雙語閱讀：石油危機

　　眾所周知，石油是工業(yè)的血液。各種石油產(chǎn)品與我們的衣食住行關(guān)系密切。如果缺少血液，人類將會面臨生命危險。如果缺少石油，工業(yè)將會癱瘓。這是生活在工業(yè)社會的我們最不能接受的打擊。

　　什么是石油危機

　　自石油誕生以來，我們的詞典中產(chǎn)生了許多與石油相關(guān)的詞匯。“石油危機”，是最讓人類頭痛的詞之一。石油危機（OilCrisis）是世界經(jīng)濟受到石油價格的變化，所產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟危機。迄今為止，世界上發(fā)生了三次公認的石油危機，它們分別發(fā)生在1973年、1979年和1990年。中東是世界上最大的石油生產(chǎn)地，因此三次危機也和這個地區(qū)息息相關(guān)。1960年12月，石油輸出國組織(OPEC)成立。作為世界上控制石油價格的關(guān)鍵組織，它也成了幾次石油危機的導火索。

　　后果

　　石油危機是一場經(jīng)濟危機，因此它造成的最直接也是最嚴重的結(jié)果就是經(jīng)濟的衰退，尤其是發(fā)達國家的經(jīng)濟。第一次石油危機觸發(fā)了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后最嚴重的`全球經(jīng)濟危機，所有的工業(yè)化國家的經(jīng)濟增長都明顯放慢。在這場危機中，美國的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)下降了14%，日本的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)下降了20%以上。很多人都知道上世紀70年代末西方發(fā)生了一次嚴重經(jīng)濟危機，持續(xù)了半年多的第二次石油危機，是造成這次經(jīng)濟全面衰退的一個主要原因。第三次石油危機更是讓美國、英國經(jīng)濟加速陷入衰退，全球GDP增長率在1991年跌破2%。

　　幾次石油危機對全球經(jīng)濟造成嚴重沖擊。同時，危機也迫使主要進口國積極尋找替代能源，開發(fā)節(jié)能技術(shù)，使世界能源市場發(fā)生了結(jié)構(gòu)性變化。但是，與創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)與能源相比，石油及其副產(chǎn)品仍是人類生活的支柱，因此高油價仍是經(jīng)濟增長的一大風險。

　　可避免么？

　　石油危機給世界經(jīng)濟帶來了如此大的傷害，那么，它可以被避免么？據(jù)目前世界的局勢看，答案是“不”。石油危機是石油價格變動造成的，而石油價格變動受到政治與軍事的很大影響。我們可以看出，三次石油危機，都是戰(zhàn)爭直接引起的。那么，為什么會發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭呢？

　　首先，國家利益決定國際關(guān)系。為了爭取到更多的資源給自己的國家，石油生產(chǎn)國之間、生產(chǎn)國與進口國之間無法避免糾紛。一些霸權(quán)主義國家的加入，更使石油世界的局面更加混亂。其次，作為一種不可再生資源，石油是如此重要又如此稀少，因此各國對石油的爭奪也越來越激烈。不僅僅是數(shù)量，“不平衡”是石油資源的供求分布的根本特征。這種不平衡從根本上導致了國際上各種因石油問題而產(chǎn)生的糾紛，甚至是戰(zhàn)爭。國家利益、政治博弈、石油儲量、石油分布都是不可能輕易改變的，因此，石油危機不可避免（至少在短期內(nèi)是這樣的）。

　　應該怎么辦？

　　然而，面對石油危機，人類也不是毫無辦法的。為了應對石油危機，許多國家建立了戰(zhàn)略石油儲備制度。換句話說，一個國家的政府和企業(yè)要有石油儲存庫，保證國家在一定天數(shù)不進口的情況下也可以使用石油。國際能源署要求成員國至少要儲備90天的石油，但世界上只有為數(shù)不多的國家戰(zhàn)略石油儲備達到90天以上。

　　同時，隨著人類社會的不斷發(fā)展，石油資源不斷枯竭。也許幾百年甚至幾十年后，石油就會成為歷史。世界各國都在竭力發(fā)展自己的新能源技術(shù)，大力開發(fā)各種可替代能源，比如風能、太陽能、核能等。隨著新能源技術(shù)的發(fā)展，能源消費結(jié)構(gòu)的改變，石油需求量會逐漸減小直至其最終退出歷史舞臺。

