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2015年中考英語復習資料匯總
一、名詞
【考點直擊】
1.可數名詞和不可數名詞的用法;
2.名詞所有格的構成及用法;
3.近義名詞的辨析。
【名師點睛】
一、名詞的數
1.單數和復數
可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。復數形式通常是在單數形式后加詞尾“-s”構成，其主要變法如下：
(1)一般情況在詞尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2)以s，x，ch，sh，結尾的詞加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge結尾的名詞加s，例如：orange—oranges。
(4)以輔音母加y結尾的詞變“y”為“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y結尾的名詞的復數形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o結尾的詞多數都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但詞末為兩個元音字母的詞只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，還有某些外來詞也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。
(6)以f或fe結尾的詞，多數變f為v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。
復數詞尾s(或es)的讀音方法如下表所示。
復數詞尾s(或es)的讀音方法
情 況
讀法
例 詞
在[p][t][k][f]等清輔音后
[s]
cups, hats, cakes
在[s][z][t][ ][F]等音后
[iz]
glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces
在[b][d][
][v]等濁輔音后
[z]
beds, dogs, cities, knives
(7)少數名詞有不規則的復數形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
【注意】與man和woman構成的合成詞，其復數形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成詞，故復數形式為 Germans;man, woman等作定語時，它的單復數以其所修飾的名詞的單復數而定，如：men workers， women teachers。
有個別名詞單復數一樣，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但當fish表示不同種類的魚時，可以加復數詞尾。
(8)單數形式但其意為復數的名詞有：people, police等。
(9)數詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數形式，中間加連字符。例如：ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)還有些名詞僅有復數形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。
(11)只用作單數的復數形式的名詞有：
科學名詞：physics, mathematics/maths
游戲名稱：bowls
專有名詞：the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名詞：news, falls
2.不可數名詞“量”的表示方法
在英語中，不可數名詞如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下兩種方法：
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 這類定語，例如：
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice
如果要表示“兩杯茶”、“四張紙”這類概念時，在容器后加復數，例如：
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可數名詞也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等來修飾。
二、名詞的所有格
名詞所有格，用來表示人或物的所有，以及領屬關系。
1. 表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數形式是加 's,其復數形式是s'，例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其結尾不是s的復數形式仍加 's，如：Children's Day。
3. 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結構，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 雙重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有 's，則表示“分別有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms(約翰和瑪麗各有一間，共兩間);Tom's and Mary's bikes(兩人各自的自行車)。
兩個名詞并列，只有一個's，則表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room(約翰和瑪麗共有一間);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom與Mary是兄妹)。
【實例解析】
1.(2004年上海徐匯區中考試題)
These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor
C. women doctors D. woman doctor
答案：C。該題考查的是名詞作定語時的變化。woman 作定語時要和被修飾的名詞保持數的一致。
2. (2004年河北省中考試題)
This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s
C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
答案：D。該題考查的是并列名詞的所有格。兩人共有一個房間時，只在后面的名詞后加’s。
3. (2004年吉林省中考試題)
---Are there any ________ on the farm?
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep
答案：D。該題考查的是特殊名詞的復數形式。從謂語動詞來判斷，主語應該是復數名詞。只有sheep可用作復數名詞。
4. (2004年佛山市中考試題)
---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?
---Orange, please.
A. hamburger B. chip C. tea
答案：C。該題考查的是名詞的類別。三種東西中只有tea能喝。
【中考演練】
一. 單項填空
1.--- Where have you been, Tim?
--- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house B. the Henry family
C. The Henry’s home D. Henry’s
2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner
3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .
A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once
4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters
5.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear
6.There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears
7.In England, the last name is the _______ .
A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name
8.The are going to fly _______ to Beijing.
A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans
9.The______ has two _______ .
A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch
10.The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths
11.What’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news
12.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children B. women and child
C. woman and child D. women and children
13.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.
--- Thanks.
A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS
C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING
14.Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
A. Children’s Day B. Childrens’s Day
C. Childrens Day D. Children Day
15.Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?
A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room
二. 根據下列句子的情景及所給漢語注釋，寫出所缺單詞。
1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(雜志) in our school library.
