英語中定語從句的用法
定語從句在句中起定語作用，修飾某一個名詞或代詞的從句，下面是小編為大家收集整理的英語中定語從句的用法相關內容，歡迎閱讀。
定義
用來修飾句子中的名詞或代詞或其短語的從句，就叫做定語從句。其實，就是拿句子來做名詞、代詞或是其短語的定語。如：
It's a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上兩句話中，都有book一詞，所以可以用定語從句把兩句話連起來。即：
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
這句話中that引導的I bought yesterday就是一個定語從句，用來修飾the book。
兩個概念
要想學好定語從句，得先弄清楚兩個基本概念，即：先行詞和關系詞。
（一）先行詞
所謂先行詞，就是指定語從句所修飾的成分。這個名稱倒是挺形象的，為什么？因為先行詞永遠出現在定語從句的前面，總是先走一步的，呵呵！
（二）關系詞
所謂關系詞，就是指用來連接定語從句的詞語。關系詞可以分為關系代詞和關系副詞。需要注意的是，關系代詞或關系副詞都要在從句中充當成分的，所以是不可或缺的，盡管當關系代詞在從句中作賓語時，經常可以省略（本文會繼續講到這個情況）。
我們在來看一下在第一節里出現的句子：
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行詞，被后面的從句I bought yesterday所修飾。而that就是關系代詞，用來連接I bought yesterday，同時又在從句作bought的賓語，而且可以省略。
定語從句的學習，其實就是有關根據先行詞的特點選擇合適的關系詞的學習。
三、分類
按照定語從句與先行詞的關系緊密與否，可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。
（一）限定性定語從句
限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用，是不可或缺的。如：
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
（二）非限定性定語從句
非限定性定語從句對先行詞起著補充說明作用，可要可不要。非限定性定語從句都會被逗號與先行詞隔開。如：
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.
【注意】
1、當先行詞具有唯一性的時候，就只能采用非限定性定語從句，否則就會產生歧義或誤解。如：
限定性定語從句：His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定語從句：His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.
因為限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用，所以具有特指功能，所以第一句中的限定性定語從句意味著是特指他在巴黎的妻子，其潛臺詞就是他不只一個妻子，也許在上海或者在紐約等其他地方還有妻子。
而非限定性定語從句只對先行詞起著補充說明作用，沒有特指功能，所以第二句中的非限定性定語從句只是用來補充說明他的.妻子現在人在巴黎這個事實。
2、that和why不能用來引導非限定性定語從句
that不能用來連接非限定性定語從句，具體的請看下一節的內容。
而why因為總是緊跟先行詞reason，所以也不能用于引導非限定性定語從句。如：
That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之間，不能插入逗號。
四、關系代詞
英語里能夠用來連接定語從句的關系代詞主要有：
that：表人或物
which：表物
who：表人（主格或賓格）
whom：表人（賓格）
whose：表人或物（所有格）
（一）that引導的定語從句
that引導定語從句時，其先行詞既可能是人，也可能是物。如：
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、當that的先行詞表物時，可以用which來替換。此外，當that在從句中作賓語時，可以省略。如：
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行詞the photo在從句I took during the trip in France中作took的賓語，所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情況
1）當定語從句以介詞開頭時，一般不用that，而要用which或whom。如：
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
兩句話的定語從句分別以介詞for和to開頭，所以后面不能再用that，而要采用which和whom。
2）當先行詞是that時，往往用which來替換。如：
We have that which we need.
此時，that which往往可以用what來替換，因此我們可以把上面的句子改為：
We have what we need.
3）在非限定性定語從句中。如：
錯誤：His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
正確：His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情況
1）當先行詞為everything、all，little、much等不定代詞時。如：
All that glitters is not gold.
2）當先行詞被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修飾時。如：
Don't waste any water that is reusable.
3）當先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last修飾時。如：
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4）當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如：
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5）當先行詞是be的表語或there be 的主語時。如：
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6）當先行詞有人又有物時。如：
We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7）當主句是以who或which及其-ever結構開頭的特殊疑問句時。如：
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情況
1）當先行詞為anyone、one、ones時。如：
He is the one who will teach us English.
