定語(yǔ)從句講義

　　定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句跟在一名詞或代詞后（先行詞）進(jìn)行修飾限定，就叫做定語(yǔ)從句。接下來(lái)要給大家分享的是定語(yǔ)從句講義，歡迎大家的借鑒閱讀！

　　定語(yǔ)從句講義

　　一．定語(yǔ)從句定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語(yǔ)

　　1.定語(yǔ)從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的 先行詞之后。

　　2.先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。 3.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。

　　關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。

　　關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個(gè)作用：A.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句B.代替先行詞,C.在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分

　　二．關(guān)系代詞表格

　　關(guān)系詞 先行詞 從句成分 例句

　　關(guān)系代詞

　　who

　　人

　　主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)

　　Do you know the man who is talking with your

　　mother?

　　whom 人 賓語(yǔ)

　　The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.

　　Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working

　　whose 人，物 定語(yǔ)

　　I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.

　　that

　　人，物

　　主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)

　　表語(yǔ)

　　A plane is a machine that can fly.

　　She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.

　　She is not the person that she used to be which 物

　　主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ) The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.

　　The picture which was about the accident was

　　terrible. as 人，物

　　主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)

　　He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.

　　備注

　　Who,whom, which和that在從句中做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可以省略，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用that和who

　　關(guān)系

　　副詞

　　when

　　時(shí)間 狀語(yǔ) I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.

　　where 地點(diǎn) 狀語(yǔ) I know a place where we can have a picnic why

　　原因

　　狀語(yǔ)

　　This is the reason why he was fired.

　　例如：（注意關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?/p>

　　① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主語(yǔ)） ② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主語(yǔ)） ③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作賓語(yǔ)）

　　④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作賓語(yǔ)） ⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定語(yǔ)）

　　三．6個(gè)關(guān)系代詞的用法

　　1）關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法 which, that 在代替物時(shí)，一般可以通用。

　　His father works in a factory that/which makes TV sets. The coat (which/that) I put on the desk is black. ▲但在有些情況下，只用 that

　　1.先行詞是最高級(jí)形容詞或它的前面有最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí)。 ① This is the best way that has been used against pollution.

　　② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 2.先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或它前面有一個(gè)序數(shù)詞時(shí)。 ① This is the last place (that) I want to visit.

　　② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.

　　3.先行詞是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none,any, few, little, no, all, much, every等不定代詞時(shí)。 ① You should hand in all that you have. ② We haven’t got much that we can offer you. ③The little money (that) he had was stolen. 4.先行詞前面有the only, the very,等修飾時(shí)。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 5.先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。

　　Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 6.主句已有疑問(wèn)詞which時(shí)。避免重復(fù)使用 Which is the bike that you lost? 7.that 在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)

　　Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be. ▲不用that的情況

　　①引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如：

　　He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health.

　　②介詞后不能用。

　　We depend on the land from which we get our food. ▲有些情況只用which

　　①引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾某物或整個(gè)句子。 Bruce went towards the fire, which was still smoking. Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry.

　　②關(guān)系代詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 2）關(guān)系代詞who和whom的用法

　　who指人，在句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)可省略。

　　Whom指人，在句中只能作賓語(yǔ)，可省略，但在介詞后面不能省略。 She has a brother who worked at that factory ten years ago.

　　The doctor who/whom/that /x she went to the United States with last month is very famous. =The doctor with whom she went to the United States last month is very famous. 3）關(guān)系代詞whose的用法

　　⑴ whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 ① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. ② Please show me the book whose cover is red.

　　⑵ 當(dāng)whose表示物與物的所有格關(guān)系時(shí)，亦可用of which的形式。 ① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.

　　→ The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 → The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. 4）關(guān)系代詞as的`用法

　　先行詞前有such、the same時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用as I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks.

　　This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 5）關(guān)系副詞的用法

　　含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　① when 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

　　I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The time when we got together finally arrived. ② where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。 Shanghai is the city where I was born.

　　The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. ③why 指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。

　　Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. when=on which where=in which reason=for which The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st. This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago. I don’t know the reason why /for which he didn’t come.

　　.并非先行詞表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)時(shí)都分別用when或where來(lái)引導(dǎo)相應(yīng)的定語(yǔ)從句， 若關(guān)系詞在修飾表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、 賓語(yǔ)等而不是狀語(yǔ)時(shí)， 需用which或that引導(dǎo)相應(yīng)的定語(yǔ)從句。

　　Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school? 先行詞the days表時(shí)間， 但是其定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)而不是狀語(yǔ)， 因此不能用when而應(yīng)該用which或that。

　　This is the day when I joined the party/which he spent reading the books/which I still never forget. This is the place where I found the book./ which we once visited/which I will never forget/which I am looking for

　　This is the reason why he was late /that he gave at the meeting for his being late.

　　④.以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。 The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.

　　四．介詞+關(guān)系代詞

　　關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。 介詞+which（指事） 介詞+whom（指人）

　　①The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous.

　　②Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for. Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked. ③This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday.

　　④We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about. We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

　　⑤The boss whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The boss in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

　　五．代詞/數(shù)詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞

　　some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如： ①He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. ②In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. ③There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. ④Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

　　六．限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　限制性定語(yǔ)從句 形式上：不用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開(kāi)。

　　意義上：是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達(dá)不完整。 譯法上：譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)：“．．．的”

　　關(guān)系詞的使用上：A．作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略 B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　形式上：用逗號(hào)“，”與主句隔開(kāi)。

　　意義上：只是對(duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如刪除，主句仍能表達(dá)完整的意思。 譯法上：通常譯成主句的并列句。

　　關(guān)系詞的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom 限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：

　　The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老師告訴我說(shuō)湯姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。

　　China is a country which has a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國(guó)家。 In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一個(gè)來(lái)自非洲的人。 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例 ：

　　His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛(ài)他，對(duì)他要求很?chē)?yán)格。 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中國(guó)是1949年成立的， 現(xiàn)在正變得越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大。

　　Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我參觀(guān)了人民大會(huì)堂，在那兒每年都要舉行許多重要會(huì)議。

　　七．As 和which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的辨析關(guān)系。

　　關(guān)系代詞 as 和which都能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句代表整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，as 引導(dǎo)的從句可位于句首或句末，which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句則不能位于句首。As語(yǔ)義“正如” ▲He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. ▲The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner.

　　She has been late again, as was expected.

　　▲She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.

　　八．關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的主謂一致

　　關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞一致。 ▲Who is the guy that is reading over there?

　　The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done.

　　▲He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.

　　九．定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)

　　It is the place where they lived before. It is in the place that they lived before.

　　第一個(gè)句子為定語(yǔ)從句，where指代the place，在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)句子為強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)in the place, that沒(méi)有意義，把放回后面句子，句子意思完整。 Where is it that he found the lost watch? (強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)疑問(wèn)副詞where.) Where is the watch he found yesterday? (定語(yǔ)從句，that指代the watch.)

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