2. Please turn to another _______(頻道), I don’t like this show.
3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.
.4. Autumn is my favourite (季節)
5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have?
---Three.
6. __________ are widely used in the modern world.
7. June 1st is __________(兒童) Day.
8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you.
9. ---Does this piece of ______(音樂) sound nice?
---Yes. It’s wonderful!
10. May 12th is the International _______(護士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work.
三. 根據句意和所給首字母寫出所缺的單詞。
1. “What’s your n_______?”
“Li Lei.”
2. How many d_______ does your uncle have?
3. Please close the w______. It’s cold outside.
4. If you want study English well, you must pay attention to your p________.
5. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the world.
6. Zhang Hui is very excited. He will go to Japan with his p_______ during the Spring Festival.
7. At the a______ of seven, the lonely girl had to work to make living.
8. It’s only about an h_____ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air.
9. Health is more important to me than m_______.
10. Be careful! It’s d__________ to run across the street now.
【練習答案】
一.1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B
二.1.magazines 2.Channel 3. flight 4.season 5. knives 6. Computers 7. Children’s 8. address 9. music 10. Nurses’
三.1.name 2.daughters 3. window 4. pronunciation 5. inventions 6.parents 7. age 8. hour’s 9. money 10. dangerous
(2)形容詞、副詞考點集匯，講解和訓練
二、形容詞和副詞
【考點直擊】
1. 形容詞的用法;
2. 副詞的用法;
3. 形容詞和副詞原級、比較級、最高級的用法;
4. 形容詞和副詞在句中的區別和位置。
【名師點睛】
1. 形容詞的用法
(1) 形容詞在句中作定語, 表語, 賓語補足語。 例如：
Our country is a beautiful country. (作定語)
The fish went bad. (作表語)
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. (作賓語補足語)
(2) 形容詞修飾something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代詞時,形容詞放在名詞后面。
I have something important to tell you.
Is there anything interesting in the film.
(3) 用 and 或 or 連接起來的兩個形容詞作定語時一般把它們放在被修飾的名詞后面。起進一步解釋的作用。
Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.
You can take any box away, big or small.
(4) the+形容詞表示一類人或物
The rich should help the poor.
2. 副詞的用法
(1) 副詞在句中可作狀語,表語和定語。
He studies very hard. (作狀語)
Life here is full of joy. (作定語)
When will you be back? (作表語)
副詞按其用途和含義可分為下面五類：
1)時間副詞
時間副詞通常用來表示動作的時間。常見的時間副詞有：now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。例如：
He often comes to school late.
What are we going to do tomorrow?
He is never been to Beijing.
2)地點副詞
地點副詞通常用來表示動作發生的地點。常見的地點副詞有：here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, up, off, on, in, out等。例如：
I met an old friend of mine on my way home.
He went upstairs.
Put down your name here.
3)方式副詞
方式副詞一般都是回答“怎樣的?”這類問題的，其中絕大部分都是由一個形容詞加詞尾-ly構成的, 有少數方式副詞不帶詞尾-ly, 它們與形容詞同形。常見的方式副詞有：anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等。例如：
The old man walked home slowly.
Please listen to the teacher carefully.
The birds are flying high.
He runs very fast.
4)程度副詞
程度副詞多數用來修飾形容詞和副詞，有少數用來修飾動詞或介詞短語。常見的程度副詞有：much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等。例如：
Her pronunciation is very good.
She sings quite well.
I can hardly agree with you.
5)疑問副詞是用來引導特殊疑問句的副詞。常見的疑問副詞有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are you getting along with your studies?
Where were you yesterday?
Why did you do that?
(2)副詞在句中的位置
1)多數副詞作狀語時放在動詞之后。如果動詞帶有賓語，則放在賓語之后。例如：
Mr Smith works very hard.
She speaks English well.
2)頻度副詞作狀語時，通常放在行為動詞之前，情態動詞，助動詞和be動詞之后。例如：
He usually gets up early.
I’ve never heard him singing.
She is seldom ill.
3)程度副詞一般放在所修飾的形容詞和副詞的前面, 但enough作副詞用時，通常放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：
It is a rather difficult job.
He runs very fast.
