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專八英語閱讀理解題及答案詳解
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專八英語閱讀理解題及答案詳解 篇1
The Military Is In
Things have really changed. Not only is the military standing tall again, it is staging a remarkable comeback in the quantity and quality of the recruits it is attracting. Recruiters, once denounced by antiwar students as “baby killers” and barred from campuses, are welcomed ever at elite universities. ROTC (Reserve Officer’s Training Corps) programs, that faltered during the Viet Nam era, when protesters were fire bombing their headquarters, are flourishing again. The military academies are enjoying a steady increase in applications.
Certainly, the depressed economy has increased the allure of the jobs, technical training and generous student loans offered by the military. Students know that if they go in and become, say, nuclear weapons specialists, they can come out and demand a salary of $60,000 a year. Military salaries, while not always competitive with those paid for comparable jobs in the private sector, are more than respectable, especially considering the wide array of benefits that are available: free medical service, room and board, and PX (Post Exchange) privileges. Monthly pay for a recruit is $574; for a sergeant with four years services it is $906; for a major with ten years’ service it is $2,305. The services’ slick $175 million-a-year advertising campaign promising adventure and fulfillment has helped win over the TV generation. Kids are walking down the school hallways chanting ‘Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines,’ just like in the commercials. And many military officials feel that the key difference is the enhanced patriotism among the nation’s youth. There is a return to the view that the military is an honorable profession. The days of a judge telling a miscreant to join the Army or go to jail are over. Recruiting for all four services combined is running at 101%of authorized goals. And the retention rate is now so high, that the services are refusing some re-enlistment applications and reducing annual recruiting target.
The military academics are also enjoying halcyon years, attracting more and better-qualified students. Compared to private colleges, where tuition and expenses have been climbing sharply, the service schools are a real bargain: not only is tuition free, but recruits get allowances of up to $500 a mouth. It is reported 12,300 applicants are for the 1,450 positions in this year’s freshman class. Military academies are now just as selective as any of the best universities in the country.
Nationwide, ROTC enrollment exceeds 105,000,a 64% increase over the 1974 figure. In the mid 70’s, the ROTC students refused to wear their uniforms on campus because they suffered all sorts of ridicule, if they did. Now if they wear them to class no one looks at them twice. To them, Viet Nam is ancient history, something the old folks talk about.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
[A] The Military is in [B] The Military is up
[C] The Military is down [D] The Military is on
2. What was the attitude of the students in 1970’s towards the military?
[A] Approval. [B] Indifferent. [C] Distaste. [D] Scolding.
3. The phrase “come out” is closest in meaning to
[A] “become visible”. [B] “begin to grow”.
[C] “be made public”. [D] “gain a certain position”.
4. Which one of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason to attract students.
[A] Free tuition. [B] Spacious room.
[C] Considerate allowance. [D] Technical training.
