托福語法指導平行結構及真題要點解析
1. 含并列連詞and but or的平行結構
解題要點 當上述并列連詞連接兩項或多項對等成分時,這些成分必須同詞性、同形式。特別注意出現三項以上(含三項)的并列成分,多是考試焦點。 全真例題分析
(1) Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
[答案] A 并列連詞or連接三項,其中兩項為形容詞translucent與opaque,故(A)應用形容詞transparent與之并列。
(2) At the age of 94. Composer, conductor. Arranger. And acting Eva Jessye led her choral group in the first production of the opera porgy and Bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
[答案] A 并列連詞and連接四項表示身份職業的名詞,故(A)動名詞應改為actress.
(3) Atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
[答案] C 并列連詞or連接四項名詞結構,其中cell 和organ皆為單數形式,故(C)亦應改為單數tissue.
(4) Direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with Products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
[答案] C 并列連詞and連接三項動賓結構,前兩項均為動詞原形,故(C)動名詞亦應改為原形動詞pave.
(5) A majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy Loch Ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
[答案] D 并列連詞or連接三項成分。前兩項均為名詞,故(D)不應出現句子結構,而應改為名詞tricks與前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
(6) The tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
[答案] D 并列連詞and連接三個單詞。其中兩項均為動名詞,故(D)亦應改為動名詞swallowing.
2. 比較級句型要求對比雙方結構對等,比較范圍相當。
全真列題分析
(1) Probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the United States —— Henry Ford. A pioneer in automobile production.
(A) as was
(B) than was
(C) than did
(D) as did (92.8)
[答案] C 比較句型 more…than 要求比較的雙方結構相等。前項是實義動詞的.過去時形式had,故選(C)than did與之平行。
(2) The state of Maine generally has cooler temperatures than ——
(A) there are most other states
(B) most other states which have
(C) most other states have
(D) having most other states (93.10)
[答案] C 這是標準的more…than比較句型。只有(C)的句子結構與相對比的前一項完全一致。
(3) The annual worth of Utah*s manufacturing is greater than——
(A) that of its mining and farming combined
(B) mining and farming combination
(C) that mining and farming combined
(D) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
[答案] A 此句比較的是utah的年產值(the annual worth) (A)中that即代替了the annual worth,故前后比較的范圍,內容一致。
(4) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than——
(A) the domestic marketer has
(B) the domestic marketer does
(C) those of the domestic marketer
(D) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
[答案] C 此句比較的是國際市場研究者與國內市場研究者的活動(the activities) 為避免同詞重復,用(C)those來代替前面的名詞the activities ,因而對比雙方比較的范圍是平行相等的。
(5) Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter ——
(A) than cane sugar does
(B) does cane sugar
(C) cane sugar
(D) than cane sugar (90.5)
[答案] D 此比較句型前半部分主系表結構,后半部不可出現助動詞does(答案A及B),但可省略系詞,如(D)。
3. 比較句型 the +比較級…the+比較級要求前后結構相等。 全真例題分析
(1) The flatter a hair appears under a microscope —— wavier it is.
(A) although
(B) which
(C) and
(D) the (92.1)
[答案] D The flatter a hair appears 與(D)the wavier it is 是完全對等的結構。
比較級 主語 謂語動詞 比較級 主語 系動詞
(2) The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, —— to the body.
(A) the stress it is greater
(B) greater is the stress
(C) greater stress is
(D) the greater the stress (90.1)
[答案] D The less the surface 與答案(D) the greater the stress 是完全對等的結構。
4. 語意上的平行結構
解題要點 有一些詞和短語表達比較的概念,盡管不是比較級句型,但同樣要求前后對比雙方同形式,同性質。
全真例題分析
(1) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf —— of the telephone.
(A) than inventing
(B) than as the inventor
(C) the invention
(D) as the inventor (90.8)
[答案] B 表示比較概念的短語would rather …than應使用平行結構。
(2) Thomas Jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions —— a politician.
(A) such
(B) more
(C) as
(D) than (90.1)
[答案] C 動詞rival (比得上)要求比較二項結構相等。
(3) California*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. When its farm output first —— any other state.
(A) that exceeded
(B) exceeded that
(C) exceeded that of
(D) that exceeded of (92.10)
[答案] C 動詞exceeded (超過)要求比較的內容相當。(C)代詞that用以指代比較的內容“farm output”
(4) It is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
[答案] D 連詞 be fore用以引出先后發生的兩個動作。從句意上看。這兩個動作是對比關系,故應用平行結構。(D)改為a clap of thunder is heard ,與a flash of lightning is seen 相平衡。
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