第三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)是國(guó)家之間的渠道使產(chǎn)品從他們的外國(guó)進(jìn)入點(diǎn)移動(dòng)，國(guó)際市場(chǎng)細(xì)分就是市場(chǎng)細(xì)分概念在國(guó)際營(yíng)銷中的作用，采用何種細(xì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行細(xì)分往往取決于企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)句子練習(xí)
句子翻譯：
（課文中）
1、AnAmericanwhowantstobuyaJapaneseautomobilecannotexpecttheJapanesemanufacturertoacceptU.S.dollarsinpayment,unlebysheercoincidencethemanufacturerhappensatthetimetobuyanewcomputerfromanAmericanfirm.
想買日本車的美國(guó)人，不能指望日本商人接受美元來(lái)支付，除非十分碰巧那個(gè)日本商人正好想買一臺(tái)美國(guó)電腦。
2、AvailabilityofyenwouldthenmaketradewithJapannomorecomplicatedthanbuyinggroceriesataneighborhoodsupermarket.
有了日元，將會(huì)使得和日本的貿(mào)易不比在附近的超市購(gòu)買雜貨復(fù)雜。
3、Eventhoughunfetteredtrademightallowtheworldtoconsumemore,eachcountryislikelytobemoreconcernedaboutemploymentandincomesathomethanabouteconomist’sassurancesoftheefficiencyoftrade.
即使自由貿(mào)易能夠使得世界消費(fèi)較多的產(chǎn)品，每個(gè)國(guó)家更關(guān)注國(guó)內(nèi)的就業(yè)和收入，而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所保證的經(jīng)濟(jì)的效率。
4、Balanceofinternationalpaymentsmeansafinancialindicatorpublishedbyagovernmenttoreflectthecountry’svolumeofimportandexportsettlements,capitalmovementsandchangeinofficialreservesinacertainperiod.
國(guó)際收支是由政府頒發(fā)的一個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)指數(shù)，用來(lái)反映一國(guó)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)的進(jìn)出口、資本及官方儲(chǔ)備的變動(dòng)情況。
5、Abalanceofpaymentsurplusmeansthattheauthoritiesarereducingtheirliquidliabilitiestoforeigncentralauthoritiesorelseaddingtotheirholdingsofofficialreservesinsuchformsasgoldandforeignexchange.
國(guó)際收支順差指的是一國(guó)當(dāng)局（政府）正在減少對(duì)他國(guó)的流動(dòng)負(fù)債，或者正在增加以黃金和外匯為形式的官方儲(chǔ)備。
6、Abalanceofpaymentdeficitmeansthatinaggregatedebititemsexceedcredititemsandsaysnothingaboutwhetherthisisbeneficialorharmful.
國(guó)際收支逆差指的是借項(xiàng)超過(guò)貸項(xiàng)，并且不知道有益還是有害。
7、如果我們有持久的收支順差，那么我們的貿(mào)易伙伴就一定有持久的逆差。
Ifwehaveapermanentsurpluscouldbetolerated,butthisisnotthecaseeither.
8、Ifagovernmentprefersnottolimitforeigntradethroughsuchprotectivesteps,asalastresort,acountrymaychoosetodevalueitscurrencyinordertoachieveabalance.如果政府不愿意通過(guò)保護(hù)性措施來(lái)限制貿(mào)易，那么作為最后一個(gè)方法，一國(guó)可以使自己的貨幣貶值來(lái)達(dá)到均衡。
9、OnceaEurocurrency(assumedollar)depositismadeinaLondonbank,thebankmayusethatassetasabasisformakingadollar-denominatedloantosomeoneelse.一旦一筆歐洲貨幣被存進(jìn)倫敦銀行，那么倫敦銀行會(huì)使用這筆存款作為以美元為主貸款貸給他人。
10、Demographicsegmentationisbasedonmeasurablecharacteristicsofpopulationssuchasage,gender,income,education,andoccupation.
人口細(xì)分是建立在人口可測(cè)量的特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上的，比如：年齡、性別、收入、教育和職業(yè)。
11、Psychographicsegmentationinvolvesgroupingpeopleintermsoftheirattitudes,values,andlifestyles.
心理細(xì)分是根據(jù)人們的態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀及生活方式將人們分組的。
12、Everycountryortargetmarketareapresentstheinternationalmarketerwithuniquemiddlemenanddistributionpatterns.
每個(gè)國(guó)家或市場(chǎng)地區(qū)給國(guó)際營(yíng)銷者呈現(xiàn)出獨(dú)特的中間商和渠道模式。
13、Theinternationalcompanymusttakeawhole-channelviewoftheproblemofdistributingproductstofinalconsumers.
跨國(guó)公司必須采取渠道整體的觀點(diǎn)去看待將產(chǎn)品分銷在最終消費(fèi)者的問(wèn)題。
14、Thethirdlink,channelswithinnations,movestheproductsfromtheirforeignentrypointtothefinalcustomers.
第三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，是國(guó)家之間的渠道，使產(chǎn)品從他們的外國(guó)進(jìn)入點(diǎn)移動(dòng)。
15、Whencreatingadvertising,caremustbetakentoensurethattheartdirectionandcopyareappropriatefortheintendedaudiencesintargetcountries.
當(dāng)制作廣告時(shí)，我們必須注意確保藝術(shù)動(dòng)向和復(fù)本適合目標(biāo)國(guó)家的受眾。
（課后練習(xí)）
1、總的來(lái)說(shuō)，從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易的商人都需要依靠商業(yè)銀行提供進(jìn)出口資金融通。
Inaword,thebusinesspeopleengagedininternationaltradedependoncommercialbankstoofferimportandexportcapitalfinancing.