2）當先行詞為those、he和people時。如：
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
在從句中做主語或賓語
1、先行詞是人，在從句中做主語，用who或that引導；在從句中做賓語，用whom、who或that引導，whom、who或that可以省略：
I’ve worked with the wonderful peoplewho make work so enjoyable.
I would like to be remembered as a manwho had a wonderful time living life.
There are friendswho make us feel so close to each otherand we can’t imagine a day without them.
Miss Wakeford is a fantastic teacher and she always helps childrenwho need it.
What advice do you have for someonewho wants to play jazz?
British people are among thosewho talk about the weather the most.
I’m sure I’m not the only onewho has a stack of books on my shelves to be read.
Darrow was a skilled attorney,who had devoted his practice to defending underdog clients.
I got a letter from my brother Lester,whom I’d not seen in two years.
There was a dinner with four women in town —two of whom I’d never met before that night.
There’s this younger generationthat doesn’t necessarily want to be what their parents were.
I love what I’m doing, and I’m one of the happiest peopleI know.
2、先行詞是物，在從句中做主語或賓語，用which/that引導；在從句中做賓語時which/that可以省略：
Grandma taught me how to make some dishesthat are so simple and delicious.
Hurricanes are very large tropical stormsthat can cause a huge amount of destruction.
If you send a messagethat might be mean or unpleasant, that’s going to hurt peoplereceiving it.
What is the point of learning a languagethat no one speaks anymore?
If you find a new wordthat you do not know, look up its meaning in a dictionary.
Red foxes are intelligent animalsthat have learned to live in urban areas as well as in the countryside.
There is an amazing cafethat serves one of the best sweet the waffles I've ever had.
They spend their lives training for the Olymhttps://p.9136.com/1ce only every four years.
Once he brought a lambthat we kept as a pet.
Live that lifeyou have always wanted to live.
The sea fishing around the coast is excellent, a pastimeI often indulged in.
Are you always putting things off or failing to reach a goalyou want to achieve?
Take time to search for the musicyou loveand play it gently in the background.
Tear up those rule booksyou've been livingbyand take risks.
Did you manage to finish the homeworkMiss Mistry set for the holidays?
I’ve always chosen the workI know I’m going to enjoy.
At restaurants, we enjoy foodwe may never take the time to prepare.
You best friend is the first personyou want to share your news with, whether it's exciting stuff or somethingthat has upset you.
注意：
1）如果先行詞是不定代詞，要用that指代：
The cost of living crisis is somethingthat is hard to ignore for everyone.
The world of workwaiting for the young peopleis unlike anything(that) their parents experienced.
2）先行詞有形容詞最高級，序數詞以及any, very, only, all, no, just 等所修飾，要用that指代：
It was one of the first things(that)I bought with my own wages.
Water is the only known substancethat can naturally exist as a liquid, solid or gas.
3）非限制性定語從句中，先行詞為物，用which：
Alcohol and caffeine are stimulants,which can affect the quality of your sleep.
Faster internet and rapidly growing computer technologies have made video games easily accessible,which means they are here to stay with us for a long time.
The James Webb Space Telescope is designed to look evendeeperinto the universe than the Hubble Telescope,whichhas beenin space for more than 31 years.
Koalas have fallen victim to bush fires, drought, and disease,which have cut their numbers in half since 2001.
Your pet dog may succumb to the deadly heart worm disease,which is transmitted only by mosquitoes.
There are more people on the road in Spring, and this has increased demand for oil,which is used to make gasoline.
It’s important to distinguish between something like the flu,which goes away, and a chronic illness,which can be long-term.
The house has eight bedrooms,all of which have been styled after places and objects from the Harry Potter series.
非限制性定語從句中，which可以指代整個主句：
She was 11,which at that time was a child.
Cars are discouraged, so kids ride bicycles and adults walk,which is how evenings are spent.
They can make decisions for themselves,which they learn from their environment and the people around them.
二、做時間、地點、方式等狀語，用where, when, why等或介詞+which
Playgrounds are the placeswhere children play the most outside of home.
Playgrounds are also important as placeswhere children can exercise, socialise, have fun and learn to be independent.
The hottest desert is the Sahara in northern Africa,where temperature can reach 47 degrees Celsius in the summer.
Theoretically, the metaverse would be a placewherepeople can meet, work and play using virtual reality headsets, augmented reality glasses, smartphone apps or other devices.
