定語從句的關系代詞
定語從句(也稱關系從句、形容詞性從句),是指一類由關系詞(英語:relative word)引導的從句,因為這類從句的句法功能多是做定語,所以曾被稱為定語從句,下面是小編為大家收集的定語從句的關系代詞,歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對大家有所幫助。
定語從句的關系代詞
引導定語從句的關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞,常見的關系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose),as等;關系副詞包括where, when, why等。關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用。關系詞起3個作用:
1、引導定語從句。
2、代替先行詞。
3、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。
本單元學習關系代詞引導的定語從句。
1. who指人,在從句中做主語
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意:關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中有的時候常用who代替,并且可以省略。如:
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物時,常用以下結構來代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
→ The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
→ Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
4. which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
5. that指人時,相當于who或者whom;指物時,相當于which。在定語從
句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略
The number of the people that/who visit the city each year rises one million.
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
The number of people who/that lost homes reached 250,000.
It sounded like a train which/that was going under the house.
The boy(whom/that/who)we saw yesterday was John’s brother.
The car(which/that)my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
關系代詞代替先行詞在定語從句中充當主語、賓語、定語,因此定語從句不能再出現關系代詞所替代的名詞或代詞。如:
(誤)The story(that/which)you told me it yesterday is interesting.
(正)The story(that/which)you told me yesterday is interesting.
昨天你給我講的那個故事很有趣。
That 和which在定語從句中指物時,常常可以互換。但下面幾種特殊情況,不能互換,只能用that, 不用which.
1)先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數詞、基數詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which. 例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一個通過考試的人。
2)被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which. 例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
3)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which. 例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
4)先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。
5)以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重復,只能用that. 例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
6)主句是there be 結構,修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
關系代詞
which:引導從句,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語;先行詞指事物
that:引導從句,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語;先行詞指人或事物
who:引導從句,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語;先行詞指人
whom:引導從句,在從句中作賓語;先行詞指人
whose:引導從句,在從句中作定語,先行詞指人
as:引導從句,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語;通常用于such…as…結構
He is a man who/that means what he says.他是一個說話算話的人.(先行詞指人,關系
代詞who/that引導定語從句,并在從句中作主語)
Is there anyone in your department whose father is a teacher?你們系有個父親是老
師的.人嗎?(先行詞之人,關系代詞whose引導定語從句,并在定語從句中作定語)
To be frank,I don’t like the movie which/that you recommend to me yesterday.
說實話,你昨天推見給我的那部影片我不喜歡.(先行詞指物,關系代詞which/that引導
定語從句,并在從句中作賓語)
一 定語從句中關系代詞的使用
⒈ 如果修飾人,一般用關系代詞who, whom, whose 或that。在定語從句中作主語的一般用who或that, 作賓語的一般用whom, who或that, 作定語并具有物主性質的用whose。(在定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞可省略)
如:
①I don’t like people who/that get angry easily.
我不喜歡容易發脾氣的人。
( 關系代詞who/ that在定語從句中作主語,不可省略)
②Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see.
這就是你想見的人。
( 關系代詞whom/ who/ that在定語從句中作賓語,可以省略)
③Is there anyone in your class whose home is in the northeast?
你班上有誰家在東北的?
( 關系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語,不能省略)
注意:用who 還是whom ,完全根據它們本身在定語從句中的地位和作用而定,與先行詞在主句中的作用無關。尤其要注意在帶有插入語的定語從句中who和whom的選用。
如:
①The person who sent the letter had to pay the postage.
寄信人要付郵資。
( who sent the letter是定語從句,修飾person, who在定語從句中作主語,因此用主格)
②He is a man who I believe is honest.
他是一個我認為誠實的人。
( I believe是插入語,去掉該插入語剩下的便是He is a man who is honest,在語法及句意上都能成立,who是定語從句中動詞is的主語,故用主格,不用賓格whom.)
⒉ 如果修飾事物,用關系代詞which 和that,作賓語時可省略。作介詞賓語時,如果介詞位于關系代詞之前,則用which (不能省) ,而不用that(關系代詞that既能代人,又能代物)。whose也可用來指物(此時可用of which來代替),在定語從句中作定語。
如:
①Don’t buy tomatoes that/ which are green.
不要買顏色還是青的西紅柿。
( that/ which 在定語從句中作主語,不能省)
②The fish (that/ which) they sell are not fresh.
他們賣的魚不新鮮。
( that/ which 在定語從句中作賓語,可以省)
③The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
= The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
門壞了的那個教室將很快修理。
④The tool with which he is working is called a saw.
=The tool (that/ which) he is working is called a saw.
他干活用的那個工具叫叫鋸。
(介詞with位于關系代詞之前,須用which,不能省,也不能用that)
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