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2017職稱英語(yǔ)《衛(wèi)生A》閱讀理解專項(xiàng)試題與答案
閱讀理解
text 1
U.S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January
A study that will cost $3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 U.S. children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January, U. S. health officials said on Friday.
Officials from the U. S. government's National Institutes of Health said they hope the study, to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States, can help identify early-life influences that affect later development, with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.
The study will examine hereditary and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.
Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air, water, dust and materials used to construct their residences, the NIH said.
Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost $3.2 billion.
"We anticipate that in the long term, what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation's health care costs," Dr. Duane Alexander, who heads the NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, told reporters.
The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.
Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth, which has become more common in recent years, according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH, who heads the study.
The people taking part will be from rural, urban and suburban areas, from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups, the NIH said.
1.The aim of the study is to find new ways to __________.
A. conduct research
B. track public health
C. prevent or treat illness
D. speed up development
2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT __________.
A. genetic samples from people in the study
B. biological samples from people in the study
C. samples from the homes of the women and their babies
D. samples of air and water from hospitals
3.It is expected that through the study the nation's health care costs __________.
A. will be lowered in the long run
B. will be significantly increased
C. will be more than $200 million
D. will reach $3.2 billion
4.The babies of the participants will be followed__________.
A. throughout their lives
B. for more than two decades
C. from birth to 21 months
D. until they get married
5.Which is NOT true of the people in the study?
A. They'll be from various areas.
B. They'll be from all income levels.
C. They'll be from all educational levels.
D. They'll be from all age groups.
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Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatones of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
1.Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A. Because they killed off life more easily.
B. Because they were brighter.
C. Because they were larger.
D. Because they were hotter.
2.How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A. By estimating how long they lasted.
B. By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C. By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D. By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3.When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A. 300 million years ago.
B. 250 million years ago.
C. 60 million years ago.
D. 65 million years ago.
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?
A. They were killed off by an asteroid.
B. They died of drastic climate change.
C. They were wiped offby a volcanic eruption.
D. The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5.What is the main thesis of the article?
A. Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B. Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C. Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D. It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
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Living Standards
The differences in living standards around the world are vast. In 1993, the average American had an income of about $25,000. In the same year, the average Mexican earned $7,000, and the average Nigerian earned $1,500. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life. Changes in living standards over time are also large. In the United States, incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year (after adjusting for changes in the cost of living). At this rate, average income doubles every 35 years. In some countries, economic growth has been even more rapid. In Japan, for instance, average income has doubled in the past 20 years, and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10 years.
What explains these large differences in living standards among countries and over time? The answer is surprisingly simple. Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries' productivity-- that is, the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time. In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time, most people enjoy a high standard of living; in nations where workers are less productive, most people must endure a more meager existence. Similarly, the growth rate of a nation's productivity determines the growth rate of its average income.
The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching. If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards, other explanations must be of secondary importance. For example, people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage laws contributed to the rise in living standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity.
The relationship between productivity and .living standards also has great implications for public policy. When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards, the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services. To improve living standards,policymakers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the tools needed to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.
1.Which of the following countries has enjoyed the fastest economic growth in history?
A. Mexico.
B. The United States.
C. Japan.
D. South Korea.
2.The word "meager" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to__________.
A. modest
B. poor
C. meaningless
D. plentiful
3.What is the most important factor that leads to the rise in living standards of average people?
A. Labor unions.
B. Minimum-wage laws.
C. Rising productivity.
D. Favorable public policy.
4.The study of the relationship between productivity and living standards is significant in that__________.
A. it calls policymakers' attention to a qualified work force
B. it encourages workers to get better education
C. it helps improve the workers' ability to produce goods and services
D. it enables policymakers to access the latest technology
5.The passage mainly discusses__________.