He didn’t work hard enough.
4)副詞作定語時，一般放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如：
On my way home, I met my uncle.
The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.
(3)部分常用副詞的用法
1) very, much
這兩個副詞都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用來修飾形容詞和副詞的原級，而much用來修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級。例如：
She is a very nice girl
I’m feeling much better now.
Much可以修飾動詞，而very則不能。例如：
I don’t like the idea much.
They did not talk much.
2) too, either
這兩個副詞都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：
She can dance, and I can dance, too.
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.
3) already, yet
already一般用于語肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：
He has already left.
Have you heard from him yet?
He hasn’t answered yet.
4) so, neither
so和neither都可用于倒裝句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。
例如：
My brother likes football and so do I.
My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.
3. 形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
(1) 兩個人或事物的比較時(不一定每一方只有一個人或一個事物)，用比較
級。
Our teacher is taller than we are.
The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.
(2) most 同形容詞連用而不用 the,表示 "極,很,非常, 十分"。
It's most dangerous to be here.
在這兒太危險。
(3) "The+形容詞比較級..., the+形容詞比較級..."表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know.
(4) " 形容詞比較級 + and + 形容詞比較級 ", 表示 " 越來越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter.
(5) 主語+謂語(系動詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對比相同。
This box is as big as mine.
(6) the + 形容詞 表示某種人。
He always helps the poor.
(7) 形容詞和副詞最高級用于三個或三個以上的人和物進行比較。
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.
【實例解析】
1. (2004年北京市中考試題)
---Which is ________, the sun, the moon or the earth?
---Of course the moon is.
A. small B. smaller C. smallest D. the smallest
答案：D。該題考查的是形容詞的比較等級的用法。因為是太陽，地球和月亮三者進行比較，選用形容詞的最高級，而且最高級之前要加定冠詞the。所以選D。
2. (2004年上海徐匯區中考試題)
He has made _______ progress this term than before.
A. little B. less C. fewer D. much
答案 B。該題考查的是形容詞比較等級的用法。因為是現在和過去進行比較，所以要用比較級，又因為是修飾不可數名詞，只能用less, 而不能用fewer。
3. (2004年江西省中考試題)
---What delicious cakes!
---They would taste _______ with butter.
A. good B. better C. bad D. worse
答案：B。該題考查的是形容詞的比較等級。答話人的意思應該是“如果加上點黃油，這些蛋糕會更好吃。”這里就有一種比較：加黃油和不加黃油。既然是比較，就要用比較級。因為這里講的是好吃和更好吃，所以C,D要舍去，而選better。
4. (2004年河北省中考試題)
Bob never does his homework ________ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.
A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful as
答案：B。該題考查的是形容詞和副詞的用法區別。因為該詞修飾的是動作“做家庭作業”，所以要用副詞。又因為表示一方不如另一方要用句型“not as+副詞原級+as”，所以只能選B。
【中考演練】
一. 單項填空
1.There are many young trees on sides of the road.
A. every B. each C. both D. all
2.--- It’s so cold today.
--- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday.
A. more cold B. more colder C. much colder D. cold
3.Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone.
A. more B. a little C. many D. few
4.She isn’t so at maths as you are.
A. well B. good C. better D. best
5.Peter writes of the three.
A. better B. best C. good D. well
6.He is enough to carry the heavy box.
A. stronger B. much stronger C. strong D. the strongest
7.I bought exercise-books with money.
A. a few; a few B. a few; a little
C. a little; a few D. a little; a little
8.The box is heavy for the girl carry.
A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to
9.The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to skate on.
A. long B. high C. thick D. wide
10.Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.
A. so B. much C. very D. too
11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test.
A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily
12. The smile on my father’s face showed that he was ______ with me.
A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry
13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?
---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this.
A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as
C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as
14. ---This digital camera is really cheap!
---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see.
A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive
15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible.
A. often B. long C. hard D. soon
16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.
A. many B. some C. few D. more
17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name.
A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes
18. ---One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.
---Right. The government spoke ______ that.
A. highly for B. high of
C. well of D. highly of
19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make.
---We know, Miss Gao.
