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定語從句是什么?

時間:2022-01-27 15:21:53 英語 我要投稿

定語從句是什么?

  英語的學習有人說難有人說易,眾說紛紜。但我們還是要學習好英語,才能讓我們的未來多一個選擇。下面就由小編給大家介紹介紹定語從句是什么,希望對大家有幫助。

  定語從句基本概念

  在復合句中,修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。

  引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。

  被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。

  一、定語從句的引導詞

  1、一共有9個:who, whom , whose, that, which, when,where, why, as

  與名詞從句相比:定從不能由what和how引導;which的含義改變;定從內部的介詞可以放引導詞前。

  2、引導詞的功能有哪些?

  (1)引導定語從句

  (2)代替先行詞在定語從句中充當一個成分。(先行詞在從句中不再出現)

  二、定語從句的關鍵

  1、首先,要能判斷出該從句是什么從句:

  (1)放句首沒有用逗號分開的,一般是主語從句,也有可能是狀語從句,但從句結束后若有體現時態變化的動詞,則一定是主語從句。

  (2)放及物動詞后,若及物動詞不是被動語態,后面一定是賓語從句;若該及物動詞是被動語態,后面一般是主語從句(It+ is + adj/n./done+that/whether/when…)或狀語從句。

  (3)放be動詞后,后面一定是表語從句,但 “It is/was + 從句(被強調成分) + that”是強調句(強調句中“非謂語”)。

  (4)放名詞后,一般是定語從句,但若該名詞有“內涵/內容”(fact/truth/news/information/ problem/suggestion), 則很可能是同位語從句。

  (5)用逗號分開的從句,一般是狀語從句或 as/which引導的定語從句,也要注意用放在句中用逗號分開的“插入語”(however, for example,believe it or not等)。

  2、其次,判斷出是定語從句后可以用“三個優先”法做題:

  (1)優先選擇含whose的選項,能與空格后的名詞構成“某人的某物”搭配,一般就是答案;

  (2)優先選擇含介詞的選項,然后看該介詞與從句中的謂語是否能構成符合邏輯的搭配;

  (3)用逗號分開的定從,優先考慮as和which,若該空能翻譯為“一件事”而從句意思是通順的,則放句首就用as,句末用which(若該空能翻譯為“如同”“像…一樣”則應用as)

  3、再次,做定語從句題可以用“三問法”來檢測是否出錯:

  (1)先行詞本身是否為特殊的詞?

  way+ in which/that/省略

  指物的不定代詞:anything, one, some,many, a lot, all, both, that等 + that

  指人的不定代詞或數詞:one, those, anyone, two等 + who

  既有人又有物: + that

  “抽象的地點”condition, situation,case, point + where

  “抽象的時間”one’s stay/visit + when

  在特定語境中可以作“地點/位置”理解的詞:trousers/ sleeves + where

  (2)先行詞前面有無特殊的詞?

  有不定代詞修飾:all/every/little/much+ …+ that

  有最高級/序數詞修飾:the best/second … + that

  有just the/ the very/ the only/ the last等修飾:+ that

  有who/which疑問詞:+ that(避免重復)

  有the same/ such/ as修飾:一般+ as

  (注意: ①第一個as是否為一個以as結尾的搭配,如regard…as;

  ②區分such…as(定從)與such …that“如此…以至于”)

  (3)先行詞在定語從句中充當什么成分?

  注意:從句中spend后的“時間”,以及visit后的“地點”,不是狀語,而是賓語,應該用不定代詞

  4、只能用that引導定語從句有哪些情況?

  先行詞前為all, everything, nothing,something, anything, little, much等不定代詞時;

  先行詞前有:all, every, no, some, any,little, much, few等不定代詞修飾時;

  先行詞被序數詞修飾時;

  先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時;

  先行詞前only, just, very, last有等修飾時;

  先行詞是表示人和物混雜的兩個名詞時;

  主句是以who, which,開頭的疑問句或先行詞是疑問代詞時;

  在修飾時間、地點等先行詞時,只有用that代替when, where等引導詞;

  【例】I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.

  Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?

  先行詞為reason, way (意為“方法”)時,常用that 代替why,which, in which,也可省略。

  引導詞在定語從句中作表語時,多用that引導。

  先行詞是主句表語時;

  【例】It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.

  當主語以there be 開頭時;

  當先行詞是數詞時;

  同一個復合句里有兩個定語從句,一個用which,另一個通常用that。

  5、reason后面用什么引導?way 后面用什么引導?

  reason后面的定語從句用why引導。

  way 后面定語從句用in which 或 that引導that可以省略。

  6、when引導的定語從句等于什么引導的定語從句?

  when引導的定語從句等于介詞+ which引導的定語從句。

  7、where 引導的定語從句等于什么引導的定語從句?

  where 引導的定語從句等于介詞+which引導的定語從句。

  ★8、one of 和 the (only) one of引導的定語從句在主謂一致問題上應注意什么?

