托福考試閱讀真題

　　對(duì)于托福考試來(lái)說(shuō)，做題不是做過(guò)一遍就算了，而是必須反復(fù)練習(xí)，精讀精練。接下來(lái)，不妨去實(shí)際操練一下往年的托福閱讀真題吧。還有更多托福閱讀資訊盡在應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)。

　　2016年9月24日托福閱讀真題詞匯題：

　　1. Wrought=created

　　2. Peculiar=unusual

　　3. Temporarily=briefly

　　4. Relatively=comparatively

　　5. Permeated=spread throughout

　　6. Precede=occur before

　　7. Resemble=be similar to

　　8. Distortion=irregularities

　　9. Cultivate=encourage the growth of

　　10. Duties=responsibility

　　11. Chronological=time

　　2016年9月24日托福閱讀真題第一篇 有袋動(dòng)物(Marsupial)生命類

　　原文回顧：有袋動(dòng)物是現(xiàn)存動(dòng)物里一種活的化石，第一段講了有袋動(dòng)物的定義(就是肚子上有個(gè)袋，裝著它們的孩子)。當(dāng)?shù)厍虼箨戇�相連的時(shí)候，m這種動(dòng)物一直與p動(dòng)物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。到后來(lái)m的數(shù)量越來(lái)越少，以至于只在澳洲和南美才有。再后來(lái)因?yàn)榘鍓K漂移運(yùn)動(dòng)，澳大利亞獨(dú)立。M沒(méi)有了天敵，種類開(kāi)始多樣化，大袋鼠小老鼠等。后面又說(shuō)，一般認(rèn)為m很久很久居住在北美，但是其實(shí)它們是歐洲人殖民北美以后才搬過(guò)去的，但是很少受到人類活動(dòng)的影響：人類活動(dòng)把狼，包子各種天地除掉了，加上各種垃圾給它們提供食物，m數(shù)量也來(lái)越多。

　　相似TPO練習(xí)推薦：

　　TPO4-1Deer Populations Of The Puget Sound

　　相關(guān)背景學(xué)習(xí)：

　　Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia. All extant marsupials are endemic to Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic common to these species is that most of the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials include kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, possums, opossums, wombats, and Tasmanian devils. Others include the numbat, the bandicoot, the bettong, the bilby, the quoll, and the quokka.

　　Marsupials represent the clade originating from the last common ancestor of extant metatherians. Like other mammals in the Metatheria, they give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside with the mother in a pouch, for a certain amount of time. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur on the Australian continent (the mainland, Tasmania, New Guinea and nearby islands). The remaining 100 are found in the Americas — primarily in South America, but thirteen in Central America, and one in North America, north of Mexico.

　　Taxonomically, the two primary divisions of Marsupialia are: American and Australian marsupials. The order Microbiotheria (which has only one species, the monito del monte) is found in South America, but is believed to be more closely related to Australian marsupials. There are many small arboreal species in each group. The term "opossum" is used to refer to American species (though "possum" is a common diminutive), while similar Australian species are properly called "possums". Again, shrew opossums are more closely related to australidephians than to true opossums.

　　2016年9月24日托福閱讀真題第二篇 印刷術(shù)帶來(lái)的發(fā)展 歷史類

　　原文回顧：印刷術(shù)早發(fā)明于德國(guó)，然后再歐洲各個(gè)國(guó)家主要城市廣泛運(yùn)用。隨著大眾需求的上升，press開(kāi)始廣泛印刷書(shū)籍，并且開(kāi)始使用各國(guó)的方言包括德語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)言)，而不是學(xué)術(shù)使用的Latin and Greek被上述語(yǔ)言，成了少部分使用的語(yǔ)言工具。這些語(yǔ)言的使用也讓歐洲人形成了民族認(rèn)同感，慢慢的，書(shū)籍開(kāi)始與policy無(wú)關(guān)，而僅僅取決于人們自己的需求。而且印刷的問(wèn)世帶來(lái)了許多的書(shū)籍，以前的手稿只能人手一份，而且不能編輯，不利于文化交流。有了印刷之后，可以出版更多權(quán)威的書(shū)籍，列舉亞里士多德的例子。另外press不僅僅是印刷的地方，而是各種功能的集合體。

　　相關(guān)背景學(xué)習(xí)

　　Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of woodblock printing came from China dating to before 220 A.D. Later developments in printing include the movable type, first developed by Bi Sheng in China. Johannes Gutenberg introduced mechanical movable type printing to Europe in the 15th century. His printing press played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.

　　Modern large-scale printing is typically done using a printing press, while small-scale printing is done free-form with a digital printer. Though paper is the most common material, it is also frequently done on metals, plastics, cloth and composite materials. On paper it is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing.

