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2017職稱英語《理工類A級》閱讀理解練習(xí)試題
part1
"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning(不要在就餐時間以外飲酒有了新含義)
In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer.
一定程度上，這對酒吧可能是一個壞消息，歐洲的一個研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)人們在就餐時間以外飲酒會使患口腔和頸部癌癥的機(jī)率比就餐時飲酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事們研究了取自四項癌癥研究的1,500個病例的飲酒習(xí)慣模式和另外3,500個從沒患癌癥的成年人的飲酒習(xí)慣模式。
After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. “Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn’t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
在研究者分析了飲酒的總量后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)和只在就餐時飲酒的人相比，在就餐時間以外灌下大量烈酒的人面臨至少50%~80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危險。在就餐時間外飲酒也會使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情況說明大約95%患以上四種癌癥的原因就是抽煙或飲酒。”Dal Maso說。他的研究小組提供的報告令人沮喪的消息是就餐時飲酒不會消除患以上任何一種癌癥的危險。
For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.
為了進(jìn)行新的分析，歐洲科學(xué)家根據(jù)每星期平均飲酒量將被研究者分為4組。飲酒量最少的一組包括每周平均飲酒量達(dá)20杯的人，飲酒量最高的一組每周飲酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和喉癌的危險隨著飲酒量而穩(wěn)定上升，即使是那些只在就餐時飲酒的人。例如，和低飲酒量的人相比，每周飲酒21~34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌癥的危險增加了一倍。如果這幾組中的人在就餐時間以外飲酒，那些屬于高飲酒量組的人會使他們患口腔癌和食道癌的危險至少增加3倍。
People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.
和每周只在就餐時平均飲酒至多20杯的人相比，高飲酒量組的人在就餐時間飲酒患口腔癌的危險是低飲酒量組的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高攝入且僅在就餐時飲酒的人患喉癌的危險是酒精低攝入且僅在就餐時飲酒的人的3倍。
“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol.
“酒精能使組織發(fā)炎，一段時間后，炎癥可引發(fā)癌癥。”Dal Maso說。他認(rèn)為食物降低了患癌癥的危險，或是通過覆蓋在消化道組織上或是通過將酒精從那些組織上擦除。他推測所有被研究者患喉癌的機(jī)率比其他癌癥低很多的原因是組織被酒精侵害到的部分少。
1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people
A. who drink alcohol outside of meals.
B. who drink alcohol at meals.
C. who never drink alcohol.
D. who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.
2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”?
A. It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.
B. It may also be a cause of cancer.
C. It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.
D. It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.
3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?
A. 3 drinks.
B. 8 drinks.
C. 20 drinks.
D. 50 drinks.
4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage?
A. Oral cancer
B. Laryngeal cancer(喉癌)
C. Pharyngeal cancer
D. Esophageal cancer
5. According to the last paragraph, tissue's lower exposure to alcohol
A. explains why inflammation triggers cancer.
B. accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.
C. is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.
D. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.
參考答案：ACADB
part2
"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan(土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象)
Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency，NASA3，analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to，the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.
科學(xué)家們說，在土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了外星生命跡象并宣布了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。美國國家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者們對卡西尼號探測器所傳回來的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，數(shù)據(jù)表明，土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆衛(wèi)星有以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的生命的存在跡象。
Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are "breathing" in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.
據(jù)報道，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到了在土衛(wèi)六高濃度氫氣大氣層里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的線索。
They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This，they say，points to the existence of some"bugs"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth.
他們認(rèn)為，氫氣在到達(dá)布滿甲烷河流湖泊的土衛(wèi)六類似行星一樣的表層前就已經(jīng)被吸收了。這就證明在這個不及半個地球大小的衛(wèi)星表面有某種微生物在依靠氫氣生存。
"We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan，similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth，"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life，it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth."
美國國家航空航天局的科學(xué)家Chris Mckay說，“我們提出有氫氣的消耗，是由于它是土衛(wèi)六上生命賴以生存的顯而易見的氣體，就像我們地球上用氧氣呼吸一樣。如果這些跡象最終證明是生命的跡象，它會加倍令人興奮，因為它會代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二種生命。”
To date，scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere，though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit) ，a methane based organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.
時至今日，盡管地球上的依賴液體水的微生物在甲烷里生長良好或把它作為廢物排出，科學(xué)家在任何地方都沒有探測到這種生命的形式。在土衛(wèi)六上，絕對溫度達(dá)到90度(相當(dāng)于攝氏-273.15度)，依賴于甲烷的微生物不得不用某種液體物質(zhì)作為生存的介質(zhì)，這種液體不是水，水在土衛(wèi)六上會凍成冰塊，不能融化。我們知道，冰塊太冷不能維持生命。
Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.
科學(xué)家們原指望太陽與大氣層中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)相互作用會在土衛(wèi)六上產(chǎn)生一層乙炔。但卡西尼號在它的表面沒有探測到乙炔。
The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation，said Mark Allen，a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team.