  前者引導的定語從句謂語動詞用復數;后者用單數。

  9、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句有和區別?

  限制性定語從句是主句不可缺少的一個部分,缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定語從句是對主句的進一步說明,不要從句對主句意義無多大影響;非限制性定語從句前后有逗號隔開。而且非限制性定語從句中不能用that。

  10、as 和which引導的非限制性定語從句在用法上有什么區別?

  as和 which 都可以引導非限制性定語從句.都可以代替主句中的'整個內容或某一成分。

  as 引導的非限制性定語從句可以位于句首,并常和know, see, expect等詞連用,意為:“正如……”,而which不能位于句首。

  11、as 可以用于哪些結構中引導定語從句?

  such... as; the same... as; so ...as..

  12、the same…as和 the same…that 引導的定語從句如何區別?

  the same…as 引導的定語從句指的是相同事物,強調同類。

  the same…that引導的定語從句指的是同一物。

  13、such…as …和 such…that…如何區分?

  such…as…引導的是定語從句,as必須代替先行詞在其引導的從句中充當成分。

  such…that…引導的從句是狀語從句,that只是引導從句并不在其引導的從句中充當成分,在選擇填空首先看從句中是否缺句子成分,如果缺成分就要考慮是定語從句;如果不缺成分就要考慮是狀語成分。

  ★14、whose 引導定語從句有那些注意點?

  whose 作定語,后面跟名詞。一般有三種表示形式:

  【例】This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.

  = This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.

  = This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.

  ★★★15、 “介詞 + 關系詞” 開頭的定語從句有哪幾種情況?

  注意:引導定從的介詞后不能加who/that

  (1)先行詞在從句中做狀語,用來替換when/where/why的:in/on/from/for/in front of + which/whom:

  (2)“of所有格”: the+名詞+ of + which/whom; of + which/whom +… the+名詞

  (3)“某個范圍中的多少”: some/both/the former + of + which/whom; of + which/whom … some…

  (4)偶爾可用“介詞+ whose”和“介詞+where”

  三、關系代詞引導的定語從句

  關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。

  1、who指人,在從句中做主語

  The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

  2、whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。

  Mr. Liu is the person (whom)you talked about on the bus.

  【注意】關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。

  The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

  3、which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略

  Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

  4、that指人時,相當于who或者whom;指物時,相當于which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略。

  The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

  5、whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語

  He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

  whose指物時,常用以下結構來代替:

  The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

  =The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.

  Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

  =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

  (注意:the + 名詞 + of which/whom常考!)

  四、介詞+關系代詞whom/which引導的定語從句(重點)

  關系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時,從句常由介詞+關系代詞引導:

  The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

  =The school in which he once studied is very famous.

  【注意】

  1、含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等

  (1)This is the watch which/that I am lookingfor.(T)

  (2)This is the watch for which I amlooking. (F)

  2、若介詞放在關系代詞前,關系代詞指人時用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時用which,不能用that;關系代詞是所有格時用whose

  (1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)

  (2)The man who/that you talked with is my friend.(F)

  3、“介詞+關系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most,each, few等代詞或者數詞,構成some of which/whom等類似結構引導的定語從句。(重點:常考!)

  (1)He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.

  (2)In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

  (3)There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

  在特定語境中,可以用“介詞+ whose/where”引導定語從句

  The boss in whose department Ms King once worked is a kind man.

  五、關系副詞引導的定語從句

  1、when指時間,在定語從句中做時間狀語

  when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)

  (1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

  (2)The time when we got together finally came.

  2、where指地點,在定語從句中做地點狀語

  where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)

  (1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.

  (2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

  3、why指原因,在定語從句中做原因狀語,此時先行詞常為reason。可變為for which(常考!)

  why=for which

  (1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

  (2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

  【注意】關系副詞引導的從句可以由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的從句替換

  (1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.

  (2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

  (3)Great changes have taken place in thecity in which/where I was born.

  復雜式定語從句

  所謂復雜的定語從句,是指一個句子帶有兩個或兩個以上定語從句的結構。這類定語從句在結構上與先行詞的關系比較復雜,有如下幾種形式:

  1.自由式定語從句

  自由式定語從句是指一個句子中兩個或兩個以上不同成分帶定語從句的情況。這種從句的先行詞沒有固定模式,在句中充當不同的句子成分,故該結構中的定語從句稱為自由式定語從句。它們拆開來看,其實就是一個一個簡單的定語從句,因此,其翻譯也和簡單的定語從句相同。如:

  Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital

  from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification

  as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests

  were completed.