答案詳解：
1. A. 軍隊又吃香了。To be in 有“流行，時髦”之義。全篇文章圍繞這一點而寫。文章一開頭就點名宗旨“事情真的變了，軍隊形象不僅高大，招收新兵的質量和數量明顯得到恢復。”第二段開始：“可以肯定，經濟蕭條使得軍隊提供就業，技術訓練和對學生慷慨貸款提高了誘惑力……。”第二段倒數第七句“許多軍官感到關鍵性的變化是這個國家青年中的愛國心增強，當兵是一個榮譽職業的看法又恢復了。”都表示吃香。
B. to be up 有“完了，完畢，上漲”等義。 C. to be down 有“消沉，落魄，下降”等義。 D. tobe on 有“上演，開著”等義。這里都講不通。
2. C. 厭惡。答案在第一段第二句“招兵人員曾一度被反戰學生譴責為‘殺嬰犯’而拒之校園之外，現在甚至名牌大學都歡迎。后備軍官訓練隊計劃在越戰時期曾動搖不定，抗議的人向部隊投擲燃燒彈，如今又興旺起來。”最后一段第二句“70年代中期，后備軍官訓練隊學生不愿在校內穿制服，因為穿了就遭到各種嘲笑。”這些都說明70年代，學生對軍隊的態度是“厭惡”。所以
A. 贊成， B. 漠不關心， D. 漫罵，都不對。
3. 獲得地位。To come out 有 to gain certain position 獲得（名次，地位）之義，也有appear, tobe seen （出現，看得見）之義。這里的'上下文，只能是D. 第二段第二句“學生們知道，要是參軍，當上譬如核武器專家，他們就能揚名并可要求6萬美元年薪。”
A. 看得見， B. 開始成長， C. 公開。
4. B. 寬敞的房間。
A. 免學費。 C. 相當高的津貼。 D. 技術培訓，都提到過。第二段開始“可以肯定，經濟蕭條使得軍隊提供就業，技術訓練以及對學生慷慨貸款等的誘惑力增大。”第三句“軍隊薪金盡管比不是私人公司中類似工作的工資，但已經很可觀了，尤其考慮到軍隊里有一系列的福利待遇，如免費醫療，膳宿，軍人消費合作社特惠等。”第三段“軍事院校招收的學生數量多了，質量好，年頭也就好過。私立大學里，學費和各類費用一直急劇上升，相比之下，上軍事院校確實便宜，不僅學費全面，新生每月還可拿5百美元的補貼。
專八英語閱讀理解題及答案詳解 篇2
The Young Generation
Old people are always saying that the young are not whatthey were. The same comment is made from generation togeneration and it is always true. It has never been truer than it istoday. The young are better educated. They have a lot moremoney to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up morequickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They thinkmore for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of theirelders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly arenothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from theone that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.
The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around abit longer. They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this isprecisely what the young are doing. They are question the assumptions of their elders anddisturbing their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And whatabout clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convicthaircuts? If we ruin our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can bestbe solved through conventional politics or by violent means, who said that human difference canbest be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generationso often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in theirpersonal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more materialpossessions? Can anything be right with the rat-race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that isimportant in life?
These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the pastforty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their eldersfor guidance. Today, the situation might be reversed. The old—if they are prepared to admitit—could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is thatenjoyment is not ‘sinful’. Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surelynot wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely notwrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is onlyto be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constantthreat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they shouldso often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?
1. Which of the following features in the young is NOT mentioned?
[A] Better educated. [B] More money and freedom.
[C] Independence. [D] Hard work.
2. What so the young reject most?
[A] Values. [B] The assumption of the elders.
[C] Conformity. [C] Conventional ideas.
3. Why do the young stress on the present?
[A] They have grown up under the shadow of the bomb.
[B] They dislike the past.
[C] They think the present world is the best.
[D] They are afraid of destruction.
4. What can the old learn from the young generation?
[A] Enjoyment is not sinful. [B] People should have more leisure time.
[C] Men might enjoy life. [D] One should enjoy one’s work.
