定語(yǔ)從句的倒裝

　　倒裝的使用使定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊，因此對(duì)于使用倒裝語(yǔ)序的定語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)先把倒裝語(yǔ)序還原成正常語(yǔ)序，這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。以下是小編整理的定語(yǔ)從句的倒裝，希望大家喜歡。

　　定語(yǔ)從句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

　　Please translate：

　　This is the world out ofwhichgrows the hope, for the first time in history, of a societywherethere will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.

　　【知識(shí)點(diǎn)】定語(yǔ)從句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+從句謂語(yǔ)+從句主語(yǔ)”，即將整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)前面。我們的學(xué)習(xí)不僅要知其然，還要知其所以然。那么，為什么要采用倒裝呢？往往是因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)較復(fù)雜，所以按照英語(yǔ)的尾重原則而后置了。

　　【句子拆分】

　　this is the world——主句；

　　out of which ... of a society——定語(yǔ)從句，修飾world；

　　where there ... from fear——定語(yǔ)從句，修飾society。

　　【翻譯難點(diǎn)】

　　1、for the first time in history 為插入語(yǔ)，不要因此影響了對(duì)原句的理解。插入語(yǔ)可以先不看，再調(diào)整原句語(yǔ)序，得到 the hope of a society grows out of which (the world)，表示”希望建立這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)“。

　　2、freedom from want and freedom from fear，其中freedom from來(lái)自于形容詞短語(yǔ) free from，表示“免除，沒(méi)有”。另外要注意名詞 want 意思為”貧困“。所以整個(gè)短語(yǔ)可譯成”擺脫貧困，擺脫恐懼“。

　　【精品譯文】

　　在這個(gè)世界，人類(lèi)首次希望建立這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)——在那里，他們將會(huì)擺脫貧困，擺脫恐懼。

　　大家的譯文這次都有不同程度的理解錯(cuò)誤呢。本句不長(zhǎng)，不妨當(dāng)成經(jīng)典背下來(lái)，再遇難句也不怕了。

　　這個(gè)時(shí)代給人希望，在歷史長(zhǎng)河中，這是第一次免于匱乏，免于恐懼的世界。

　　有史以來(lái)第一次，這個(gè)世界能夠出現(xiàn)一個(gè)沒(méi)有缺失與恐懼的自由社會(huì)。

　　這是一個(gè)助長(zhǎng)希望的世界。這個(gè)世界將前所未有地沒(méi)有物欲和害怕。

　　這是有史以來(lái)第一次整個(gè)世界充滿了希望，沒(méi)有貧窮，沒(méi)有恐慌

　　根據(jù)句意填上適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞或介詞+關(guān)系詞（難度較低，適合初學(xué)定語(yǔ)從句者）。

　　定語(yǔ)從句中的十種常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤

　　一、省去作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞致錯(cuò)

　　誤：The changes have happened in the past few years make the city look even more beautiful.

　　正：The changes that have happened in the past few years make the city look even more beautiful.

　　誤：Those want to visit the art exhibition sign your names，please.

　　正：Those who want to visit the art exhibition sign your names，please.

　　分析：關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省，但作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省。

　　二、從句中使用多余的代詞或副詞致錯(cuò)

　　誤：The compositions we handed them in two weeks ago haven’t been marked yet.

　　正：The compositions we handed in two weeks ago haven’t been marked yet.

　　分析：從句中省去了作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞that或which，應(yīng)去掉them。

　　誤：After living in Paris for 60 years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child there.

　　正：After living in Paris for 60 years，he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.

　　分析：關(guān)系副詞where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，使用there屬語(yǔ)義重復(fù)，應(yīng)去掉。

　　三、as / it / which混用致錯(cuò)

　　誤：As is known to all that smoking does great harm to health.

　　正：It is known to all that smoking does great harm to health.或As is known to all，smoking does great harm to health.

　　分析：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，置于句首時(shí)，要用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi);it放在句首，作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)，將從句后置，中間不用逗號(hào)。

　　誤：Tom drinks a lot every day，as his wife doesn’t like at all.

　　正：Tom drinks a lot every day，which his wife doesn’t like at all.

　　分析：as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可放在主句后，也可放在主句前和主句中，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后。當(dāng)主句與從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí)，通常用as，反之則用which。

　　四、從句中誤用人稱(chēng)代詞或物主代詞致錯(cuò)

　　誤：China has hundreds of islands，the largest of them is Taiwan.

　　正：China has hundreds of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan.或China has hundreds of islands，and the largest of them is Taiwan.

　　分析：人稱(chēng)代詞只能用在獨(dú)立的單句或分句中，不能用在定語(yǔ)從句中。

　　誤：The boss in her department Ms King worked looked down upon women.

　　正：The boss in whose department Ms King worked looked down upon women.

　　分析：物主代詞不能在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)從句中用whose作定語(yǔ)，修飾department。

　　五、關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞混用致錯(cuò)

　　誤：I live in Hong Kong，where is the Special Administrative Zone.