A. The more; the more B. The fewer; the more
C. The more; the fewer D. The less; the less
20. I have ________ to do today.
A. anything important B. something important
C. important nothing D. important something
二. 用所給單詞的適當形式填空
1. My purse was stolen on the bus yesterday. __________ (Fortunate), there was no money in it.
2. Mobile phones are _________ (wide) used in most of the cities in China.
3. He put on his coat and went out ________ (quick).
4. She is ______ (good) than Li Ping at swimming.
5. A lot Chinese people are _______ (pride) of Yao Ming, a famous basketball star in NBA.
6. To our surprise, he suddenly returned on a cold ______ (snow) night.
7. Allie asked me ______ (polite) to put the things away.
8. It’s snowing hard. You must drive ________(careful).
9. The earth we live on is _______ (big) than the moon.
10. Hainan is a very large island. It’s the second ________ (large) island in China.
三. 用適當的形容詞或副詞填空(首字母已給出)
1. A large number of mouths must be fed in those less d________ countries.
2. That evening Beethoven played the music for the girl as well as u______.
3. Hawaii is f_______ its beautiful beaches.
4. He often takes an a______ part in the sports meeting and he can get very good results each time.
5. The performance was so w_______ that everyone gave a long and loud applause(鼓掌).
6. Jiefang Road is the b_____ street in our city.
7. She lay a______ for hours thinking over her business.
8. I like ball games very much, but my f_______ sport is playing basketball.
9. The boy is too l______ . He doesn’t want to do anything.
10. The dictionary is very u________ . It will help you a lot.
【練習答案】
一. 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B
二. 1. Fortunately 2. widely 3.quickly 4. better 5. proud 6. snowy 7. politely 8. carefully 9. bigger 10. largest
三. 1. developed 2. usual 3. famous 4. active 5. wonderful 6. busiest 7. awake 8. favourite 9. lazy 10. useful
(3)動詞考點集匯、講解和訓練
三、動詞
【考點直擊】
1.動詞的八種時態的構成及用法;
2.動詞被動語態的構成及用法;
3.非謂語動詞的構成及用法;
4.近義動詞的用法區別。
【名師點睛】
1.動詞的時態
英語時態用共有十六種時態，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、現在完成時、過去進行時、過去完成時和過去將來時。
(1)一般現在時的基本用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.
【注意】此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much.
5) 某些動詞如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般現在時句中可用來表示將來肯定會發生的動作。
The train comes at 3 o'clock.
6) 在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，一般現在時代替一般將來時。
I'll help you as soon as you have problem.
Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.
(2)一般過去時的用法：
表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內所發生的動作或情況，通常一般過去式帶有表示動作時間狀語的詞，詞組或從句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚時可以不帶時間狀語。
I worked in that factory last year.
【注意】
1) 過去經常反復發生的動作，也可用used to或would加動詞原形來表達，例如：
I used to go fishing on Sundays.
2) “used to”也可用于表示過去曾經存在過的狀態。例如：
This river used to be clean.
(3)一般將來時的用法
1)表示將來的動作或狀態。例如：
I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.
2)表示將來反復發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：
He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.
3)表示將來的意愿，決心，許諾， 命令等時常用will，征求對方意見，主語是第一人稱時，常用shall。
I will do my best to catch up with them.
Shall I open the door?
4)be + going + 動詞不定式。也是一種將來時句型，表示打算，計劃，最近
或將來要作的某事。
I am going to Beijing next week.
5)be + 動詞不定式。表示有職責，義務，可能，約定，意圖等。
There is to be a meeting this afternoon.
We are to meet the guests at the station.
6)be about + 動詞不定式，表示馬上，很快作某事。
They are about to leave.
(4)現在進行時的用法
1) 現在進行時的用法表示說話者說話時正在發生或者進行的動作， 它注重
現在正在進行的動作，而不管動作從什么時間開始，到什么時間結束。
What are you doing now?
I am looking for my key.
2) 現在進行時表示目前一段時間內正在進行的動作(但說話時這個動作不一定在進行)。
The students are preparing for the examination.
3) 某些動詞的現在進行時可以表示即將發生的動作，這些動詞有 arrive, come, leave, start等。
They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.