A. the differences in average income among countries
B. the relationship between productivity and living standards
C. the causes of the rise in living standards
D. the importance of raising productivity
答案與解析
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1.c。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究的目標(biāo)是發(fā)現(xiàn)新的方法來(lái)__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此項(xiàng)研究的goal，即aim，這便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。
2.D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究者收集了下列東西，除了__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短文的第四段。第四項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是“參加研究的婦女及其嬰兒家中的空氣與水等物質(zhì)”，而不是“醫(yī)院中的空氣與水”。
3.A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：通過研究，國(guó)家的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用期望可以__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短文的第六段，即預(yù)計(jì)從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的角度講，此項(xiàng)研究將有利于節(jié)約國(guó)家衛(wèi)生保健費(fèi)用的開支。
4.B。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：參與者的嬰兒會(huì)被跟蹤調(diào)查__________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到短文的倒數(shù)第三段，即這些嬰兒將從出生前一直被跟蹤到21歲。
5.D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列關(guān)于研究參與者的說法哪一項(xiàng)是不對(duì)的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到最后一段。前三項(xiàng)在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)檠芯繉?duì)象都是懷孕的婦女，不可能是所有年齡段的人們。
text 2
1.A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：為什么遠(yuǎn)古的火山爆發(fā)比近期的火山爆發(fā)破壞性更大?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第一段：古代的火山更具破壞力，不是因?yàn)樗鼈兏螅且驗(yàn)樗鼈冡尫懦龅亩趸几茌p易地毀滅生命。
2.D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：Wignall是如何計(jì)算出遠(yuǎn)古火山爆發(fā)的殺傷力的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段。第二段有這樣一句話：He calculated the“killing efficiency'’for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion oflife they killed offwith the volume oflava that they produced.(他通過比較火山釋放出的熔巖的體積與殺死生命的比例計(jì)算這些火山的殺傷力)。
3.D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：恐龍是什么時(shí)候滅絕的?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段。其中有這么一句話：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact ofan asteroid.(他沒有提及6500萬(wàn)年前恐龍的滅絕，因?yàn)樵S多科學(xué)家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響)。
4.D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：從第三段還可以推導(dǎo)出有關(guān)恐龍的什么樣的信息?在討論第三題的答案時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)注意到了，Wignall沒有提6500萬(wàn)年前恐龍的滅絕是否跟火山爆發(fā)有關(guān)，因?yàn)樵S多科學(xué)家相信恐龍的滅絕是受一顆小行星的影響。這就說明，關(guān)于恐龍滅絕的原因在科學(xué)家之間是有爭(zhēng)議的。
5.B。主旨題。問題問的是：文章的主要論點(diǎn)是什么?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破壞力)。
text 3
1.D。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：下列哪個(gè)國(guó)家有最快的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到首段末尾：“At this rate，average income doubles every 35 years.In some countries….”文章先提到在美國(guó)，人均收入每35年翻一番，接著指出在一些國(guó)家，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度更快，可見經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度與人均收入增長(zhǎng)是成正比的，即人均收入增長(zhǎng)越快，就說明經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度越快。根據(jù)后面的例子，日本人均收入20年翻一番，而韓國(guó)則只需10年，由此可推知，韓國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度最快。
2.B。詞匯題。題干：“meager”的意思是 __________ 。方法一：可以通過查詞典得知meager的意思是“貧乏的”。方法二：利用語(yǔ)境，該詞出現(xiàn)在第二段“In nations where workers can produce…;in nations where workers…”。這里對(duì)兩類國(guó)家進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，首先在那些單位時(shí)間內(nèi)能生產(chǎn)出大量的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)(即生產(chǎn)力水平較高)的國(guó)家，大多數(shù)人的生活水平都較高;接著與之相對(duì)應(yīng)，在那些生產(chǎn)力水平較低的國(guó)家，人們的生活水平肯定較低，因此可推出meager一詞肯定跟“窮困”的意思接近，故答案只能為poor。modest意為“謙虛的，適度的”;meaningless意為“毫無(wú)意義的”;plentiful意為“許多的，豐富的”。
3.C。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：普通人生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高的最主要的因素是什么?利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第三段：“If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards，other explanations must be of secondary importance…”由上面的論述可知，生產(chǎn)力對(duì)人們的生活水平起決定作用，其他因素都是次要的。
4.A。細(xì)節(jié)題。題干：研究生產(chǎn)力和生活水平之間的關(guān)系很重要是因?yàn)開_________。利用題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到最后一段。本段主要論述研究生產(chǎn)力和生活水平之間的關(guān)系對(duì)公共政策的制定的重大意義。政策的制定者們必須考慮到生產(chǎn)力的提高也就意味著生活水平的提高。如何提高生產(chǎn)力從而提高人們的生活水平就是他們必須認(rèn)真思考的。而提高生產(chǎn)力就必須依靠提高工人的受教育水平，擁有先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)工具，以及能夠接觸到高科技。所以推斷出研究生產(chǎn)力和生活水平之間的關(guān)系的意義在于引起政策制定者關(guān)注勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)的提高。因此A選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
5.B。主旨題。題干：這篇文章主要論述了什么?從每段的首尾句可以看出整篇文章主要論述了生產(chǎn)力和人們的生活水平之間的關(guān)系。A、C選項(xiàng)都很片面，只是文章某一段落的主題;而D選項(xiàng)只提到提高生產(chǎn)力的重要性，沒有提到人們的生活水平。
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