介紹英國的英文寫作
The United Kingdom, including Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland "and Northern Ireland, is a member of the European Community 12. Its full name is the United Kingdom.
Britain is the British Isles by the majority of islands, of which the largest islands are Great Britain, the second largest island Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. The west coast of Scotland there is a large islands called the Hebrides. Native north-east coast of Scotland Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, and Samoa. Of these islands with the mainland have administrative relations, but the Irish Sea between Great Britain and the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands between France is largely autonomous and not an integral part of the United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom area of approximately 242.5 thousand square
kilometers (93600 square miles), from the south coast to Scotland is almost the most northern part of nearly 1,000 kilometers (about 600 miles), nearly horizontal at its widest point about 500 kilometers (about 300 miles). "Britain" the term originated in the Greek and Latin words, which may eventually be traced back to Celtic. Although the use of "Prehistoric" This yardstick to measure, the Celtics went to the British Isles is also a later (and before that had created those civilizations such as the Avebury stone circle Stonehenge construction sites and Such well-known historical monuments), but the history of written records relating to England, after all, about the Celtics from the start. "Celtic" This phrase is very common and regularly used to
distinguish the early inhabitants of the British Isles and later the Anglo - Saxon invaders.
The Romans ruled from AD 43 onwards lasted 300 years. The Romans in 408 before the final withdrawal of the island were from Northern Europe began to Angles, Saxons and Jutes intrusion, has undergone a period of growing chaos. "England" is the word from the "Angles" came. Over the next two
centuries, and gradually became a settler harassment and the establishment of a number of small kingdom. British people in today's Wales and Cornwall Regional Independent survive. These small kingdom there was relatively strong to dominate the country's kingdom, first in the North (Northumbria Kingdom), and then in the central (the Kingdom of Mercia), and finally in the south (Wessex kingdoms). However, from the Scandinavian Vikings then invaded England and settled down, although in the 10th century Wessex
dynasty, beat off the invading Danes and for a time to dominate the vast region of England.
In 1066 took place on the last successful invasion of England. Duke William of Normandy in the Battle of Hastings defeated the British, the Normans from France and others come here to settle. In the ensuing three centuries, the French became the language of nobility, the legal structure has been the
English Channel on the other side of the passage of that set of consequences, and social structure, to some extent been affected.
Wales, though often in England within the sphere of influence, but has
been a bastion of Boston. However, in the Prince Llewellyn was killed in 1282, after Edward I waged a battle and victory to put England under the rule of
Wales. Welsh nationalist sentiment continues to rise, the beginning of the 15th century rebellion led by Owen Gerlind illustrated this point. In 1536 and in 1542 a joint decree to England and Wales in the administrative, political and legal integration into one.
Originally lived in Scotland most of Picts. The 6th century, the Scots from Ireland to settle in today's Argyll area. Lothian home to England, while others continue to go north Wales, Britain came to Strathclyde. The 9th century, the various regions of Scotland to unite against Viking. Throughout the Middle Ages, when England's monarchy has always been a powerful threat to Scotland's independence.
England and Scotland, the joint that eventually, when the religious
differences of the ethnic hatred in the past than the more crucial. In England, Elizabeth I in 1603 by James VI of Scotland (James I of England) to the throne. Even so, England and Scotland in addition to Oliver Cromwell's rule was once forced to bring together, in the 17th century they have been independent of each other. To 1707, aware of a closer political and economic union benefits, the two sides agreed to establish a single British Parliament. Scotland retained its own legal system and religious communities. But in George I and George II of Hanover, two Protestants during the reign of the royal family of England and Scotland, the relationship between the nervous and James II, has launched two rebellions revolutionaries to try to restore the Catholic House of Stuart. Ireland before the Christian era there were many of the Kingdom, but
Ireland is not immune from a violation of Viking, to the 10th century AD, when, suddenly became a Viking pre-eminence.
Henry II of England in 1169 to launch the invasion of Ireland. England Ji Pope Adrian IV, Henry II granted the powers of the supreme ruler, because he was anxious to make Irish church fully compliant Rome. Fell in most parts of Ireland, Anglo - Norman power and privilege in the hands, but in medieval England, almost no direct exercise of jurisdiction in this.
Tudor monarchs of several interventions in Ireland tend to be much
stronger. In the reign of Elizabeth I, the Irish rebels launched a series of battles. 'Resistance Movement, mainly concentrated in the northern province of Ulster, 1607, due to the failure of the resistance movement as well as leaders of the exodus of Ulster from Scotland and England into areas inhabited by immigrants.
As the English Civil War (1642 ~ 1652), Ireland was attacked by a number of uprisings, but have been Cromwell suppressed. 1688 James II was spent dim after the war between England and Ireland is constantly. 18th century, most of them are fragile peace. 18 century, the British Government has made various efforts to seek stability. In 1782, the Irish Parliament (established in the Middle Ages) to obtain legislative autonomy; in the Constitution than with
Britain the only major link is to the Royal Government. However, the Parliament represents just a small number of Anglo - Irish privileged class, Catholics were excluded. In 1798 an uprising took place, but without success; in 1801, Ireland and Great Britain combined into one.