【注意】有些動詞一般不可以用于進行時態
①表示狀態的動詞，尤其是靜態動詞，如：be, have
②表示認識、知覺和情感的動詞，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。
(5)現在完成時的用法
1) 現在完成時表示在說話之前已經完成或剛完成的動作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.
They have cleaned the classroom.
2) 現在完成時表示動作從過去開始持續到現在，或者還有可能持續下去的動作或狀態。 現在完成時常與for 和 since 引導的短語或從句連用。
We have lived here since 1976.
They have waited for more than two hours.
【注意】
一般過去時與現在完成時的區別
過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響;一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用。
試比較：
I saw this film yesterday.(強調看的動作發生過了，不涉及現在)
I have seen this film. (強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。)
(6)過去進行時的用法
表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。例如：
I was watching TV when she came to see me.
【注意】
過去進行時和一般過去時都是過去發生的事情，但過去進行時側重表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或所處的狀態，強調動作的連續進行，而一般過去時則表示單純的過去事實，例如：
They were building a house last month. (上個月正在建造，建造好與否不知)
They built a new house last month. (上個月建造好了，動作已經完成)
(7)過去完成時的用法
過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或所處的狀態，過去完成時常和 by , before 等詞組成的短語和從句連用。
We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year.
When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.
(8)過去將來時的用法
過去將來時表示從過去某個時間看將要發生的動作或存在地狀態，過去將來時較多地被運用在賓語從句中。例如：
They were going to have a meeting.
I told him that I would see him off at the station.
2.動詞的語態
語態有兩種：主動語態和被動語態。
主語是動作的發出者為主動語態;主語是動作的接受者為被動語態。
(1)被動語態
1) 被動語態最基本的句型結構是： be +及物動詞過去分詞
2) 被動語態中的謂語動詞一定要是及物動詞
因為被動句中的主語是動作的承受者，某些短語動詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用于被動語態。
The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】
短語動詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動語態時不可遺漏。
3) 主動語態變為被動語態要加“to”的情況
若賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變為被動語態時，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動詞為感官動詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
4) 主動形式表示被動意義
如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等動詞雖然用做主動形式卻表示被動的意義。例如：
The food tastes good.
3.非謂語動詞
對非謂語動詞的考點是：感官動詞后不定式作賓語補足語和動詞ing形式作賓語補足語的用法;一些特殊動詞的動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to，但變為被動語態時就要帶to;有些動詞既可接不定式也可接動詞ing形式作賓語，但表達的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點。
(1)非謂語動詞的形式
非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。
(2)不定式作賓語補足語
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
(3)不定式作目的狀語
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
(4)用不定式和分詞作補足語都可以的動詞
這樣的動詞有感官動詞如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役動詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動作的完整性，真實性;+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強調"我見他正干活"這個動作)
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
(5)用不帶to不定式的情況
使役動詞如： let, have, make等和感官動詞如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。在被動語態中則to不能省掉。
(6)接動名詞與不定式意義不同
1) stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
2) forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
3) remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
4) try to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗，試著做某事。
5) go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續做原來做的事。
6) mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
4. 容易混淆的常用動詞的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。
1) say表示講話，作為及物動詞使用，后跟賓語或賓語從句。
He said he would go there.
It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.
2)speak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動詞使用，而有時作為及物動詞后面跟上各種語言作為賓語。
Do you speak English?
May I speak to Mr Pope, please?
3) talk表示“談話”，是不及物動詞，與to , about, with等連用，才可以接賓語。
What are you talking about?
Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.
4) tell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動詞，可以帶雙賓語或復合賓語。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.
(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。
1) look強調“看”這個動作，是不及物動詞，常與at連用，然后接賓語。
Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?
2) see 指“看見”某物，強調的是結果。
They can't see the words on the blackboard.
Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?
3) watch 指的是“觀看”，“注視”之意。
The twins are watching TV now.
He will go to watch a volleyball match.
4) read指“看書”、“看報”、“閱讀”之意。
Don't read in the sun.
I like to read newspapers when I am free.
(3) borrow, lend和keep的區別。
1) borrow意思為“借入”，常常與from連用，是非延續性動詞，表示瞬間即能完成的動作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.
May I borrow your dictionary?