答案詳解：
1. D. 艱苦工作。這在第一段中第四句“青年一代受了更好教育，有大量的錢話，有更多的自由。他們成長的很快，不那么依賴于父母，他們獨立思考得更多，不盲目接受老一代的理想……。”
A. 受更好的教育。 B. 更多的錢和自由。 C. 獨立性。這三項均提及到。
2. C. 順從。第二段集中講到這一點。“因為老人們經常認為自己懂得多，理由就是他們經歷得多。他們不喜歡自己的價值觀受到懷疑或威脅。而這正是青年在做的。他們對老人們的設想提出疑問，打亂他們的自鳴得意。他們甚至敢于懷疑老一代創造了世界上可能最佳的社會。他們最反對的莫過于順從。例如：他們說辦公時間就是強制奴役，如果人們完全自由，絕對負責，他們的工作不會更好嗎?而穿衣呢?誰說世界上所有的男人都該穿單調的灰色西裝和剪成像罪犯似的短發?……。”這些詞語都表示他們最反對的東西是遵從，“一致性”。所以
A. 價值。 B. 長者的設想。 D. 傳統習俗觀念。都是具體的某一點。
3. A. 他們在炸彈的陰影下成長。第三段倒數第四句起“由于年輕人是在炸彈戰爭的陰影下成長壯大：在不斷受到全面殲滅的威脅之下，所以也只能期望他們重視目前。這是他們的光榮遺產。他們經常詢問贈給他們遺產的這代人的頭腦是否清醒。對此我們能表示驚訝嗎?”遺產指的是第二段的種種問題所體現出來的.東西，如：“誰說人類之差異能通過常規政策或暴力手段予以很好的解決?為什么老一代人常用暴力來解決他們的問題?為什么他們(老一代)個人生活那么不愉快。老有負罪感?為什么老糾纏于要積聚越來越多的物質財富?……。”
B. 他們不喜歡過去。 C. 他們認為現世界是最好的。 D. 他們害怕破壞。
4. A. 享受不是犯罪。這在第三段中間“老年人——如果他們準備承認的話——可以從他們的孩子們那里學到一兩件事。他們能學的最大的課堂之一是享受不是犯罪。”“享受”是人可適用于生活各個方面的原則。從工作中獲得樂處，享受閑暇時間，肯定不是錯誤。拋棄約束限制，生活在現在而不是生活在過去肯定也不是錯。
B. 人們應有更多的閑暇。 C. 人可以享受生活。 D. 一個人應當享受工作。
詞匯：
1. reminder 使共回想起某事的東西，提示者
2. complacency 自鳴得意，自滿情結
3. take leave 擅自，任意，隨意
I took leave to consider this matter settled. 請原諒我認為這事已經解決了。
4. conformity 與……一致，遵從
5. guilt 有罪，內疚
6. ridden (ride 的過去分詞)受……支配的，受……壓迫
7. guilt-ridden 負罪感
8. amass 積累，積聚
9. a rat-race 激烈的競爭
10. shrug off 對……聳肩表示不屑一理，輕視，擺脫
11. spotless 無污點的，純潔的
12. shed 擺脫，拋棄
13. annihilate 殲滅
14. bequeath 贈送，把……傳給后代
15. sanity 頭腦清醒健全
難句譯注：
1. convict haircut. Convict 義：罪犯。罪犯和短發兩字合在一起為“囚犯理的發式”。但在這里其含義根據上下文決定。前面講到“誰說世界上所有的男人都應穿淺灰色的西裝”，后面只能譯成“剪成像罪犯似的短發呢”。本義有haircut義：修理整齊的短發。整齊劃一表示紳士派的工作人中作風正派，認真負責，一絲不茍的精神。作者用了convict罪犯一字表示諷刺：“罪犯也是整齊劃一的短發跟紳士們的要求一樣，難道他們也是作風正派，認真負責，一絲不茍嗎?”
寫作方法與文章大意：
這是一篇論及“代溝”的文章。主要采用對比手法，一開始就提出了一個老問題：“老人們經常說年輕人不是從前那樣了。這一評語代代相傳，永遠是對的，而今天比以前任何時候更正確。”下面幾段就論述他們之不同點以及對比老少兩代人的態度。
專八英語閱讀理解題及答案詳解 篇3
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.
[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.
4. The text provides support for which of the following statements?
[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?