Mark Allen是美國宇航局土衛(wèi)六項目組的主要負(fù)責(zé)人，他說道，既然在土衛(wèi)六的表面沒有探測到乙炔，那就充分說明上面沒有生物。
"Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed，"Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process，without biology，can explain these results."
Allen說：“科學(xué)界的保守主義者們建議，要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對土衛(wèi)六上所有沒有生物的觀點做出回應(yīng);要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們?nèi)沃氐肋h(yuǎn)。極為可能的是，一種化學(xué)過程而非生物學(xué)能解釋這些結(jié)果。”
詞匯：
Saturn /'sætən/ n.土星 methane/'mi:θein/ n.甲烷，沼氣
Titan/'taitən/ n.土衛(wèi)六 acetylene/ə'setili:n/ n.乙炔
alien/'eiljən/ n.外星人;adj.外星球的;相異的
conservatism/kən'sʒ:vətizəm/ n.保守主義,守舊
注釋：
1.hints of alien life：外星生命跡象。
2.the Saturn's moon：指土衛(wèi)六(Titan) 。土衛(wèi)六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆。
3.NASA：美國國家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。
4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼號探測器，以出生于意大利的法國天文學(xué)家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務(wù)是環(huán)繞土星飛行，對土星及其大氣、光環(huán)、衛(wèi)星和磁場進(jìn)行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六噸的“卡西尼”號星際探測器被發(fā)射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀(jì)發(fā)射的最后一艘行星際探測的大飛船。“卡西尼”號用了將近七年時間，在2004 年7月1日飛達(dá)土星軌道。
5.bugs：微生物。非正式口語表達(dá)，所以使用了引號。
6.Kelvin：可翻譯成“絕對溫度”。Kelvin Scale ，絕對溫標(biāo)，開氏溫標(biāo)，是由Kelvin 勛爵于19世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)明的溫度計量方法，其零度相當(dāng)于攝氏一273. 15" C ，被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計量方法多為科學(xué)家使用。
7.principal investigator：研究項目負(fù)責(zé)人
8.rule out：排除……的可能性
練習(xí)：
1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?
A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.
B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.
C They have found methane-based life on Titan.
D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.
2. What do scientists say about Titan?
A There are life clues there.
B There is acetylene there.
C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.
D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.
3. To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does"this form of life" refer to?
A Water-based life.
B Methane-based life.
C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.
D Gas-based life.
4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?
A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.
B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.
C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.
D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.
5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?
A Earthlike Living Beings Found on Titan.
B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.
C Titan,a New Satellite Found.
D A different Life Form, a Possibility.
答案與題解：
1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學(xué)家在土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)六( Titan )上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的跡象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的。
2.A根據(jù)第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are 'breathing' in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，說明土衛(wèi)六(Titan)有生命跡象。因此A是答案。
3. B this form of life 指的是土衛(wèi)六( Titan )上以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。
4.A科學(xué)家至今對土衛(wèi)六是否存在生物有不同的觀點和解釋。Allen 說要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對Titan 上沒有生物的觀點做出回應(yīng);要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們還須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。
5.D該短文的主題是，科學(xué)家在土衛(wèi)六( Titan )上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種與地球生物不同的生命形式的跡象，即以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學(xué)家還未能最后驗證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。第四段中的一個句子能夠揭示該短文的主題：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”
part3
Clone Farm(克隆農(nóng)場)
Factory farming could soon enter a new era of mass production. Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to "clone" chickens on a massive scale1. Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered2, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies3, could roll off the production lines every hour. Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.
工業(yè)化農(nóng)場很快會進(jìn)入一個大產(chǎn)量的新領(lǐng)域。美國的公司正在開發(fā)一項需要大規(guī)模克隆小雞的技術(shù)。一旦一個具有所期望特性的小雞被孵化出來或被基因改造，每小時成千上萬的雞蛋會孵出如出一轍的小雞滾下生產(chǎn)線。每年上百萬的克隆小雞能被孵化出來，從而為雞場提供以相同比例生長，重量相同并且味道相同的小雞。
This, at least, is the vision of the US's National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research4. The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.
這至少是美國國家科技院的夢想，科技院給OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California，以及EmbrexofNorthCaroling470萬基金以資助研究。這個預(yù)想為擔(dān)憂增加雞場小雞痛苦的動物福利組織拉響了警報。
That's unlikely to put off5 the poultry industry, however, which wants disease-resistant birds that grow faster on less food. "Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there," says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen. To meet this demand, Origen aims to "create an animal that is effectively a clone", he says. Normal cloning doesn't work in birds because eggs can't be removed and implanted. Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow6, embryonic stem cells7 taken from fertilized eggs as soon as they're laid. "The trick is to culture8 the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent," says Fitzgerald.
那好像并沒有讓使家禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)氣餒，然而，他們想使抗痛小雞吃得更少，長得更快，“養(yǎng)殖者希望減少投入但仍獲得相同的產(chǎn)量，”MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen說，為了達(dá)到這個要求，Origen致力于“制造一個有效克隆體的小雞，”他說，正常的克隆技術(shù)對鳥類無效，因為卵不能被移動或移植。然而，公司正試圖大量繁殖剛產(chǎn)下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干細(xì)胞。技巧是在細(xì)胞開始顯示其差別前對其進(jìn)行培育，這樣它們還保持多能性。”Fitzgerald說
Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg9, forming a chick that is a "chimera". Strictly speaking a chimera isn't a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient. But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken's body develops from donor cells. "In the poultry world, it doesn't matter if it's not 100 percent," he says.