　　如今我們還是離不開石油的，因此我們要在石油的利用上多加思考。比如說，我們可以發(fā)展新技術(shù)，提高石油利用率；我們可以提倡節(jié)能，減少石油浪費等等。

　　從1996年起，我國就已經(jīng)成為石油和石油產(chǎn)品凈進口國。石油危機對我國的影響也不可避免。在這種情況下，我們更要保持冷靜，理智應對石油危機。身為石油大學的學子，身為祖國未來的建設者，我們應該為國家的石油發(fā)展做出更加長遠的思考與規(guī)劃。

　　The oil crisis

　　As is known to all, oil is the blood of industry. All kinds of oil products is closely related to our daily life . If lacking blood, a man will face the danger of life. If lacking oil, the industry will be paralyzed. This is what we can’t accept in the industrial society .

　　What is the oil crisis

　　Since the birth of oil, our dictionary produces many words which are aassociated with oil. "Oil crisis", it is one of the worst word that makes human upset. The oil crisis is economic crisis that affected by the changes of the oil price.Up to now,there are three times generally acknowledged oil crisis, which took place in 1973, 1979 and 1990. The Middle East is the world's largest oil producer, so three oil crisis are relevant to the area. In December 1960, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is founded. As the key organization to control the price of oil in the world , it also became the spark of oil crisis.

　　The consequences

　　The oil crisis is an economic crisis, so the most direct and

　　serious result is the economic recession, especially in the developed countries. The first oil crisis triggered the most serious global economic crisis after the second world war.All of the industrialized countries economic failed sharply. In this crisis, America's industrial production fell by 14%, Japan's industrial production fell by 20%. Many people know that there was a serous economic crisis in 1970s.It’s resulted from the second oil crisis. Oil crisis has the serious impact on the global economy.

　　At the same time,it also forces countries to look for alternative energy, As the development of energy-saving technology, structural changes have taken place in the world energy market. However, compared with the innovation of technology and energy, oil and its products are still the support of our life, therefore, high oil prices is the risk of economic growth.

　　Can be avoided

　　The oil crisis gave the world economy so much harm.Can it be avoidedAccording to the situation in the world, the answer is "no". The oil crisis is caused by oil price changes, the oil price fluctuation is greatly influenced by political and military. We can see that wars are the direct causes of the three oil crisis .

　　Why those wars happened

　　First of all, the interests of the state decides international relations. In order to get more resources to their country, oil producers, producers and importers cannot avoid disputes. Some hegemony countries make more chaos. Secondly, as a kind of non-renewable resources, oil is so important and so scarce, so scrambling for oil is becoming more and more fierce. "imbalance" is the fundamental characteristics of the distribution and demand of oil resources. This imbalance makes various international disputes caused by oil problem, even war. National interests、political game、oil reserves and oil distribution is impossible to change now.So the oil crisis cann’t be avoided(at least in the short term).

　　What should I do

　　However, human isn’t weak for facing oil crisis,. In order to deal with oil crisis, many countries established the petroleum strategic reserve system. In other words, a country's government and enterprises should have oil repository to guarantee that it can use oil for several days without importing. The international energy agency members were required to reserve oil for 90 days at least.

　　At the same time, with the continuous development ofhuman society, oil resources has dried up. Perhaps hundreds of years or even decades later, oil will be the past. All countries in the world develop new energy technology and various alternative energy, such as wind, solar, nuclear, etc. With the development of new energy technology and the change of energy consumption structure, oil demand will reduce gradually until it eventually quit the historical stage.

　　Now, we still cann’t live without oil, so we need to think more on the use of oil. For example, we can develop new technology, improve the utilization rate of oil,promote energy saving , reduce waste of oil and so on.

　　Since 1996, our country has become a net importer of oil and oil products. The influence of the oil crisis for our country is inevitable. we must keep calm and have rational response to the oil crisis. As a student at The University of Petroleum, as the builders of our motherland in the future, we should make more long-term thinking and planning about the development of our country's oil.

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