[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
答案與考點解析
1. 「答案」D
「考點解析」這是一道歸納推導題。本題題干中的senior managers暗示本題的答案信息在第三段,因為第三段首句包含題干中的senior managers。通過仔細閱讀和理解本段中所談到的五點,我們可推導出本題的正確選項是選項D.本題選項A、B、C所涉及的內容分別在本段的第五點、第一點和第三點提到。考生在解題時一定要學會認真歸納和總結原文所表達的每一層含義。
2. 「答案」D
「考點解析」這是一道句間關系題。題干已將本題的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本題答案信息的最主要來源,通過閱讀和理解此句,我們可推導出本題的正確選項是D.考生在解題時一定要適當理解上下句之間的關系。
3. 「答案」C
「考點解析」本題是一道審題定位題。題干中的who uses intuition to reach decisions暗示本題的答案信息在第四段,因為第四段首句含有和題干中who uses intuition to reach decisions大致相同的the intuitive style of executive management。通過仔細閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話,我們可發現第四段的第一句話都在強調act(行動),可見本題的正確選項應該是強調行動的選項C.本題的答案信息來源是第四段的第二句話。考生在解題時一定要首先準確地審題定位,然后要善于歸納和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。
4. 「答案」D
「考點解析」本題是一道審題定位題。題干中并沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文的準確位置。在這種情況下,考生往往迷失解題思路。在考生迷失解題思路時一定要牢記全文中心主旨,并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能夠抓住第一段的尾句,并結合第三段的第四、五句,就可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是D.考生在解題時,尤其是在迷失解題思路時,一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句,同時還要抓一些明確表示啟承轉合關系的句子結構。
5. 「答案」B
「考點解析」本題是一道段落結構題。第一句話中的do not和第二句句首的rather是破解本題的關鍵。抓住這兩個關鍵就可以推導出本題的正確選項應該是B.考生在解題時一定要注意表示否定的詞語以及表示啟承轉合的詞語,更要注意句子之間的相互關系。
[參考譯文] 大部分成功的高層管理人員并不拘泥于傳統的推理模式,即：首先確定目標,然后估定問題,擺出各種可能性,估計成功率,再做決定,最后才付諸行動去實施。相反,在這些人的日常決策過程中,他們靠一種定義模糊的直覺應付大量相關問題,這些問題使他們必須在一堆含糊不清,自相矛盾,奇特無比或者令人驚異的事物中做抉擇,而且在考慮過程中就要有相應的行動。
管理學作品的寫作者早就注意到了實踐當中一些管理者對直覺依賴很強。不過總的來說,這些寫作者未曾表達出什么叫做直覺。有些人將其視作理性的對立面,還有人認為它是反復無常的(做法、性格)的一個借口。
Isenberg最近對高層管理人員認知過程的研究揭示了管理者的直覺并不是上述的任何一種情況。高層管理者是在五個不同的方面使用直覺。首先,他們直覺地感到有問題存在。第二,依靠直覺,管理者們能很快表現出有教養的行為方式。這種直覺并不是任意,非理性的',而是在多年實踐磨練,和親身體驗培養出的技能的基礎上形成。第三,直覺把一些零散的數據和實際情況組合為一個完整畫面,這經常表現為一聲Aha式的體驗。第四,有些管理者也應用直覺來檢驗更理性化分析的結果。大部分高層管理人員熟知傳統的決策分析模式和工具,那些使用這些正式的系統化方法做出決定的人經常會對一種情況保持警惕,那就是有時此方法得出的結論和他們對正確行為的感覺不符。最后,管理者可通過直覺繞開深奧的分析而快速產生一個可能的解決辦法。這么使用時,直覺幾乎是一個瞬間的思維過程,這一模式為管理者所熟悉。
這些管理者用直覺方式的一個特點是思考和行動不能分開。由于(在這種方式中)管理者在分析和解釋問題之前就已經明白應該怎么去做,他們經常是先行動,后解釋。在思考?D行動的循環中,分析是必不可少的。在這其中管理者們不是靠分析他們面對的形勢來思考其公司、組織的情況,而是行動和分析在高度一致地進行。
由于管理者們經常面對許多不確定的情況,他們鼓勵采取各種行動來對問題作一番深入了解。他們藉此對問題做出更深的體會。這種思考行為循環的一個特點即：行動是確定問題的一部分,而不只是解決問題的步驟。
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