Although the 1916 uprising in Dublin, the national insurrection was crushed, but in the First World War-stage, a stream known as the Irish Republican Army guerrilla forces began military action against the British authorities. In 1920 the Government of Ireland Act passed to set up two local government councils, one based in Dublin and one in Belfast. The Act was implemented in 1921 in Northern Ireland, Ulster Province, nine counties have six received their own parliament, while still have seats in the British Parliament, and subject to the jurisdiction of the British Parliament the highest. However, the Irish Republican Army continues to fight for the South to win its independence from Britain in the fight. In June 1921 after the signing of an armistice agreement, according to conclude in December the same year, the British - Irish Treaty the Irish Free State was established in 1949, the Free State became the Republic of Ireland. Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, although not belonging to the United Kingdom, but have a special relationship with the United Kingdom. Channel Islands during the 10th century and 11th century part of the Duchy of
Normandy. Isle of Man has been nominally in 1266 prior to the exercise of sovereignty by Norway to the 1765 final was governed directly by the
Government of the Kingdom. Today, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man have their own legislative bodies and the legal system, where the British Government is responsible for defense and international relations.
翻譯：
英國包括大不列顛(英格蘭、威爾士和蘇格蘭〉和北愛爾蘭,是歐洲共同體12個(gè)成員國之一。它的全稱是大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國。
英國是由不列顛群島中大部分島嶼組成的，其中第一大島是大不列顛,第二大島上有北愛爾蘭和愛爾蘭共和國。蘇格蘭西部沿海有一個(gè)叫做赫布里底的大群島。蘇格蘭本土的東北沿海有奧克尼群島和薩得蘭群島。上述這些群島都與本土有行政上的關(guān)系,但愛爾蘭海上的馬恩島以及大不列顛與法國之間的海峽群島則基本上自治,不是聯(lián)合王國的組成部分。
英國的面積大約為242500平方公里(93600平方英里),從南部海岸到蘇格蘭的最北部差不多將近1000公里（約600英里），橫向最寬處差不多將近500公里（約300英里）。
"Britain"這個(gè)詞起源于希臘和拉丁詞,而最終可能追溯到凱爾特語。盡管用"史前時(shí)期"這一尺度來衡量時(shí),凱爾特人也是稍后才來到不列顛群島的(在此之前的那些文明就已創(chuàng)造了諸如埃夫伯里巨石建筑遺址和圓形巨石陣這樣的著名歷史遺跡),但是有關(guān)英國歷史的文字記載畢竟還是從講述凱爾特人開始的。"凱爾特"這個(gè)詞語相當(dāng)普遍地經(jīng)常用來區(qū)分不列顛群島的早期居民和后來的盎格魯-撒克遜人侵者。
羅馬人的統(tǒng)治從公元43年起延續(xù)了300多年。在羅馬人于408年最后撤走之前,該島開始遭到來自北歐的盎格魯人、撒克遜人和朱特人的侵?jǐn)_,經(jīng)歷了一段日趨混亂的時(shí)期。"England"這個(gè)詞正是從"Angles"而來的。在此后的兩個(gè)世紀(jì)中,
侵?jǐn)_逐步變成了定居,并建立了許多小王國。不列顛人在如今的威爾士和康沃爾地區(qū)獨(dú)立生存下去。這些小王國中出現(xiàn)了力量較強(qiáng)稱霸全國的王國,先是在北方(諾森布里亞王國),然后在中部（麥西亞王國）,最后在南方(西撒克斯王國)。但是，來自斯堪的納維亞的北歐海盜接著入侵英國并定居下來，盡管在10世紀(jì)時(shí)西撒克斯王朝曾擊敗過入侵的丹麥人并一度稱霸英格蘭的廣大區(qū)域。
1066年發(fā)生了對(duì)英格蘭的最后一次成功入侵。諾曼底的.威廉公爵在黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役中擊敗了英國人,來自法國的諾曼人和其他人來此定居。在隨后的3個(gè)世紀(jì)中,法語成為貴族的語言,法律結(jié)構(gòu)受到了英吉利海峽彼岸所通行的那一套的影響,社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)在某種程度上也受到了影響。