2、目前，在資本貨物貿(mào)易中，銀行提供的中期或長(zhǎng)期出口信貸已成了出口商確保出口訂單的一個(gè)不可或缺的條件。
Atpresent,inthetransactionofcapitalgoods,themediumandlongtermexportfinancingprovidedbybankshavebeenamusttosecuretheexportordersfortheexporter.
3、外匯體制改革是進(jìn)一步深化外貿(mào)體制改革的關(guān)鍵，對(duì)我國(guó)外貿(mào)發(fā)展將產(chǎn)生重大而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
Thereformsonforeignexchangesystemiscrucialtofurtherdeepenthereformsonforeigntradesystem,andwillhavesignificantandfar-readinginfluenceonthedevelopmentofChina’sforeigntrade.
4、國(guó)際市場(chǎng)細(xì)分，就是市場(chǎng)細(xì)分概念在國(guó)際營(yíng)銷中的作用。
Internationalmarketsegmentsistheapplicationoftheconceptofmarketsegmentinintonationmarketing.
5、市場(chǎng)細(xì)分有利于企業(yè)發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)掘新的營(yíng)銷機(jī)會(huì)。
6、采用何種細(xì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行細(xì)分，往往取決于企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。
Whatsegmentationcriteriaareusedtosegmentinternationalmarketalwaysdependsonproduceattributesoftheenterprises.
7、企業(yè)對(duì)不同類型的最終用戶要相應(yīng)地運(yùn)動(dòng)不同的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷組合。
Enterprisesshouldusedifferentmarketingmixaccordingtodifferenttypesofend-users.
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)詞組&句子翻譯期末復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)!!必考!
短語(yǔ)詞組Managementcontrol經(jīng)營(yíng)管理Managementbyobjective目標(biāo)管理
Managementcompetence經(jīng)營(yíng)才干managementinventoryform管理人才儲(chǔ)備表Managementoftrades行業(yè)管理managementprinciple經(jīng)營(yíng)方針
Managementfunction管理職能resolveconflicts解決矛盾
Setagoal建立目標(biāo)motivatesubordinates激勵(lì)下屬
Formulateplans設(shè)立計(jì)劃previouslysetgoals預(yù)定的目標(biāo)
Controllingfunction控制職能communicationchannel溝通渠道Jobhunter求職人員jobhopper頻繁變換工作的人
Joborientation崗位性質(zhì)jobresponsibilitysystem崗位責(zé)任制
Jobsearch職業(yè)選擇jobvacancy職位空缺
Jobrecruiting招工humanresource人力資源
Currentassessment現(xiàn)狀評(píng)估humanresourceinventory人力資源狀況表
Jobanalysis工作分析jobdescription工作說(shuō)明
Jobspecification工作規(guī)范jobholder在職者
Potentialcandidates潛在求職者Financialplan財(cái)務(wù)計(jì)劃cashinflows現(xiàn)金流入
Cashoutflows現(xiàn)金流出financialcontrol財(cái)務(wù)控制
Cashoutlays現(xiàn)金支出cashoverandshortaccount現(xiàn)金盈虧賬戶Cashmanagementservice現(xiàn)金管理服務(wù)cashliquidity現(xiàn)金流動(dòng)情況
Financialmanager財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理creditrating信用評(píng)價(jià)
Checkingaccount活期賬戶annualsales年銷售額
Cashmanagement現(xiàn)金管理payrolltaxes工薪稅
Bankaccount銀行賬戶excefunds超額資金
Lockboxes銀行存款箱controlleddisbursementaccount控制支付賬號(hào)Interest-freeloan無(wú)息貸款costofgoodssold銷售產(chǎn)品成本
Workinproceinventory線上盤點(diǎn)materialsinventory材料盤點(diǎn)
Finishedgoodsavailableforsale可銷售成品depreciation廠房設(shè)備折舊Productionandoperationmanagement(P/OM)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)管理
Productandservicequality產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)質(zhì)量productqualityassurance產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量保證Productqualitycontrol產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量管理productqualitystandard產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Productqualityvariance產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量差異qualityauditingsystem質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)制度Qualitycertificate品質(zhì)證明書qualitychecks質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)
Totalqualitymanagement全面質(zhì)量管理competitivepressure競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力
Qualityimprovement質(zhì)量改進(jìn)productpromotionactivities產(chǎn)品促銷活動(dòng)
R&Dprocesses研制和開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程qualityaudit質(zhì)量審核
Employeetraining員工培訓(xùn)groupbrainstorming集思廣益Topmanagement高級(jí)管理層workflow工作流程Marketingnetwork營(yíng)銷網(wǎng)marketingoperating營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)Marketingagencies銷售部門marketingresearch營(yíng)銷調(diào)查