2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常與to連用，同borrow一樣，是非延續性動詞，只表示瞬間即能完成的動作。
Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.
Could you lend us your radio, please?
3) keep是“保存”的意思，動作可以延續。
How long can the recorder be kept?
The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.
(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。
1) bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。
Bring me the book, please.
May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?
2) take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這里“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。
It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.
Mother took the little girl to the next room.
3) carry 是“帶著、搬運、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有背著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向。
Do you always carry a handbag?
The box is heavy. Can you carry it?
4) get是去某處將某物拿回來。
Please go to my office to get some chalk.
There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?
(5) wear, put on和dress的區別
1) wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強調“穿著”的狀態。
Tom always wears black shoes.
He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.
She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.
2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重于穿戴的動作。
It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.
He put on his hat and went out of the room.
3) dress可以作及物動詞和不及物動詞，有“穿著”“打扮”的意思。作“穿著”解時，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動詞用時，它的賓語是人，不是衣服。dress sb. (給某人穿衣服)，而wear作“穿著”用時，也是及物動詞，但它的賓語是物，不是人，即wear sth.(穿著衣物)。
She always dresses well.
Get up and dress quickly.
Mary is dressing her child.
(6) take, spend 和use的用法。
1) take指做某事用多少時間，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.
It took me three days to finish the work.
It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.
It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.
2) spend指某人在某事(物)上花費時間或錢。句型是：
Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.
She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.
He didn't spend much time on his lessons.
He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.
Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.
3) use表示使用工具、手段等。
Do you know how to use the computer?
Shall we use your car?
(7)reach, get 和arrive的區別。
1) reach是及物動詞，后面要直接跟表示地點的名詞作賓語。
After the train had left, they reached the station
We reached the top of the mountain at last.
2) get是不及動詞，常與to連用，再接名詞，后面接表示地點的副詞時，不用to，get to常用于口語中。
When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.
My sister was cooking when mother got home.
3) arrive是不及物動詞，表示到達一個小地方時，用arrive at, 到達一個大地方時用arrive in。
The soldiers arrived at a small village
The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.
【實例解析】
1. (2004年北京海淀區中考試題)
I’m interested in animals, so I ________ every Saturday working in an animal hospital.
A. pay B. get C. take D. spend
答案：D。該題考查的是pay, get, take spend這四個動詞的用法區別。在這四個動詞中，只有spend常用于 “spend …ding sth.”的句型里，所以選D。
2. (2004年安徽省中考試題)
---Listen Helen is singing in the next room.
---It _________ be Helen. She has gone to Beijing.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. may D. should
答案：A。該題考查的是情態動詞的用法。表示否定地推測通常用can’t。
3. (2004年江西省南昌市中考試題)
---I called you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
---Oh, I am sorry I _________ dinner at my friend’s house.
A. have B. had C. was having D. have had
答案：C。該題考查的是動詞的時態。他們談論的是昨天晚上某一時刻發生的事情，所以用過去進行時。
4. (2004年哈爾濱市中考試題)
---How long have you _______ the moteobike?
---For about two weeks.
A. bought B. had C. borrowed D. lent
答案：B。該題考查的是延續性動詞和非延續性動詞的用法區別。這四個動詞中只有had 是延續性動詞，它的現在完成時可以同表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。
【中考演練】
一.單項填空
1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.
A. are talking B. talk
C. will talk D. talked
2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day bore yesterday.
A. teaches B. taught
C. will teach D. had taught
3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before.
A. have seen B. was seeing
C. saw D. see
4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very expensive.
A. must B. can C. mustn’t D. can’t
5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ________ ! Would you like some?
A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels
6. “ Mr. Zhu, you’d better _______ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor.
A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat
7. “Don’t always make Michael ________ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,” Mr. Bush said to his wife.
A. do B. to do C. does D. did
8. Sorry, I can’t hear you clearly. Will you please ________ your E-mail address? I’ll
write it down.
A. review B. recite C. report D. repeat
9. Don’t ________ your coat, Tom! It’s easy to catch cold in spring.
A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out
10. You _______ go and ask Meimei. She _______ know the answer.
A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may
11. I’m sorry you’ve missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left
12. I bought a new dictionary and it ________ me 30 yuan.
A. paid B. spent C. took D. cost
13. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball?
