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托福綜合寫作萬能模板2016
托福寫作范文大家在考試前都會(huì)使用，那么2016年托�？荚噷懽饔心男M分范文呢?下面跟百分網(wǎng)小編一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下!
第一部分：托福綜合寫作萬能模板
一、萬能段子
1. in the lecture, the professor made several points about ...... .the professor argues that..... However, the reading passage contends that ......The professor's lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of point that are contrary to....
2. the first point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that....According to the professor...... .....differs from the reading in that the reading states.....The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading becasue....
3. Another point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is....The professor claims that.....However, the reading states.....This point is contradicted by.....
4. Finally,the professor stated that ,on the contrary of reading,......In other words,.....This directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates,because.....
反駁的單詞：differ from ,disagree with, cast doubt on, conflict with, challenge
5. In the lecture, the professor made several points about...The lecture argues that.....The points made by the professor agree with .....In fact, the examples used by the professor support...
6. Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that....
The professor claims that.....This point agrees with the reading ,which contends that.....
7.Finally, the professor states that ,in support of the reading,.....Specifically,.....This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicats because
support的單詞：enhance, uphold, corrobo,to back, justify, to substantiate, to advance
反駁類
The lecture is mainly discussing ______, ________ and ___________
by _________, challenging what are stated in the reading passage that _________, _________ and _______.
First of all, the speaker thinks that ___________. In contrast, the reading passage believes that _____________. So, the lecture totally disagree with the view made in the reading.
Second, the speaker discusses ___________, Contradicting what is stated in the reading that _____________________.
Finally, the speakers raises the issue that ___________. This point disagrees that ________________ demonstrated in the reading.
So, the contents in the reading passage are totally jeopardized by the speaker and the speaker has totally different ideas on the topics made in the reading.
(Refute)
The lecture apparently refutes the points illustrated in the reading material. According to the professor, ________________.On the contrary, the reading contends an opposite stand that_____.
The first point the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that___________, which differs from the statement in the reading that_____.
Another evidence the speaker adopts to contradict the passage is________. However, the reading states that_________.
In the conclusion, the point made in the lecture contrasts with what is presented in the reading. As the professor claims, ________whereas the reading material holds that________.
(Support)
The lecture apparently reinforces the points illustrated in the reading material. According to the professor, ________________. Meanwhile, the reading contends a similar stand that_____.
The first point the professor uses to enhance the reading is that___________, which is just the same as the statement in the reading that_____.
Another evidence the speaker adopts to bolster the passage is________. Likewise, the reading states that_________.
In the conclusion, the point made in the lecture gives a boost to what is presented in the reading. As the professor claims, ________which is in accordance with the reading material holds that________.
(Solution)
主要用動(dòng)詞：supplement/complement/finalize
第二部分：新托福綜合寫作模板|IBT綜合寫作模板
In this listening material, the professor made several points about ____________.
First of all / Moreover /
Furthermore, the professor states /
claims / argues / discusses /
mentions / talks / indicates /
says / contends / raises the issue /
demonstrates / makes the point /
holds / believes / shows that __________________, while the reading passage (反對(duì))contradicts /
departs from / refutes / disagrees with /
opposes to the writer’s expectation /
casts doubt on / presents a (totally) different idea /
jeopardizes / differs from /
on the contrary / makes the explanation seem less likely /
in contrast /(支持)supports /
illustrates / strengthens / agrees with /
bolsters / (perfectly) reinforces /
presents the same view that ____________.
(各種表達(dá))
1. The lecturer says that the theory stated in the passage was very indifferent and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real.
2. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.
3. This was another part where experience contradicted theory.
4. This is entirely opposed to the writer’s expectation.
5. This is where the speaker disagrees with the writer.
(反對(duì))
Finally, the speakers raises the issue that ___________.
This point disagrees that ________________ demonstrated in the reading. So, the contents in the reading passage are totally jeopardized by the speaker and the speaker has totally different ideas on the topics made in the reading.
(支持)
Finally, the professor states that, in support of the reading, ___________________.
This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicates, because the passage says that ___________________________.
In the lecture, the professor makes several points about... / the professor argues that... However, the reading passage contends that... The professor's lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of points that are contrary to...
The first point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that... According to the professor, ... differs from the reading in that the reading states... The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading because...
Another point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is... The professor claims that... However, the reading states.....This point is contradicted by...
Finally, the professor states that, on the contrary of reading, ... In other words, ... This directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates, because...
表反對(duì)：differ from / disagree with / cast doubt on / conflict with / challenge…
In the lecture, the professor made several points about... The lecture argues that... The points made by the professor agree with... In fact, the examples used by the professor support...
Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that...
The professor claims that... This point agrees with the reading, which contends that...
Finally, the professor states that, in support of the reading, ... Specifically, ... This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicates because...
表支持：enhance, uphold, corroborate, justify, substantiate, advance
常用反對(duì)模板：
In the lecture, the professor argues that ________, which differs from the main idea in the reading that ________. Doubt is casted on points in the reading by points in the lecture in aspects below.
The first point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that _______, while the reading states ________. According to the lecture, the professor holds the view that ________.
In addition, the professor claims that _____. However, the reading states______. This is another point.
Finally, the professor states that, on the contrary of the reading, ____________. This directly contradicts what the reading indicates, namely _________.
In conclusion, the points made in the lecture contrast with the reading _________, ______ and _____ demonstrate that ________ is in doubt.
The lecture is mainly discussing ______, ________ and ___________ by _________, challenging what are stated in the reading passage that _________, __________ and _________.
First of all, the speaker thinks that ___________. In contrast, the reading passage believes that _____________. So, the lecture totally disagrees with the view made in the reading.