Marketingprice營(yíng)銷價(jià)格marketingintermediaries銷售媒介Marketingproducts適銷產(chǎn)品marketingvariance營(yíng)銷預(yù)測(cè)差異Marketingstrategies營(yíng)銷策略salesvolume銷售量
Prospectivecustomers潛在顧客potentialprofitability潛在利益性Targetmarket目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)totalrevenue總收入
Personalizedservice個(gè)性化服務(wù)trafficflow客流量
Internationalmarket國(guó)際市場(chǎng)promotionstrategies促銷策略Centralbank中央銀行investmentbank投資銀行
Commercialbank商業(yè)銀行correspondentbank代理行，通知行Bankacceptance銀行承兌匯票bankclearing銀行票據(jù)交換Bankcopy銀行對(duì)賬單currentaccount活期存款賬戶Depositaccount定期存款賬戶electricbanking電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)Informationprocessingsystem信息處理系統(tǒng)financialservice金融服務(wù)Accountbalance賬戶結(jié)余retailcustomer小額客戶Wiretransfer電匯on-lineservice在線服務(wù)Accountingsystem記賬系統(tǒng)personalcomputer個(gè)人電腦Transactionhistory交易記錄Claimfordamage損失賠償要求insurancecertificate保險(xiǎn)憑證Loratio賠付率insuranceclause保險(xiǎn)條款I(lǐng)nsuranceagent保險(xiǎn)代理人insuranceindemnities保險(xiǎn)賠償Insurablerisks可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)theinsured投保人
Insurer承保人premium保費(fèi)
Policy保單coverage險(xiǎn)種
Claim索賠policyholder保單持有人Thedeductible絕對(duì)免賠額Bluechip藍(lán)籌股（熱門股）stockbroker股票經(jīng)紀(jì)人Growthshare增長(zhǎng)股defensivestock防衛(wèi)性股Stockmanagement股份經(jīng)營(yíng)joint-stocksystem股份制度Publiccompany股票公開(kāi)上市公司shareworth股票值
Equityfinance增股籌資debtfinance舉債籌資
Stockexchange股票交易所stockindex股票指數(shù)
Financialdifficulty財(cái)政困難expectedprofitability預(yù)期效益
TheStandard&Poor’s500Index標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500種股票價(jià)格綜合指數(shù)
DowJonesIndustrialAverage道瓊斯工業(yè)股票價(jià)格平均指數(shù)句子翻譯：1.Generallyspeaking,managersperformfourbasicmanagementfunctions.(一般來(lái)說(shuō)管理者
應(yīng)履行四項(xiàng)基本職能)
http://m.okwtrl.com anizationsexisttoachievesomepurpose.(組織存在是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)某一項(xiàng)目標(biāo))
3.Thetextbookonmanagementisorganizedaroundmanagementfunctions.(管理類教科書是
按管理的職能編排的)
4.Managementshouldberesponsiblefordefiningorganization’sgoalsandestablishingan
overallstrategy.(管理負(fù)責(zé)擬定機(jī)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)，制定全面策略)
5.Theleadingfunctioninvolvesmotivatingsubordinates,resolvingconflictsamongmembers
anddirectingtheiractions.(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職能包括激勵(lì)下屬，解決員工間的糾紛，指揮他們的行動(dòng))
6.Theactualperformanceoftheorganizationmustbecomparedwiththepreviouslyset
goals.(組織的計(jì)劃實(shí)施情況必須與預(yù)先設(shè)定的目標(biāo)進(jìn)行比較)
7.Oncetherearesignificantdeviations,managementshouldcorrecttheorganization’s
performance.(如果一旦出現(xiàn)重大的偏差，管理者必須立即糾正機(jī)構(gòu)的行為)
8.Thecontrollingfunctionisperformedtoensureeverythinggoeswellintheorganization.(履
行控制職能以確保機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)一切正常運(yùn)行)1.Theinformationderivedfromareportprovidedbypersonneldepartment.(這個(gè)信息來(lái)自人
事部提供的一份報(bào)告)
2.Managementisabletoestimateshortage——bothinnumberandintypeafteritassessed
thecurrentstatusandfutureneeds.(在對(duì)現(xiàn)狀和將來(lái)的需求進(jìn)行評(píng)估后管理可以估算在數(shù)量和類型上計(jì)算出缺少)
3.Ajobspecificationisconcernedwiththeknowledgeskillsandabilitiesneededtodoacertain4.
5.job.(工作規(guī)范書關(guān)于做某項(xiàng)工作所需的知識(shí)、技術(shù)和能力)Managementkeepsitsattentiononhumanresourceplanning.(管理主要把注意力集中在人力資源計(jì)劃上)Bykeepinganinventoryofanorganization’shumanresource,managementwillknowwhat
talentsandskillsresourceareavailableinthefirm.(通過(guò)保持組織的人力資源狀況表，管理者將會(huì)知道現(xiàn)在公司有什么樣的人才和技術(shù)資源)
Employeescanbeinterviewedindividuallyorinagroup.(員工可以單獨(dú)或集體接受面試)
Ajobdescriptionandjobspecificationassistmanagersindeterminingwhetherthecandidatesarequalifiedornot.(工作說(shuō)明書和工作規(guī)范書協(xié)助管理者決定求職者是否合格)
Oneofthemethodsforanalyzingajobistohaveemployeesrecordtheirdailyactivitiesinadiaryornotebook.(分析工作其中一個(gè)方法是讓員工在日志或記錄本上記下他們的日常活動(dòng))6.7.8.