　　正：I live in Hong Kong，which is the Special Administrative Zone.

　　誤：Is this museum the one when some German friends visited the other day？

　　正：Is this museum the one that some German friends visited the other day？

　　分析：關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)，關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

　　六、用 ing結(jié)構(gòu)替換定語(yǔ)從句致錯(cuò)

　　誤：The girl bringing milk here every morning is from a mountain village.

　　正：The girl who brings milk here every morning is from a mountain village.

　　誤：The scholars returning from abroad recently were awarded by the local government.

　　正：The scholars who had returned from abroad recently were awarded by the local government.

　　分析：當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的.動(dòng)作先于主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作時(shí)，不宜用v.？鄄ing替換定語(yǔ)從句。

　　七、that與which混用致錯(cuò)

　　誤：The weather turned out to be very good，that was more than we expected.

　　正：The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we expected.

　　誤：The stories about the Second World War were written，of that this is one example.

　　正：The stories about the Second World War were written，of which this is one example.

　　分析：that和which使用情況有別，不可混淆。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中及介詞后要使用which。下列情況須用that：1.先行詞為something/anything/everything/nothing/all/much/little等;2.先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾;3.先行詞被all/the/very/the only等修飾;4.先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。

　　八、 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)與先行詞不一致致錯(cuò)

　　誤：I，who is your close friend，will certainly help you when in trouble.

　　正：I，who am your close friend，will certainly help you when in trouble.

　　分析：定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。

　　誤：This is the only one of the tape？鄄recorders in the sound lab that don’t need repairing.

　　正：This is the only one of the tape？鄄recorders in the sound lab that doesn’t need repairing.

　　分析：one前有the only修飾，因此one為先行詞，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)does’t need。

　　九、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句區(qū)分不清致錯(cuò)

　　誤：Abraham Lincoln who led the American people through these years was shot at a theatre in Washington，D. C.

　　正：Abraham Lincoln，who led the American people through these years，was shot at a theatre in Washington，D. C.

　　分析：限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾、限定的作用，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。當(dāng)先行詞為專(zhuān)有名詞或表示“唯一”事物時(shí)，要用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

　　十、固定搭配不當(dāng)致錯(cuò)

　　誤：The house was sold at such a low price that people hadn’t expected.

　　正：The house was sold at such a low price as people hadn’t expected.

　　分析：先行詞前若有such/the same/as/so等詞修飾時(shí)，從句須用as引導(dǎo)。先行詞前若有形容詞比較級(jí)修飾時(shí)，從句一般用that引導(dǎo)。

　　何謂英語(yǔ)倒裝句

　　為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等語(yǔ)的目的而顛倒原有語(yǔ)序的句式叫做倒裝句。由于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求，或是由于修辭的需要，往往要改變句子的自然語(yǔ)序，把一些本應(yīng)置于主語(yǔ)之后的句子成分提到主語(yǔ)之前，而且倒裝語(yǔ)序大多都用于強(qiáng)調(diào)。

　　英語(yǔ)倒裝句的分類(lèi)

　　常用的倒裝句為完全倒裝，部分倒裝，特殊從句倒裝，比較從句倒裝。

　　1、完全倒裝

　　完全倒樁，又稱(chēng)"全部倒裝"，是指將句子中的謂語(yǔ)全部置于主語(yǔ)之前，通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

　　(1) 謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)+……There be/appear/come/remain+主語(yǔ)(+地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))

　　e.g. There appeared to be a woman in red.那里有個(gè)穿紅衣服的女人。

　　(2) 副詞+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+名詞主語(yǔ)+表示方向的副詞，如out, down, in, up, away, on

　　e.g. Down jumped the burglarfromthe tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

　　若開(kāi)頭用詞為：here, there, now, thus, hence, then，也會(huì)倒裝

　　e.g. Here comes the taxi.

　　(3) 過(guò)去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞+be的各種形式+主語(yǔ)+……

　　e.g. Scattered on the floor were several books and magazines.

　　2、部分倒裝

　　部分倒裝，又稱(chēng)半倒裝句，指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前,而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞無(wú)變化。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞 do, does 或 did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。

　　(1) 下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，若置句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝 ：

　　never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。

　　e.g. Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

　　(2) 以only修飾狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

　　e.g. Only when you have obtained sufficient data canyou come to a sound conclusion.

　　(3) 以下列副詞或短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

　　倒裝副詞/短語(yǔ)：often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time

　　e.g. So involved withtheir computers do the childrenbecome that leaders atsummer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

　　3、特殊從句的倒裝

　�。�1）讓步從句的倒裝

　　(i) as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。

　　e.g. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.

　　(ii) 出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語(yǔ)+其他中。

　　e.g. Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. Come what may, I’ll be on your side.

　　4、比較從句的倒裝

　　as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語(yǔ)是名詞短語(yǔ)且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語(yǔ)一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。

　　例如： Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

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