  人們開始理由充分地認為,阿拉伯伍麥葉里發王朝是征服戰爭完成后毫無作用的一個寄生集團;伍麥葉王朝曾于661年從麥地那遷都大馬士革。

  該句中由which和that 引出兩個定語從句,分別修飾做主語用的the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs

  和作賓語用的 a parasitic clique,翻譯時一個被譯成并列句,一個被譯成定語。

  2.嵌套式定語從句

  嵌套式定語從句是指一個句子中定語從句套定語從句的情況。這種結構中的定語從句其實和自由式定語從句基本相似,拆開來也是一個獨立的定語從句,只不過一個定語從句在另一個定語從句之中而已。因此,其翻譯也與簡單的定語從句相同。

  3.并列式定語從句

  并列式定語從句是并列成分中的定語從句的簡稱,指一個句子中兩個或兩個以上并列成分均帶定語從句的情況。筆者刊登在《中國翻譯》(96.1)上的《英語并列成分中定語從句的漢譯》一文曾作過介紹。這里再補充一點,這類定語從句也可譯成狀語從句,即先把主句譯出,再把定語從句譯成兩個表示并列或轉折關系的狀語從句。

  This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French,

  who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and

  also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually

  clashed in the Balkans.

  這是一個防御性的盟約,旨在保護德國人免受法國人的攻擊,保護奧匈帝國免受俄國人的攻擊;因為法國人想收復1871年失去的阿爾薩斯-洛林地區,而俄國人則在巴爾干半島同奧匈帝國接連不斷地發生沖突。

  4.一主二仆式定語從句

  一主二仆式定語從句是指一個先行詞帶有兩個或兩個以上定語從句的情況。該結構中的定語從句比較規范,均修飾一個先行詞,在翻譯時,雖然也遵循一般定語從句的翻譯技巧和方法,但還有其獨特的地方。歸納起來,有如下幾種情況:

  1)譯成定語 可以把兩個定語從句譯成并列的定語,也可譯成分開的定語修飾先地詞,或分別修飾重復的先行詞。

  … and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques,

  by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts

  with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional

  human or animal power

  ……古老的謀生之道正受到新的農業技術、新的貿易、新的行業的挑戰;這種新貿易是與世界上一向無人知曉的地區進行的貿易,而種種新行業則是使用一些無需傳統的人力畜力驅動、可節省勞動力的奇特機遇。(并列的定語)

  Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed

  at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn

  of history.

  近代史開始時,世界擁有的每一項重大成就,已為歷史發端期的人們所知曉。(分開的定語)

  And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin

  or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited

  ony by the Western Europeans.

  它有助于說明,為什么發源于中國的許多發明和希臘羅馬人所知道的許多發明,只是在西歐人手中才得到全面發展和充分利用。(分開的定語修飾重復的先行詞)

  2)譯成并列句 可以把兩個定語從句簡單地譯成一個并列句,也可以把它們譯成兩個分開的并列句,用來表示并列、轉折或先后順序等關系:

  Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient vilage that was worked by

  serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a

  hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.

  因而,采邑是靠農奴經營的自足自給予的村莊;農奴不能隨便離開,并以其勞動養活教俗封建集團。(一個并列句)

  Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society … where

  poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control;

  and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana

  with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.

  我們的目的是在加納建立一個強大、進步的社會……在這里,貧困和文盲不再存在,疾病得到控制;在這里,我們的教育機構為加納所有的孩子提供發展他們的潛力的最好機會。(兩個并列句,表示并列關系)

  This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan's grandson,

  Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.

  成吉思汗的孫子旭烈兀所取得的偉大勝利,助長了這一希望。旭烈兀信佛教,而他的妻子信基督。(兩個并列句,表示轉折關系)

  3)其他譯法 這類定語從句除上述兩種正規、固定的翻譯方法外,還有其他幾種比較靈活的譯法。我們可以把翻譯簡單定語從句的方法融會貫通,運用其中,如譯成定語+句子成分,即把一個從句譯成定語,另一個從句譯成句子成分;或譯成并列句(或句子成分)+狀語從句,即把一個從句譯成并列句或句子成分,另一個從句譯成狀語從句等。

  Even so the lisbon government admitted in MARCH< !(&)< THAt a major attack

  had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic

  weapons and who inflilcted "many" Portuguese casualties.

  即使如此,里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承認,配備迫擊炮和自動武器的游擊隊已發動了一次大規模的進攻,使葡萄牙人蒙受"重大"傷亡。(定語+句子成分)

  At one extreme are Hawii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive

  and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.

  處于一個極端的是夏威夷和巴西,在那里,種族混合十分廣泛,而且正在繼續進行,因此,種族歧視較少。(并列句+狀語從句)

  He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian

  jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority

  with the "nationalist" Hungarian Communists.

  他還是一位老牌的斯大林主義者,曾在兩次世界大戰之間的時期內在匈牙利監獄呆了16年,因而這時不愿與"民族主義的"匈牙利共產黨人分享權力。(句子成分+狀語從句)

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