---_______ you _______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finishing D. Have; finished
14. I have to go now. Please remember to ________ the lights when you leave.
A. turn off B. turn down C. turn up D. turn on
15. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school next week.
A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give
16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ________.
A. don’t go now B. stay here when it stops
C. not leave until it stops D. not to leave at once
17. You may go fishing if your work ________.
A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done
18. Cotton _______ nice and soft.
A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels
19. ---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?
---John _________.
A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is
20. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______?
---No. She got up too late.
A. had she B. hadn’t she C. did she D. didn’t she
二. 閱讀短文，并用括號中所給動詞的適當形式填空。
A
My name is Wang Bing. I’m from China. Now I ___1____ (study) at this school. I ____2___ (arrive) here on January 8. Since then, I ____3____ (make) a lot of friends. At school we speak English all the time. Next week, some new students from Africa, Asia and Latin America ____4____ (come) to our school. I’m very glad to know this because I enjoy ____5____ (meet) people from other countries.
1. study/am studying 2. arrived 3. have made 4. will come 5. meeting
B
Since 1946, one of the most important inventions has been the computer. It has been changing all our lives.
The first computer ____1___ (build) in 1946. It ____2____ (be) as large as a room and very difficult and slow ____3____ (use). But since the invention of silicon “chip”(硅片)，computers ____4____ (become) smaller, easier and faster to operate. Some computers ____5____ (be) as small as TV sets. Some can even ____6___ (make) smaller than a book. And computers ____7____ (get) smaller and smaller all the time. Who knows what the computers of tomorrow ____8___ (be) like?
There ____9___ (be) several reasons why the computer is useful to us. First, a lot of information can ____10____ (put) into computer. Second, the computer works very quickly---thousands of times faster than a man and it will not be tired. Third, modern computers can be built into other kinds of machines, like radios, cars and planes. So today people can spend less time doing more work with a computer.
三. 用所給動詞的適當形式填空
1. No matter what the weather is like, you can always find surfers out _______ (ride) the waves.
2. ---What do you use the key for?
---It is ________ (use) for making the robot work.
3. No news _______ (be) good news. I’m sure Jane is still all right.
4. ---Are you feeling better these days?
---Yes, much better. I _______ as well as these days for a long time.
5. It ________ (rain) heavily, you’d better not go out now.
6. The city of Xian _______ (become) cleaner and cleaner.
7. The boys enjoy _______ (see) fight films very much.
8. He left the room without _______ (say) goodbye.
9. Rice ________ (grow) in the south of China.
10. Many trees ________ (plant) in our school yard these years.
四. 用方框中所給的動詞或動詞詞組的適當形式填入下列句子里，使其意思通順，每個動詞或動詞詞組只能用一次
Allow, fall, not be, phone, receive, show, send for,
pay for, be used for, turn it off, keep on
1. It’s rather hot today, but the weather report says the temperature _______ to 28C tomorrow.
2. “Remember, nobody ________ to eat or drink in the computer room,” the assistant said to the new students.
3. Hi, Mike! I _________ your invitation. Thank you very much. I’ll come on time.
4. This time yesterday I ________ the foreigners around the ancient church.
5. My uncle phoned the booking office of the airline, and he was told there _______ any flights to Singapore in the following three days because of the bad weather.
6. Don’t lose heart and ________ trying.
7. Don’t watch TV. It’s too late. Please _______ and go to bed right now.
8. Computers are useful. They can ________ sending E-mail.
9. If you’ve lost this book, you have to _______ it.
10. Both of his feet were hurt in the accident. _______ a doctor, please.
【練習答案】
一.1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.C
二. 1. was built 2.was 3. to use 4. have become 5. are 6. be made 7. are getting 8. will be 9. are 10. be put
三. 1.riding 2.used 3.is 4.have not felt 5.is raining 6. is becoming 7.seeing 8.sayig 9.is grown 10.have been planted
四. 1.will fall 2.is allowed 3.have received 4.was showing 5.would not be 6.keep on 7.turn it off 8.be used for 9.pay for 10.Send for
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