Some animalsthat were once widespreadgradually died out on the mainland,where they had to compete with stronger, smarter animals.
You can visit Alnwick Castle,builtin the 11thcentury,whereHarry Porter was filmed.
From 2010 to 2015 I worked for a bank in Monaco.where the three of us lived.
Her parents ran a little school,where her father taught maths and music.
About 250,000 people attended the March on Washington in 1963,where King delivered the ‘I Have A Dream’ speech.
There will still be many situationswhere direct medical intervention is required, such as treating heart attacks or broken bones, but there are many situationswhere telemedicine is not only useful, but desirable.
The difficult fact is that we live in timeswhen high-energy food is plentiful and cheap.
There will be timeswhen even the best therapist is tired or hungry or eager to leave on vacation.
There are two days of the yearwhen the Sun is directly above the equator:20 or 21March, and 22 or 23 September.
It was an erawhen middle-class homeowners could enjoy craftsmanship and beautiful design at an affordable price.
I remember perfectly the momentwhen I decided to fully immerse myself in the field of design.
The metaverse refers to digital worldsin which people will gather to work, play and hang out.
We were living in a little village in Lancashirein which we were the only immigrant family.
He lived near his shop, and there wasn’t a dayin which he didn’t go to work.
Here’s brief list of some of those titles, authors, and the yearin which they were published.
The wayin which care is deliveredwill be transformed by digital technology, especially in primary care.
Early pilots were called “barnstormers” because at night they sometimes slept in the barns of the local farmsover which they had flown during the day.
The society assumed there was no safe levelat which anyone could drink any alcohol at all.
Parkinson’s disease is a conditionin which parts of the brain gradually become damaged over many years.
America would withdraw from the World Health Organisation (WHO),for which it has long been the primary funder.
The easewith which we can access memories of lost loved ones on our phones or social media accounts, on the other hand, may end up trapping us in our grief.
注意：
1）表示時間、地點的名詞在句子里可能做主語、賓語或表語等：
Solar power works better in areasthat have a lot of sunny weather.
We’re marvelling at how many beautiful placesthere are in the UK to visit.
Today we live in a worldthat is paced beyond our ancestors’ imaginationsand onewhich has traded cultural with consumerism.
They also smuggled alcohol into the country from Canada,which became a huge supplier.
Escape rooms are a type of gamewherepeople have to solve clues to “escape” from a situationthatthey are locked in.
we’ve learnt to valuethe time we haveand whom we spend it with.
2）現代口語里that常常代替關系副詞，取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導定語從句。這也說明語言是發展的，語法會有不斷簡化的過程。
Play is a time for children to just enjoy themselves, express themselves and explore in the waythat they want to.
From the momentI waketill I fall asleep, all that I do is remember them.
This is the momentwe have been waiting for, for so long.
The dayI learned to tie my shoesstill brings to mind cherished memories of my dad.
Darwin changed the waywe look at life on Earthforever.
三、做定語，用whose或of which:
In March 2022, Hubble found a starwhose light has taken 12.9 billion years to reach Earth– so it’s four billion years older than any starpreviously seen.
A manwhose real name nobody knowsbuilt a cabin on the Rat River deep in the bush.
We enjoy a warm relationship with our next-door neighbors,whose young children are the same age as ours.
If you sometimes feel like you’re the only one of your friendswhose parents set rules for your gaming, it’s almost certainly not true.
Dad found a used coupewhose overall look he liked.
She is an enthusiastic bikerwhose social media is full of posts of interesting streetscapes seen on her rides.
For thosewhose wages are gone, for thosewho need food, for thosewho have no place to call home, and for so many otherswho desperately need help and hope in this time of crisis.
We went on long bike rides,the highlight of which was to stop at a village shop and buy a few pear drops and cola bottles.
Eve’s friends have seen fake accounts on three dating sites,all of which used photos taken from her OnlyFans page.
Urbanisation resulted in fragmented ecosystems,many of which were collapsing.
This tension was central to nearly all of his writing,much of which is now collected in a new book, Race Man.
I think of the French film ‘‘Time Out’’ and the Japanese film ‘‘Tokyo Sonata,’’each of whichmemorably depicts a fired white-collar workerwhose familythinks he is still going to the office.
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