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微課堂｜托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作段落拓展-例證法
「古語(yǔ)有言：“工欲善其事，必先利其器。”獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作作為一種主觀題型，了解ETS考官的小心思是備考的重要組成。換句話來(lái)說(shuō)，獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是指導(dǎo)寫(xiě)作的風(fēng)向標(biāo)。滿分評(píng)分細(xì)則：usingclearly appropriate explanations, exemplification and/or details.由此可見(jiàn)，文章的詳細(xì)論證，例證法是一個(gè)不二選擇。所以，在介紹完“因果推理法”之后今天和大家分享的就是 ——“例證法”。」
|何為例證法
例證法是托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作主體段論述的重要手段之一。文中的例子可以是一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)句子或者幾個(gè)句子組成的意群。比如：
詞例：Auniversity like Harvard is a prestigious one.
句例：Forexample, the failure of the Qing Dynasty of China proves that isolation fromthe outside world would be detrimental.
意群：Forinstance, Lionel Messi, my favorite football player, no one could believe thathe was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. However, his persistence andintense love for football kept him going on without hesitation and nothingcould stop him from becoming an excellent player. Ultimately, the sportingdirector of Barcelona had been made aware of his talent and led him to asuperiorly shining life. Now he has received FIFA World Player of the Yearnomination in 2009 at the age of 21. This incident gives me a full understandingof the fact that how unbelievable results sports may bring to people.
|例證法的好處
我們都知道，純粹的論述有時(shí)候讀起來(lái)比較呆板，而且文章細(xì)節(jié)的展開(kāi)對(duì)邏輯和相關(guān)詞匯量的要求比較高。于是，相對(duì)感性的“例證法”就可以在此大放異彩。通常，在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中所使用到的例證以意群為單位的居多。并且這些例證主要分為兩種類(lèi)型，一種是通例，一種是特例。特例主要來(lái)源于真實(shí)和具有重大歷史影響力的案例，比如：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Society benefits more from great artists thanfrom those of political leaders.Use specific reasons and examples tosupport your answer.
First,political leaders play a decisive role in the development of economy. Morespecifically, national economy is closely relatedto policies formulated by political leaders. For instance, FranklinD Roosevelt, a dominant political leader, led the United States during a toughtime of worldwide economic depression and war. His program for relief, recoveryand reform, known asthe New Deal,ushered American in an era ofrelatively low unemployment rate and stable society, which was a catalyst for arapid development of industrial economy.
此外，同學(xué)們也可以采用相對(duì)比較容易的通例。這一類(lèi)例子主要以個(gè)人背景知識(shí)和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)為來(lái)源，用起來(lái)也比較得心應(yīng)手。
比如：Doyou agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to spend money ontraveling and vacation than to save money for the future.Use specific reasons and examples tosupport your answer.
Inaddition, the income for some people is so slender that they cannot afford themoney for traveling. Those who do not have high income even worried about theconsumption of house rent, food and clothing, so actually they havenot extramoney to travel.Myuncle is a case in point.He, who works in a factory, only hasa salary of 600RMB per month, and he does not have much money left after payingthe above-mentioned expenses of the family. Never has he spent money ontraveling or vacation because of the lack of money.
綜上，托福作文的例子最好有多樣性、具體性和趣味性。同一篇文章中盡量運(yùn)用不同類(lèi)型的例子論證文章的主題，尤其是美國(guó)主流文化中涉及的人物和事件。素材收集同學(xué)們可以多讀一些英語(yǔ)原文，比如《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》(The Economics)等。
此外，自身經(jīng)很多也可以成為例子，但是要注意寫(xiě)得具體可信，即符合例子“具體化”的要求。
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