1.Thesalariesoftheemployeesarepaidintheformofcash.(員工的薪水是以現(xiàn)金形式支付
的)
2.Oneofthedutiesoffinancialmanagementistominimizetheamountofcash.(財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理的
其中一項(xiàng)職責(zé)是使現(xiàn)金數(shù)量減少到最低限額)
3.Someamountoffundsmustbeavailabletomakeinterestpaymentsdueonloans.(一些資金
一定要用以支付到期的貸款利息)
4.Whethercashmanagementisefficientornotmakesagreatdifferencebetweenmaking
moneyorlosingitforthecompany.(現(xiàn)金管理是否有效率給公司的盈虧帶來(lái)很大的差異)
http://m.okwtrl.com sktopcomputersgivefinancialmanagersaccetobalanceonbankaccount.(桌面電腦為
財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理了解銀行賬戶的收支情況提供了渠道
6.Excefundswhicharenotearninginterestcanbemovedinstantlytoinvestment.(沒(méi)有盈利
的超額資金應(yīng)該移出到投資處)
7.Thepresidentbeganpayingattentiontomanagingthecompany’scash.(經(jīng)理開(kāi)始留意管理
公司的現(xiàn)金)
8.Thecompanywithlargeannualsalesonlykeeps10,000dollarsinaccount.(有龐大年銷售額
的公司只留一萬(wàn)美元現(xiàn)金在賬上)1.TQMisadoptedbyagrowingnumberofcompanies.(全面質(zhì)量管理被越來(lái)越多的公司采用)
2.Totalqualitymanagementinvolvestheorganizationinanall-outefforttoimprovequality.(全
面質(zhì)量管理包括組織用盡全力去提高質(zhì)量)
3.Theobjectiveofqualitycontrolistoprovideproductswithhigherandbetterqualityfor4.
5.6.7.8.customers.(質(zhì)量控制的目的是為顧客提供質(zhì)量更好更高的產(chǎn)品)Managementrewardsemployeesfortheircontributiontomeetingthequalitystandards.(管理會(huì)為員工對(duì)符合質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而做的貢獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行獎(jiǎng)勵(lì))Someorganizationsencouragetheiremployeestoputtheirproblem-solvingtechniquestopracticalwork.(一些公司鼓勵(lì)它們的員工把解決問(wèn)題的能力應(yīng)用于實(shí)際工作中)Representativesacceptingtrainingcomefromdifferentdivisionsofthefirm.(接受培訓(xùn)的代表們來(lái)自公司的各個(gè)部門)Everyemployeeoftheorganizationbearsamajorresponsibilityforqualityimprovement.(組織的每位員工對(duì)提高質(zhì)量負(fù)有重大責(zé)任)Threeprinciplesshouldbefollowedtoimplementtotalqualitymanagement.(實(shí)施全面質(zhì)量
管理應(yīng)遵循三條基本原則)1.Thepoliciesandactivitiesofacompanyshouldbedirectedtowardsatisfyingcustomer
needs.(公司的政策和活動(dòng)應(yīng)致力于滿足客戶需求)
2.Successfulmarketingrequirestimelyandrelevantmarketinformation.(成功的營(yíng)銷要求及時(shí)
和相關(guān)的市場(chǎng)資訊)
3.It’simportanttokeepupwithcompetitor’smarketstrategiesandmakeadjustmenttoone’s
own.(跟上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)營(yíng)銷策略的步伐和調(diào)整自身的策略很重要)
4.Agoodstrategyhelpsabusinefocusonthetargetmarketitcanservebest.(一個(gè)好的策略
幫助企業(yè)專注于它所能最好服務(wù)的目標(biāo)市場(chǎng))
5.Goodsalesmanshipisveryimportantforsmallbusinebecauseoftheirlimitedabilityto
spendonadvertisement.(好的推銷技術(shù)對(duì)于小公司來(lái)說(shuō)很重要因?yàn)槠淠苡糜趶V告的花費(fèi)是有限的)
6.Workingthroughestablisheddistributionagentsgenerallyiseasiestformanufacturers.(通過(guò)
已有的經(jīng)銷商或代理商工作對(duì)制造廠來(lái)說(shuō)是很簡(jiǎn)單的)
7.Locationisnotsoimportantforproductswhichcustomersarewillingtogooutoftheirway
tofind.(地理位置對(duì)于產(chǎn)品來(lái)說(shuō)不是那么重要因?yàn)轭櫩驮敢赓M(fèi)力尋找的)
8.Tomakesurebusineisrunninghealthyontrack,entrepreneursshouldaudittheir
company’sperformanceatleastquarterlyeachyear.(為了確保企業(yè)在健康的軌道上運(yùn)行，企業(yè)家們應(yīng)當(dāng)每個(gè)季度審核公司的運(yùn)行情況)1.Electronicbankingreferstoprocebywhichacustomermayperformbankingtransactions
electronicallywithoutvisitingaphysicalinstitution.(電子銀行指的是顧客電子地處理金融交易而不是去實(shí)體機(jī)構(gòu)的過(guò)程)
2.BothlargeandsmallbankinginstitutionsarenowofferingavarietyofInternetbased
financialservice.(大小金融機(jī)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在都有提供各種基于因特網(wǎng)的金融服務(wù))
3.Otherorganizationsmaychoosetoexpandtheircustomersbasetowideronlyageographic
areabyacceptingon-lineapplicationsforloananddepositproducts.(其他組織也許會(huì)通過(guò)接受在線貸款和儲(chǔ)蓄的申請(qǐng)?jiān)诟嗟牡貐^(qū)拓展客戶)
4.OnlyaverysmallnumberofbankingorganizationsarefocusingontheInternetastheir
primarydeliverychannel.(只有極少數(shù)的金融機(jī)構(gòu)潛心于將因特網(wǎng)作為首要的交付途徑來(lái)發(fā)展)
Theseservicesspeciallyincludepayroll,automatedclearingandwiretransfer.(這些服務(wù)專門包括的自動(dòng)結(jié)算服務(wù)和電匯服務(wù))
TransactionsinitiatedthroughthissystemareprocessedbyaseparateInternetbankingapplicationandperiodicallysenttotheinstitution’sgeneralledger,depositandloanaccountingsystem.(交易啟動(dòng)后，由單獨(dú)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機(jī)構(gòu)程序進(jìn)行處理并定時(shí)將結(jié)果傳送至金融機(jī)構(gòu)的總賬、儲(chǔ)蓄和貸款的記賬系統(tǒng)中)
Telephonebankinggenerallyallowscustomerstocheckaccountbalancestransactionsandpaybillsthroughvoiceresponsesystem.(電話銀行業(yè)務(wù)允許客戶通過(guò)語(yǔ)音應(yīng)答系統(tǒng)查詢賬戶結(jié)余)
E-bankingcanimproveabank’sefficiencyandcompetitiveness.(電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)能提高銀行的效率和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力)5.6.7.8.