　　2016年9月24日托福閱讀真題第三篇 一種會(huì)發(fā)電信號(hào)的魚(yú) 生命類

　　原文回顧：這篇閱讀重復(fù)了2016年7月9日的一篇文章，而且在2015年9月5日也相同出現(xiàn)過(guò)。該魚(yú)發(fā)出的電信號(hào)實(shí)用性強(qiáng)。它可以幫助魚(yú)類定位找到準(zhǔn)確的出口，可以幫助魚(yú)類內(nèi)部相互交流和互動(dòng)。比如魚(yú)類之間的交配行為，雌魚(yú)和雄魚(yú)能夠根據(jù)對(duì)方發(fā)出的信號(hào)確認(rèn)是否合適。它也是魚(yú)類進(jìn)攻和示弱的表現(xiàn)。這個(gè)電信號(hào)可以有多種方式來(lái)體現(xiàn);比如加強(qiáng)，停頓，減弱。魚(yú)類為了信號(hào)不互相干擾，會(huì)停掉自己的信號(hào)去檢測(cè)其他魚(yú)的信號(hào)，但是這一個(gè)過(guò)程持續(xù)時(shí)間比較短。這種魚(yú)屬于交流時(shí)間迅速的一類。但也不是所有魚(yú)為了識(shí)別其他魚(yú)而停止釋放自己的信號(hào)。還有另一種魚(yú)可以同時(shí)注意自己和身邊的魚(yú)的輕快。

　　原文部分重現(xiàn)

　　Weak Electric Systems In Fish

　　1. Some blind elephantnose fish produce weak electric signals that are used for detecting objects in their surroundingsa phenomenon called active electrolocation. These fish have specialized electric organs that discharge either in pulses or in a wave-like fashion, depending on the species. Although discharges follow one another almost continuously throughout the life of the fish, their power level is much too low to be detected by human handlers but potent enough to create a stable electric field around the body of the fish. When an object enters into this electric field, it causes distortions in the current that are detected by electroreceptor organs distributed over the fish's skin.

　　2. A weak electric system may have several uses, including the exploration of novel environments. For example, blind elephantnose fish can easily find the only opening that allows them to cross through a newly installed partition within their aquarium, even though they cannot see it with their eyes. Their electric sense must be implicated because when these individuals become electrically silent (unable to use their electric system through denervation of their electric organs), they can no longer find the opening.

　　3. During the 1970s, biologists became interested in the role of the weak electric system not only as a means of electrolocation but also as a means of electrical communication between individual fish. Communication is possible because the rate and waveform of the electric discharges can vary between species, between sexes, between individuals, or even between situations in the same individual. Moreover, some fish can temporarily interrupt their normally continuous train of discharges, and these pauses can be full of meaning. The effective range of communication by electric signals can reach a little over 1 meter depending on water resistance.

　　第一段：弱電系統(tǒng)的背景知識(shí)以及運(yùn)作的過(guò)程

　　第二段：弱電系統(tǒng)的幾種用法，舉例：探索新環(huán)境

　　第三段：生物學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)弱電系統(tǒng)的新功能：個(gè)體間交流，論證這種功能的可能性

　　第四段：弱電系統(tǒng)的新功能：同類繁殖

　　第五段：弱電系統(tǒng)的新功能：與侵略性有關(guān)

　　第六段：(第三段引出)問(wèn)題，解決問(wèn)題(兩種帶電接收器)，舉例：一種魚(yú)類的交流過(guò)程

　　第七段：介紹了一種魚(yú)類的行為(防止干擾弱電系統(tǒng)而作出的回應(yīng))，以及這種回應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的過(guò)程

　　相關(guān)背景學(xué)習(xí)

　　Electromagnetic field receptors (ampulla of Lorenzini) and motion detecting canals in the head of a shark

　　Active electrolocation. Conductive objects concentrate the field and resistive objects spread the field.

　　Electroreception, or electroception, is the ability to detect electric fields or currents. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect weak electric potentials on the order of millivolts. Other fish, like the South American electric fishes Gymnotiformes, can produce weak electric currents, which they use in navigation and social communication. In sharks, the ampulla of Lorenzini are electroreceptor organs. They number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the electromagnetic fields that all living things produce.This helps sharks (particularly the hammerhead shark) find prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the electric fields they produce. Ocean currents moving in the magnetic field of the Earth also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation.

　　Electric field proximity sensing is used by the electric catfish to navigate through muddy waters. These fish make use of spectral changes and amplitude modulation to determine factors such shape, size, distance, velocity, and conductivity. The abilities of the electric fish to communicate and identify sex, age, and hierarchy within the species are also made possible through electric fields. EF gradients as low as 5nV/cm can be found in some saltwater weakly electric fish

　　The paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) hunts plankton using thousands of tiny passive electroreceptors located on its extended snout, or rostrum. The paddlefish is able to detect electric fields that oscillate at 0.5–20 Hz, and large groups of plankton generate this type of signal. See: Electroreceptors in paddlefish

　　Electric fishes use an active sensory system to probe the environment and create active electrodynamics imaging

　　In 1973, it was shown that Atlantic salmon have conditioned cardiac responses to electric fields with strengths similar to those found in oceans. "This sensitivity might allow a migrating fish to align itself upstream or downstream in an ocean current in the absence of fixed references."

　　Magnetoception, or magneto reception, is the ability to detect the direction one is facing based on the Earth's magnetic field. In 1988, researchers found iron, in the form of single domain magnetite, resides in the skulls of sockeye salmon. The quantities present are sufficient for magnetoception

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