威爾士雖然常常處于英格蘭人的勢(shì)力范圍之內(nèi),但一直是凱爾特人的堡壘。然而在1282年盧埃林王子陣亡之后,愛德華一世發(fā)動(dòng)了一場戰(zhàn)役并取得勝利,把威爾士置于英格蘭的統(tǒng)治之下。威爾士人的民族情緒繼續(xù)高漲,15世紀(jì)初由歐文·格林德領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的起義便說明了這一點(diǎn)。1536年和1542年的聯(lián)合法令把英格蘭與威爾士在行政、政治和法律上統(tǒng)為一體。
當(dāng)初住在蘇格蘭的大多是皮克特人。公元6世紀(jì),來自愛爾蘭的蘇格蘭人在如今的阿蓋爾地區(qū)定居。洛錫安住著英格蘭人,而威爾士不列顛人則繼續(xù)北上來到斯特拉思克萊德。9世紀(jì)時(shí),蘇格蘭各地區(qū)聯(lián)合起來抵御北歐海盜。在整個(gè)中世紀(jì),英格蘭當(dāng)時(shí)強(qiáng)大的君主國一直威脅著蘇格蘭的獨(dú)立。
英格蘭與蘇格蘭最終的聯(lián)合表明,當(dāng)時(shí)宗教上的差異比之以往的民族仇視更加至關(guān)緊要。在英格蘭,伊麗莎白一世于1603年由蘇格蘭詹姆斯六世(英格蘭詹姆斯一世)繼位。即使如此，英格蘭和蘇格蘭除了在奧利弗·克倫威爾統(tǒng)治時(shí)一度被強(qiáng)行聯(lián)合在一起,在17世紀(jì)它們一直是相互獨(dú)立的。到1707年,由于意識(shí)到更緊密的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)合會(huì)帶來益處，雙方同意建立一個(gè)單一的大不列顛議會(huì)。蘇格蘭仍然保留自己的司法制度和宗教社區(qū)。但是在喬治一世和喬治二世這兩位漢諾威王室新教徒統(tǒng)治期間,英格蘭和蘇格蘭之間的關(guān)系緊張起來,詹姆斯二世黨人發(fā)動(dòng)過兩次叛亂,試圖恢復(fù)信奉天主教的斯圖亞特王室。
愛爾蘭在公元前就出現(xiàn)了許多王國,但愛爾蘭并沒有能免受北歐海盜的侵犯,到公元10世紀(jì)時(shí)竟成了北歐海盜的一統(tǒng)天下。
1169年英格蘭的亨利二世發(fā)動(dòng)對(duì)愛爾蘭的入侵。英格蘭籍教皇阿德里安四世授予亨利二世最高統(tǒng)治者的權(quán)力,因?yàn)樗庇谙胧箰蹱柼m教會(huì)完全順從羅馬。愛爾蘭大部分地區(qū)都落到了盎格魯—諾曼權(quán)貴手中，但是在中世紀(jì)英格蘭幾乎沒有在此直接行使管轄權(quán)。
都鐸王朝的幾位君主干預(yù)愛爾蘭的傾向要強(qiáng)烈得多。在伊麗莎白一世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,對(duì)愛爾蘭造反者發(fā)動(dòng)過一系列戰(zhàn)役。'抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)主要集中在北部的烏爾斯特省,1607年由于抵抗運(yùn)動(dòng)失敗以及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人出逃,烏爾斯特變成了來自蘇格蘭和英格蘭的移民聚居地區(qū)。
由于英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1642~1652),愛爾蘭又爆發(fā)了多次起義,但都被克倫威爾鎮(zhèn)壓下去。1688年詹姆斯二世被廢黯之后,英格蘭與愛爾蘭之間的戰(zhàn)爭更是不斷。18世紀(jì)大部分都是脆弱的和平時(shí)期。18世紀(jì)末,英國政府為謀求穩(wěn)定作出了多方努力。1782年,愛爾蘭議會(huì)(建立于中世紀(jì))獲得立法自主權(quán)；在憲法上與大不到顛的唯一紐帶是王國政府。然而,該議會(huì)僅僅代表少數(shù)盎格魯-愛爾蘭特權(quán)階層,天主教徒被排斥在外。1798年發(fā)生了一次起義,但沒有成功；1801年,愛爾蘭與大不列顛聯(lián)合為一體。
雖然1916年都柏林民族起義者的起義遭到了鎮(zhèn)壓,但是在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)未期,一股稱為愛爾蘭共和軍的游擊力量開始對(duì)英國當(dāng)局采取軍事行動(dòng)。1920年通過的愛爾蘭政府法案規(guī)定要成立兩個(gè)地方自治議會(huì),一個(gè)設(shè)在都柏林,另一個(gè)設(shè)在貝爾法斯特。該法案于1921年在北愛爾蘭實(shí)施,烏爾斯特省9個(gè)郡中有6個(gè)接受了它們自己的議會(huì),同時(shí)在英國議會(huì)中仍享有席位,并服從英國議會(huì)的最高管轄權(quán)。但是,愛爾蘭共和軍繼續(xù)在南部為爭取脫離英國當(dāng)局贏得獨(dú)立而戰(zhàn)斗。1921年6月簽訂了停戰(zhàn)協(xié)定之后,根據(jù)同年12月締結(jié)的英—愛條約建立于愛爾蘭自由邦,1949年該自由邦成為愛爾蘭共和國。
海峽群島和馬恩島雖不屬于聯(lián)合王國,但與聯(lián)合王國有著特殊的關(guān)系。海峽群島在10世紀(jì)和11世紀(jì)時(shí)曾是諾曼底公國的一部分。馬恩島在1266年以前名義上一直由挪威行使主權(quán),到1765年最終才直接由王國政府管轄。今天,海峽群島和馬恩島都有各自的立法機(jī)構(gòu)和法律制度,英國政府則負(fù)責(zé)那里的防衛(wèi)和國際關(guān)系事務(wù)。
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