1.Insurancecompaniesmustgatheragreatdealofinformationbeforesettingpremiums.(保險(xiǎn)
公司在設(shè)置保險(xiǎn)金額前必須收集大量信息)
2.Theamountofthepremiumforaspecifictypeofriskismainlybasedonthepossiblelosses
thatmayoccurinthefuture.(一個(gè)具體類型的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所保的保險(xiǎn)總額主要以將來(lái)可能出現(xiàn)的損失為依據(jù))
3.Insurerswilldecidewhichriskstoinsure.(投保人將決定保哪些險(xiǎn)種)
4.Insurancecompaniesdonotcountonpayingforasinglepolicyholder’slossesoutofthe
premiumpaidbythatparticularpolicyholder.(保險(xiǎn)公司不會(huì)指望支付某個(gè)投保人由一個(gè)普通保單持有人所買下的超出保險(xiǎn)金額的損失買單)
5.Mostinsurancecompaniesarenotlikelytoconsiderissuingthissortofinsurance.(大多數(shù)保
險(xiǎn)公司不可能考慮發(fā)行這種保險(xiǎn))
6.Insurancecompaniesarenotwillingtopayoutonallpoliciesatthesametime.(保險(xiǎn)公司不
愿意同時(shí)賠付所有的保單)
7.Unemploymentthreatenssomanypeople,sounemploymentinsuranceiswildlyeasyto
comeby.(失業(yè)威脅著許多人，所以失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)被通常很容易獲得)
8.Lossesresultingfromdeliberateactionsoftheinsuredarenotcoveredinthispolicy.(因投保
人的故意行為所造成的損失不在這項(xiàng)保單所保的范圍之內(nèi)) http://m.okwtrl.com panieswishingtoraisemoremoneyforexpansioncanissuemoreshares.(希望籌集更
多資金的公司可以發(fā)行更多的股票)
2.Stockholderstradesharesonstockexchange.(股票持有人在股票交易所交易股票)
3.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageisbasedonthepricesofthestocksof30majorUS
companies.(道瓊斯工業(yè)股票價(jià)格平均指數(shù)是以30個(gè)主要的美國(guó)公司的股票價(jià)格為基礎(chǔ)的)
Thecompanyhasrunintothefinancialdifficultyforitspoormanagement.(這個(gè)公司因?yàn)樗麄冐毞Φ墓芾矶龅搅素?cái)政困難)
Thepricesofsharesonstockexchangearedeterminedbythesupplyanddemandinthesecompanies.(股票交易所的股票價(jià)格是由這些公司的股票供求關(guān)系所決定的)
Comparedtobonds,stocksoffertheholderhigherrisksandpotentiallyhigherreturn.(與證券相比，股票在提供高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的同時(shí)也潛在地提供了高收益)
Thecompanysellsbondstofinancethenewproject.(這個(gè)公司通過(guò)賣證券來(lái)自助這一新項(xiàng)目)
Whenpeopleexpectthatacompanywillhavelittleprofit,thepriceofthecompany’sstockwillfall.(當(dāng)人們預(yù)期到這個(gè)公司將會(huì)有很少的盈利時(shí)，該公司的股價(jià)就會(huì)下跌)4.5.6.7.8.
簡(jiǎn)答
1.Fourbasicmanagementfunctions:planningorganizingleadingcontrolling.
2.Currentassessmentincludes:generatingahumanresourceinventoryandmakingajob
analysis.
3.Thedifferencebetweenjobdescriptionandjobspecification:Jobdescriptiondescribesjob
content,environment,andconditionsofemployment.Itfocusesonthejob.Jobspecificationfocusesontheperson.Itdefinestheknowledge,skillsandabilitiesneededtoperformthejobeffectively.
4.Fivemethodsforanalyzingajob:theobservationmethod,interview,theuseof
questionnaire,theuseoftechnicalconferenceanddailyactivityrecording.
5.Howcanafinancialmanagerminimizeafirm’sneeds?Andtowhatextent?Paybillsaslate
aspossibleandcollectmoneyowedtothefirmasquickaspossibleaslongastheydonotdamagethefirm’screditratingorcostmorethantheysave.
6.Thecontrolleddisbursementaccount:referstoasystemthatletsafirmknowhowmany
checksandinwhatamountswillclearwhatbanksatwhattime.
7.ThreeprinciplesofTQM:theobjectiveofqualitycontrolistoachieveconstantandcontinual
improvementinquality;thefocusofqualityimprovementisoneveryproceinthe
organization;employeesbearamajorresponsibilityforqualityimprovement.
8.FourelementsinimplementingTQM:communicatingtheneedforquality,training
employeesintheskillsandknowledgeofquality,securingemployeeinvolvementinquality,rewardingforquality.
9.Whatisthequalityauditandwhyisitconducted?Itreferstoacarefulstudyofeveryfactor
thataffectsqualityinanactivityorinprocess.Itisconductedtoidentifyqualityproblemsanddiscovernewwaystoimprovequality.
10.Marketingworksprimarilyontwoprinciples:allcompanypoliciesandstrategiesshouldbe
directedtowardsatisfyingcustomerneeds.Profitablesalesvolumeismoreimportantthanmaximumsalesvolume.