運用早已形成的技術(shù)，這些干細(xì)胞會被注入剛孵出的，已受精的，要接受細(xì)胞植入的雞蛋的胚胎中，形成一個嵌合體的小雞。嚴(yán)格地說，嵌合體的小雞不是克隆雞，因為它既有植入的細(xì)胞又有本身的細(xì)胞。但Fitzgerald說，如果小雞身體的95%是由被植入的細(xì)胞發(fā)展而來的就足夠了。“在家禽界，不是100%也沒關(guān)系。”
Another challenge for Origen is to scale up10 production. To do this, it has teamed up with11 Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs12 an hour. Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.
Origen面臨的另一個挑戰(zhàn)是提高生產(chǎn)量。為了做到這點，他和Embrex合作研制了一個可將疫苗注入50000個雞蛋中的儀器。Embrex正試圖改造那個儀器，從而使胚胎和注射的細(xì)胞落在準(zhǔn)確的位置而不殺死它。
In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken13. If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks. At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and takes years to breed enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.
在將來，Origen設(shè)想將不同品種小雞的干細(xì)胞冷凍，如果定單要某一種小雞，成百萬的卵能在幾個月甚至幾個星期被生產(chǎn)出來，目前，維持市場可能需要的各種小雞對養(yǎng)殖者來說太昂貴了，那要花數(shù)年的時間培育足夠多的小雞以生產(chǎn)出農(nóng)民需要的上百萬雞蛋。
詞匯：
clone/klaun/n.&v.克隆，無性繁殖 implant /im丨pla:nt/ v.植入;移植 embryonic / 丨 embri 丨 mnk/ adj.胚胎的 fertilise /'f3:tilaiz/ v.使受精
注釋：
1. on a massive scale:大規(guī)模
2. genetically engineered：經(jīng)過基因改造。genetical engineering：遺傳工程
3. hatch into identical copies：孵出如出一轍的(小)雞
4. to help fund research： 資助研究。fund用作動詞，research是它的賓語。
5. put off：意為 “discourage”(使……氣餒)。
6. bulk-grow： 大量繁殖
7. stem cell：干細(xì)胞
8. culture：動詞，意思是：培育。
9. a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg:新產(chǎn)下的;已受精的;要接受細(xì)胞植入的雞蛋
10. scale up： 提高，按比例增加。
11. team up with：與 合作。
12. up to 50,000 eggs：多達(dá) 5 萬只雞蛋。
13. different strains of chicken：不同品種的雞。
練習(xí)：
1. Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph?
A. Eggs are all genetically engineered.
B. Thousands of eggs are produced every hour.
C. Cloned chickens are bulk-produced with the same growth rate, weight and taste.
D. Identical eggs can be hatched on the production lines.
2. Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research?
A. The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology.
B. Origen therapeutics of Burlingame, California.
C. Embrex of North Carolina.
D. Animal welfare groups.
3. In the third paragraph, by saying “Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there.” Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishes
A. chickens’ quality could be maintained but with less investment.
B) chickens' taste could be improved but at less costs.
C) chickens' growth rate could be quickened but with less inputs.
D) chickens could grow to the same weight but with less feed.
4. Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph?
A) Origen and Embrex will jointly invent machines to increase production.
B) Origen wants to purchase an efficient donor cells injecting machine.
C) Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-injecting machines.
D) Origen is the leading company in producing embryo-locating machines.
5. The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following EXCEPT that
A) farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.
B) Origen can supply all the strains of chicken the market might need.
C) chicken farmers order certain strains of chicken for economic reasons.
D) chicken farmers can be supplied with whatever strain they need.
答案與題解：
1. c 第一段最后一句提供了直接的答案。
2. A 第二段共提到三個研究機(jī)構(gòu)和一個民間組織。The US's National Institute of Science and Technology為研究提供了經(jīng)費，被資助的研究機(jī)構(gòu)是Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California 禾口 Embrex of North Carolina.因此，A 是答案。
3. D 原句的意思有兩點是關(guān)鍵的，即每只雞提供的肉量不變，但飼料(inputs)要減 少。只有D符合原意。
4. C 該段第二個句子中which引導(dǎo)的從句表明，是Embrex生產(chǎn)疫苗注射裝置，而 不是兩家研究單位共同研制。Embrex在此基礎(chǔ)上將裝置改造為細(xì)胞注射裝置。所以， 只有C最接近原意。
5. A 最后一段的大意是，如果能冷凍所有品種的雞的干細(xì)胞，那么，無論需要什么 品種的雞或多少數(shù)量，都不是問題。但是，目前儲備所有品種是非常昂貴的。B、C、 D從幾方面表達(dá)了這層意思。因此，只有A是答案。
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