(chǎn)量占全國(guó)糧食作物產(chǎn)量近一半。水稻作為主要的糧食，無(wú)論對(duì)中國(guó)還是對(duì)世界的重要性都是不言而喻的。中國(guó)在超級(jí)雜交水稻（super hybrid rice）生產(chǎn)方面成就突出，關(guān)鍵人物便是袁隆平。被譽(yù)為“中國(guó)雜交水稻之父”。他的名字不僅在中國(guó)家喻戶曉，在國(guó)際上也享有盛譽(yù)。袁隆平于上世紀(jì) 60 年代開始雜交水稻研究。他帶領(lǐng)科研團(tuán)隊(duì)使中國(guó)雜交水稻一直領(lǐng)先于世界水平，不僅不斷實(shí)現(xiàn)雜交水稻的高產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)，而且在生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中不斷推廣應(yīng)用，從實(shí)際上解決了中國(guó)人吃飯難的問(wèn)題。袁隆平還多次到美國(guó)、印度等國(guó)家傳授技術(shù)，為 30 多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)的.政府官員和科研工作者講學(xué)，促進(jìn)雜交水稻技術(shù)造福世界。
1987 年 11 月 3 日，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織在巴黎總部向袁隆平頒發(fā)科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)，認(rèn)為他的科研成果是“第二次綠色革命”。2004年，袁隆平獲得世界糧食獎(jiǎng)（the World Food Prize），表彰他為人類提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、數(shù)量充足的糧食所做出的突出貢獻(xiàn)。
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