11.Themainfunctionsofmarketingresearch:(1)Touncoverdissatisfactionorpossiblenew
productsorservices.(2)Toidentifytrendsthataffectsalesandprofitability.(3)Toidentifyproblemsandopportunities.(4)Tokeepupwithcompetitor’smarketstrategies.
12.Fourcomponentsofmarketingprogram:productandservice,promotion,pricingand
distribution.
13.E-bankingservicescomprisepersonalcomputerbankingthroughtraditionalproprietary
communicationchannels,retailandcorporateInternetbankingservices,telephonebanking,andpotentiallyotherformsofremoteelectronicaccetobankingservices.
14.Whydomoreandmorefinancialinstitutionseagertoadopte-banking?Becausee-banking
canimproveabank’sefficiencyandcompetitiveness,existingandpotentialcustomerscanbenefitfromagreaterdegreeofconvenienceineffectingtransaction.Thisincreasedlevelofconvenience,whencombinedwithnewservices,canexpandthebank’stargetcustomersbeyondthoseintraditionalmarkets.
15.Thedeductible:theinsurancecompanywillpayonlythatpartofalogreaterthanan
amountstatedinthepolicy.Itrepresentssmalllossesthattheinsuredhasagreedtoabsorb.
16.Stockindexesreflectfutureeconomicconditions.
17.Whenpeoplebecomeoptimisticaboutacompany’sfuture,thepriceofashareofthestock
rises;whenpeoplecometoexpectacompanytohavelittleprofitorevenlosses,thepriceofasharefails.
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀期末復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)句子
1、Butthey’realsoissuedordersthatwouldbeseenimproper“intervention”intheWest—forexample,callinglastweekonstateindustries,includingsteelandconstruction,to“activelyincrease”theirrolesintheeconomybybuyingupnewassetsathomeandabroad.
但他們也發(fā)布在西方國(guó)家眼里是不合理的干涉的命令，例如，上周中國(guó)官員召集包括鋼鐵建筑等行業(yè)的國(guó)有行業(yè)并購(gòu)國(guó)內(nèi)外新資產(chǎn)以積極發(fā)揮在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用。
2、ThisbalancebetweenfreeandmanagedmarketscanalsobeseeninChina’sapproachtopricefixingandmacro-economiccontrolinkeysectorslikefinancialservices,telecoms,utilitiesandenergy.Someoftheseindustriesarepartiallyprivatized—intelecoms,equipmentmarketsareopentoforeigners,becausetheybringcapitalandexpertisethateventuallytricklesdowntolocalfirms,likethenowinternationallycompetitiveHuawei.Butthemorelucrativeservicesmarketisstillrunbyauthorities,whosetpricesonmobile-phonecalls.
這個(gè)這個(gè)平衡自由和管理市場(chǎng)中也能看到在關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域如金融服務(wù)、電信、公用事業(yè)和能源中用中國(guó)的方法來(lái)操縱價(jià)格和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)控制。這些行業(yè)的一些部分私有化了，在電信、設(shè)備市場(chǎng)都對(duì)外國(guó)人開(kāi)放,因?yàn)樗麄儙?lái)最終惠及當(dāng)?shù)毓镜馁Y本和專業(yè)知識(shí),像現(xiàn)在的有國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的華為。但是更有利可圖的服務(wù)市場(chǎng)仍由給移動(dòng)電話定價(jià)的當(dāng)局經(jīng)營(yíng)。
3、Butchangeisuponus.Thedevelopedworldofthehavesisstrugglingtorestartgrowthandpreservewelfarestates,whiletheworldoftheoncehave-notshassurgedoutofthedownturn.BigemergingeconomicslikeChinaandIndianhavediscoverednewsourcesofdomesticdemand.
但是變化已經(jīng)來(lái)臨。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的富人正在努力重啟增長(zhǎng)和維持福利國(guó)家,而世界上的窮人一旦經(jīng)濟(jì)猛增走出低迷。像中國(guó)和印度這樣大的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了國(guó)內(nèi)需求的新來(lái)源。
4、Asbillionsofpoorpeoplebecomemoreprosperous,theywillbeabletoaffordthecomfortstheircounterpartsintherichworldhavelongconsideredthenormalappurtenancesoflife.
由于數(shù)以億計(jì)的窮人更繁榮,他們將能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起那些他們同行在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)認(rèn)為是生活附屬物的享受。
5、Chinaistiredofbeinglecturedtobythosewhoseemunabletomanagetheirowneconomicsparticularlywell.U.S.politicians,withaneartotheirconstituents,arelobbyingforprotectivetariffsifChinadoesnotallowitscurrencyappreciate.
中國(guó)厭倦了被那些似乎無(wú)法將自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)管理的特別好的國(guó)家說(shuō)教。如果中國(guó)不允許其貨幣升值的話，那些密切關(guān)注選民意向的美國(guó)政客將游說(shuō)政府征收保護(hù)性關(guān)稅,
6、Yettheunmediatedriftbetweencountries,eachdesperatetopreserveitsedgeintheglobaleconomicgame,isnoteventhemostseriousdivisionthatpolicymakershavetocontendwith.That,rather,iswhattheWEF’sGlobalRiskscallseconomicdisparity.
