如何攻克托福作文寫作

　　一、閱讀材料：

　　In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.

　　在美國，職員一般執行的一周五天，每天八小時工作制。然而，很多職員希望能夠改為四天工作制，如果能夠滿足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企業提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供員工選擇對于國家整個經濟都是有好處的，同時獲益的還有個人，以及執行這個政策的公司。

　　The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits.

　　減少工作日會提高公司的利潤，因為員工們會感到很輕松和精神，這樣他們就會在工作中較少犯那些可能會帶來損 失的錯誤。為了完成同樣的工作量將需要雇傭更多的人手，但是這不意味著需要支付更多的薪水，這是因為四天工作日只需支付給每個員工80%的工資。這樣，公 司花同樣的錢，員工這會過于勞累和失誤連連了，這樣將會提高公司的利潤。

　　For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.

　　對于國家整體來說，給職員提供這樣的選擇選擇的好處就是可以降低失業率。如果原來全職工作的人縮短了工作時間之后，他們的部分工作就需要轉給其他的員工。這樣，如果每個員工每周都只工作80%的時間，這樣就可以以同樣的工作時間來雇傭新員工了。

　　Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.

　　最后，這種四天工作日的選擇對于員工個人來說也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪水來增加休息時間的員工可以提高他們的生活質量，因為他們有更多的時間陪家人、追求自己的興趣、以及享受一些休閑生活。

　　二、提取觀點

　　- Main point: A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.

　　- Sub point 1: The shortened workweek would increase company profits.

　　- Sub point 2: the country as a whole will benefits.

　　- Sub point 3: the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.

　　三、觀點抽出方法

　　- 這篇文章沒有在觀點抽取的時候為我們設置障礙，Main point就乖乖地出現在首段段尾，sub points都是在段首出現的。但是需要提醒的是千萬不要把support和detail作為point提取出來。在獨立寫作的時候，大家常犯的一個錯誤 就是把support和detail作為point放在段首，在閱讀部分也還是難以壓抑對support和detail的重視。在提取point的時候不 要把細節攪和進來。比如就不能說第一個sub point是員工效率更高;第二個sub point是可以降低失業率，第三個sub point是可以提高生活質量。如果用細節當point，就會在聽力部分發現點對點對不上了，因為不是所有題目都是會反駁閱讀部分的細節的。即便是，你貌 似對上了，但是邏輯層面不對還是錯的。所以，真正的理解point的含義是非常重要的，point的是觀點，不提煉出來的態度，而不應該是一些起支撐作用 的細節。

　　- 我們自查sub point的方法就是它是否是支持main point。有的時候sub point是main point 的一部分，這段就是一個典型，有的時候sub point從不同方面支持main point。但是如果抓到的是細節，那么就沒有這樣直接的邏輯關系，則不可用。這樣的視角也可以用在獨立寫作的自查上，看看自己找的sub point到底對不對。

　　在聽力部分，我們可以預測到的就是這個四天工作制是沒有哪個方面可以從中獲益的，在聽的時候我們一定要注意那些表原因的詞匯，這樣我們才能找到重點。

　　Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won’t affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.

　　給雇員提供四天工作日的選擇不會像閱讀部分上所說的對企業、經濟狀況和雇員個人的生活帶來積極的影響的。

　　First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.

　　首先，采用四小時工作制可能會對導致企業支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的員工以為這要 再員工培訓和醫療保險上花費更多的錢。別忘了，無論是四天工作制還是五天工作制，每個人在諸如保健福利金方面的花費是一樣的。而新增的員工統一也需要更多 的工位和更多的電腦。這些額外的支出很快就會影響到公司的利潤。

　　Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn’t follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.

　　第二，至于整個社會的就業問題，也不是像閱讀部分所說的，只要有雇員選擇四天工作制，就會創造更多的就業機會。鑒于我剛才說的，雇傭新員工花費頗多，很多 公司都另作選擇了。他們可能就是要求他們的員工加班已完成任務差額。甚至公司可能會提高它們對員工效率的預期。它們可能會要求改成四天工作制的員工完成過 去他們五天完成的任務。如果這樣，不但沒有新的工作機會，而且現有的工作也變得不那么令人愉快了。

　　Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees’ job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.

　　最后，雖然四天工作日給員工更多的空閑時間去安排他們的私人生活，但是他們也會冒有一定風險，這些 風險甚至可能會降低他們的生活質量。時間較短的工作制將會降低雇員工作的穩定性，同時阻礙他們事業的發展。在面臨經濟危機的時候，選擇四天工作制的員工將 會首當其沖地被裁掉。同時由于公司更傾向于把管理崗給那些五天工作的員工，這樣四天工作制的員工將會錯失進行集會。企業正陽的考慮是為了保證在整個工作周 期中都有持續的管理覆蓋和持續的監督機制。

　　四、詞匯補充：

　　閱讀部分表達方法：passage, material

　　聽力部分表達方法：lecture, the professors says

　　同意: say, argue, claim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem, believe, reckon, consider, opinion, proposition,

　　反對：on contrary, by contrast, argue against, refute, object, hold a totally different view, oppose, be against.

　　TIP：在行文過程中，需要變化的是表示同意或者反對的功能性詞匯，而表示閱讀部分和聽力部分的指代型詞匯請不要變化。就像你跟人介紹自己，不能在整個過程中就只說自己的名字，這樣會讓聽者或者讀者摸不到頭緒的，我們語言多樣性的表達要用在需要的地方。

　　五、文章結構：

　　第一段：要表達的內容有：passage部分的主觀點，lecture部分的主觀點，以及兩者之間的關系。

　　第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分對應的sub point，lecture里面相對應的support和details。

　　第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分對應的sub point，lecture里面相對應的support和details。

　　第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分對應的sub point，lecture里面相對應的support和details。

　　TIP：沒有必要在文章中出現passage部分的support和details，或者說不能出現。

　　綜合寫作對語言的要求是清晰表達，準確轉述即可(其實獨立寫作的要求也類似)。沒有必要一味地追求語言的華麗，把話說清楚最重要。有的同學語言使用的能 力還有一定局限的情況下，千萬不要刻意追求句式的復雜化，因為這樣的后果就是寫出來的句子個個都有錯，個個都有表達不清。同時，那些語言能力好的同學也要 注意語言的簡潔，無論是何種語言，總最好的詞表達最多的內容都是很厲害的呀。從句套從句的句子，并不是一個明智的選擇。

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