然而無(wú)中介的成員國(guó)之間的裂痕,每個(gè)都渴望保持其在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)游戲中的優(yōu)勢(shì),甚至不是政策制定者必須面對(duì)的最嚴(yán)重的部門。相反,是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇全球風(fēng)險(xiǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)差距的調(diào)用。
1
7、Butthisparticularrecessionwastriggeredbyafinancialcrisisthatdamagedthefinancialsystem’sabilitytochannelsavingstoproductiveinvestmentandleftconsumersandbusinessesstrugglingwithsurplusbuildings,equipmentanddebtaccumulatedintheboom.Recoveryafterthatkindofcrisisisoftenslowandweak,andindeedsomeninemonthsintotheupturnGDPhasprobablygrownatanannualrateoflethan4%.Unemploymentiswellupthroughoutthecountry(seemap),thoughitdeclinedslightlyinFebruary.
但是由于本次經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條是由金融危機(jī)引發(fā)的，后者嚴(yán)重削弱了金融體制有效分流投資的能力，使消費(fèi)者和企業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮期積累下的多余建筑、裝備和債務(wù)中費(fèi)力掙扎。這樣的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)之后的復(fù)蘇通常緩慢無(wú)力，實(shí)際上經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇大約九個(gè)月后GDP的年增長(zhǎng)率仍在4%的水平。失業(yè)率在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)突飛猛進(jìn)，盡管二月曾有小幅下降。
8、Forthepresenttheriseofknowledge-intensiveglobalindustriesfavorscentersrichininfrastructureandspecializedskills.
現(xiàn)在全球范圍內(nèi)不斷崛起的知識(shí)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)更加青睞那些擁有優(yōu)良基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和熟練專業(yè)技能的城市中心。
9、“There’saworldviewthattheUnitedStatesistheconsumeroftheworldandemergingmarketsaretheproducer,”saysBruceKasman,chiefeconomistatJPMorganChase.“Thathaschanged.”HereckonsthatAmericawillaccountforjust27%ofglobalconsumptionthisyearagainstemergingmarkets’34%,roughlythereverseoftheirshareseightyearsago.
“以前有一種觀點(diǎn)，即美國(guó)是世界消費(fèi)者而新興市場(chǎng)是制造商，”摩根大通首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家BruceKasman如是說(shuō)。“但這種情形已經(jīng)改變了。”他認(rèn)為美國(guó)今年僅會(huì)在全球消費(fèi)中占到27%的比重，而新興市場(chǎng)會(huì)占34%，這與八年前的情形剛好相反。
10、Startwithhistory.ThemodernconceptionofaunitedEuropewasbornintheembersofWorldWar2andresteduponthenotionthatbindingGermany’sfortunestothoseofFranceandtherestofEuropecouldendtheviolencethathadregularlyengulfedthecontinentforcenturies.JudgedbythatmeasuretheEUhasworkedoutfine.
以歷史為開(kāi)端。現(xiàn)代意義上的一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的歐洲出生于二戰(zhàn)的余燼之中，基于將德國(guó)的命運(yùn)與法國(guó)和歐洲其他國(guó)家聯(lián)合在一起的概念可以結(jié)束定期吞沒(méi)了大陸幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的暴力。依據(jù)這個(gè)措施歐盟已經(jīng)解決的很好了。
11、WhileJapansuffersfrommanyproblems,mostprominentlytherapidgrayingofitssociety,itisthisdeclineofaoncewealthyanddynamicnationintoadeepsocialandculturalrutthatisperhapsJapan’smostominouslessonfortheworldtoday.
而日本存在許多問(wèn)題,最突出的快速老齡化的社會(huì),正是這種下降使一個(gè)曾經(jīng)富有的和動(dòng)態(tài)的國(guó)家社會(huì)和文化陷入了深深的車轍，這也許是日本對(duì)于如今的世界最不祥的教訓(xùn)。
12、Japanhasalreadycreatedanentiregenerationofyoungpeoplewhosaytheyhavegivenuponbelievingthattheycaneverenjoythejobstabilityorrisinglivingstandardsthatwereonceconsideredabirthrighthere。
日本已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了整整一代聲稱已經(jīng)放棄相信他們能享受工作穩(wěn)定或不斷上升的生活2
水平的年輕人，而這些享受曾被認(rèn)為是一種與生俱來(lái)的權(quán)利。
13、Ithelpstostartwithaclear-eyedviewofSmoot-Hawleyitself,whichwasjustoneofmanymistakescommittedbyDepression-erapolicy-makers—andnotthemostconsequentialofthem.Ifwewanttoavoidthesortofdestructive,beggar-thy-neighbortradewarsthatcontributedtobringingdowntheworldeconomyinthe1930s,wehavetodrawtherightlessonsfromthischapterofourhistory.
它有助于以斯穆特--霍利稅法本身有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的觀點(diǎn)為開(kāi)始,這不是大蕭條時(shí)期政策制定者犯下的許多錯(cuò)誤中最重要的一個(gè)。如果我們想避免那種具有破壞性的,以鄰為壑的在1930年代導(dǎo)致世界經(jīng)濟(jì)下降的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),我們必須從我們歷史的這一章中吸取正確的教訓(xùn)。
14、Countriesthatclungtothegoldstandardwereforcedtomaintaintightmonetarypolicies.Becausetheycouldnotprintmoneytocounteractthedeflationaryforcesthathadtakenholdoftheworldeconomy,theyimposedhighertariffs,importquotasandexchangecontrolstorestrictimports.
堅(jiān)持金本位制的國(guó)家被迫保持緊縮的貨幣政策。因?yàn)樗麄儾荒芡ㄟ^(guò)印鈔票來(lái)抵消影響世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的貶值壓力,他們開(kāi)始通過(guò)提高關(guān)稅、進(jìn)口配額、外匯管制來(lái)限制進(jìn)口。
15、Thegreatconcernisthatanexpansionarymonetarypolicywillleadtouncontrolledinflation,destroyingfaithinthedollar.Similarsentimentswereexpressedinthe1930sbyadvocatesof"soundmoney"whoopposedgoingoffthegoldstandard.Suchfearsmaybejustifiedinordinarytimesoffullemployment,butwhenthereisconsiderableslackintheeconomyandunemploymentremainshigh,monetarypolicycanhelptoraiseoutputbeforeitleadstohigherprices.
一個(gè)很大的擔(dān)憂是,擴(kuò)張性的貨幣政策將導(dǎo)致無(wú)法控制的通貨膨脹,并摧毀美元的信譽(yù)。類似的情緒在1930年代由反對(duì)放棄金本位制主張“穩(wěn)健貨幣”的倡導(dǎo)者表達(dá)過(guò)。這種擔(dān)憂在平時(shí)充分就業(yè)時(shí)可能被認(rèn)為是合理的,但當(dāng)有經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條和居高不下的失業(yè)率時(shí),貨幣政策有助于在它導(dǎo)致更高的價(jià)格水平之前增加產(chǎn)出。
16、With275retailstoresinninecountries,a73%shareoftheU.S.MP3playermarket,andtheundisputedleadershippositionininnovationwhenitcomestomobilephones,AppleanditsCEOarenoone'sideaofunderdogsanymore.
蘋果在9個(gè)國(guó)家開(kāi)設(shè)了275家零售店,在美國(guó)MP3播放器市場(chǎng)占有73％的份額,自從推出移動(dòng)手機(jī)（iPhone）之后,它又無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議地確立了它在創(chuàng)新上的領(lǐng)袖地位.蘋果和她的CEO不再是毫無(wú)想法的失敗者。
17、Jobswasinitiallymumaswellaboutastockoptionsbackdatingscandalthatembroiledthecompany’sformerfinancechiefandgeneralcounsel.InaneventualSECfiling,ApplesaidJobswasawarethatthecompanyhadadjustedoptiongrantdatessothatthegrantsweremoreprofitableforemployees.Jobsapologizedforthebackdating,callingtheepisode“completelyoutofcharacterforApple”.
對(duì)于那起將蘋果前首席財(cái)務(wù)官和法律顧問(wèn)都牽連進(jìn)去的股票期權(quán)倒填日期丑聞,喬布斯一開(kāi)始保持沉默態(tài)度.在最后提交給證券交易委員會(huì)的文件中,蘋果承認(rèn)喬布斯在這件事上是知情的.為此,喬布斯公開(kāi)發(fā)表了道歉,并且聲稱這個(gè)小插曲絕非蘋果的本性.
18、Theinvestment-bankingindustrywasfurtherconstrainedduringtheDepressionofthe1930s,whenWallStreetfirmssuchasthatfoundedbyMorganweresplitintocommercialbanksandsecuritieshouses.Thelatter—today'sinvestmentbanks—underwritestocksandbondsandadvisecompaniesonmergersandacquisitions,ratherthancollectdepositsandmakeloans.
在上個(gè)世紀(jì)30年代的大蕭條（theDepressionofthe1930s）期間投資銀行業(yè)受到進(jìn)一步的抑制，華爾街的許多公司（比方說(shuō)摩根創(chuàng)立的公司）被拆分為商業(yè)銀行和證券交易所。后者即今天的投資銀行，它承銷股票和債券，并就企業(yè)合并和收購(gòu)事宜為公司提供咨詢服務(wù)，而不經(jīng)營(yíng)存、貸款業(yè)務(wù)。
19、TheopeningupofAsianeconomieshasbroughtdownthepriceoftradedgoods,helpingtofightinflation.Meanwhile,highsavingsratesinthatpartoftheworld,combinedwithageingpopulationsintheWest,havehelpedtopushupdemandforlong-terminvestmentinstrumentssuchasbonds.
亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展降低了貿(mào)易商品的價(jià)格，也有助于抑制通貨膨脹。同時(shí)，亞洲地區(qū)的高儲(chǔ)蓄率和西方老齡化的人口都推動(dòng)了對(duì)債券這類長(zhǎng)期投資工具需求的增加。
20、Giventhemarkets'increasingcomplexity,howdoinvestmentbanksmanagethegrowingriskstheyface?Therearelotsofthingstheyneedtodo,fromfindingenoughbrainboxescapableofhandlingtheintricateassetsbeingcreatedtomeasuringthecorrelationsbetweeninstrumentsthataresupposedtospreadriskbutmaydotheoppositeifliquiditydriesup.Itismildlyreassuringthathardlyaweekgoesbywithoutregulatorsintheworld'smainmarketspressingtheindustrytoimproveitsrisk-managementtechniques—butratherworryingthatthesameregulatorspayconsiderablyleattentiontowheretheriskmayendup.
鑒于這些市場(chǎng)的復(fù)雜性不斷增加，投資銀行如何才能應(yīng)付它們所面對(duì)的不斷增加的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)？它們必須做許多事情，一件事就是要找到足夠的處理創(chuàng)造出的復(fù)雜資產(chǎn)的智囊，還有一件就是要衡量用于分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)但也許在流動(dòng)性枯竭之后產(chǎn)生相反效果的金融工具之間的相互關(guān)系。稍微有點(diǎn)讓人放心的是：沒(méi)有哪個(gè)星期世界主要市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)管者不敦促該行業(yè)改善風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理技術(shù)。但讓人很擔(dān)心的是：上述的這些監(jiān)管者卻不太關(guān)注風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)在哪里結(jié)束。