Second, the speaker discusses ___________, Contradicting what is stated in the reading that _____________________.
Finally, the speakers raises the issue that ___________. This point disagrees that ________________ demonstrated in the reading.
So, the contents in the reading passage are totally jeopardized by the speaker and the speaker has totally different ideas on the topics made in the reading.
第三部分：案例解析
一， 對(duì)立類 (就一個(gè)事物判斷是與否agree or disagree)
1,開頭(給出A B C三個(gè)方案)
A方案.(GM)
With the development/introduction…, xxx, the xxx, are more and more +adj/ become adj increasingly. Xxx often face the dilemma of whether to vt …… with all aspects carefully considered, I believe that……/ I think to vt what would be a better choice.
B方案.
在日常生活中，有很多值得我們?nèi)ネ魄门袛嗟膯栴}。就像我們看到上文作者提出的問題時(shí)，你會(huì)如何認(rèn)為?(有的人認(rèn)為……;也有的人認(rèn)為……;)就我的而言，如下的考慮方向使得我認(rèn)為……。
In daily life /during our life, so many problems are worth considering carefully. As what has been come up with, when you face/when it comes to /there is a public debate today that/recently the problem has been brought into focus that… ……what is your choice and what is your opinion? Some hold the view that/some think………..while the others believe that………. However, with all aspects carefully considered, I believe that……………
零碎的句子：A is a common way of ….., but is it a wise one? Some people hold the different view……
C方案. (excellent) 如果發(fā)現(xiàn)可以用到反問排比就這樣套句,前提是你的例子足夠多，頭腦風(fēng)暴用的又好又快。
Have you ever been to ……/have you ever + 過去分詞/received/faced/experienced……
If you had never had these experiences, you would never know/ feel/ learn/ realize/ understand……+how much fun/interesting/significant……xxx could bring you.
2. 正文寫作(body)
接A方案 第一段
開頭中心句多用when vt+ed with xxx, ……(結(jié)果)/when taking xxx as ……+(結(jié)果)。這個(gè)結(jié)果就是本段的中心。(注意主題避免過細(xì)否則下面不好寫)
其他開頭：
Nowadays there is a growing awareness that…
It is time we explore the truth of
然后舉例選不同的角色 例如equipped with xxx, a student may+vt/ a researcher may/ a teacher may
中間穿插對(duì)比例如¸ which, if done with xxx(對(duì)立方)/which, if completed with xxx/if taken by, may well need/cost/waste much time/money/vigor/energy……多用比較級(jí)比較。When it comes to the condition that… xxx is more adj/better… than…
The advantages for A outweigh than B when sth is concerned/when we consider …
The advantages of A outweigh that of B when……………
段尾重申主題。
事實(shí)上是換個(gè)角度和說法，with the development of xxx，such as increase of………., the condition can be 被動(dòng)/ more adj, whereas +原來?xiàng)l件的限制或?qū)α⒚娴牟蛔恪?/p>
第二段
………….but that is only part of the reality, another equally important aspect is………
A is but one of the many effects, another is…………
Another advantage of choosing A is obviously seen when you…….
Besides, other reasons are……..
在段落中的承接：
what is more, furthermore, besides, also……….
For instance, such as, a good case in point is… a particular example for this is……….(這些大家都知道的，就不再贅述了，都有點(diǎn)惡心了，吼吼)
更高級(jí)的承接：
suppose/imagine that…(自定義類經(jīng)常用到，大家可以體會(huì))
just imagine what it would be like if……
it is reasonable to expect….
it is not surprising that……
no wonder that……...
更多的主題開頭
in fact, xxx is the reader’s major concern
unlike xxx, xxx2(同謂語), aaa may vt
以后幾段少寫一些
最后一個(gè)例證段的開頭：the last but not the least………..
在段落中的自問自答可以有效地證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。
Why……?.The answer to this problem involves many factors. The first reason can be obviously seen
Most people would agree that….. Some people may neglect that….. in fact……other suggest that……
Part of explanation is ………
過渡段(A類可以沒有或很少如果你在每個(gè)段子中都又對(duì)比，B類(見下)=讓步段)
如果段與段都是同一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：to understand the truth of…., it is also important to see…..
what is more, a study of …..will make this point clearer
如果我們轉(zhuǎn)到另一方說對(duì)立面地優(yōu)點(diǎn)：certainly/of course, xxx has its own advantages, such as……..+however,+ 我的觀點(diǎn)
I do not deny that xxx has its own merits such as … but…
Admittedly…xxx also play an important role in ……..
接B方案 其他結(jié)構(gòu)及應(yīng)急措施
如果不夠用(開頭用了過多時(shí)間例如超過7分鐘了)
我們不用避諱first/for one thing, second/also, third/what is more
我們先列出三個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在最后寫出對(duì)立方的不足
例如：of course, xxx give us/ bring us………….說一些對(duì)立方的優(yōu)點(diǎn)(所以后面B方案結(jié)尾就不用讓步了)。在結(jié)尾最終敲定你的觀點(diǎn)也不遲。例如But , as xxx, we should / do not /we had better.總之，我們的body末端就像是在畫一道九曲十八彎的江水(說得有點(diǎn)夸張)，但最終她是要流向大海的。
3結(jié)尾(A方案=讓步+結(jié)論 B方案=結(jié)論)
接A方案的結(jié)尾，讓步同樣可以這樣：of course, xxx give us…/ xxx, certainly, has its own merits/advantages. 后面 + 一大堆“一句話例子”。最后however, for xxx, xxx, equipped with more merits like ……can be more reasonably treated as a wiser choice./I therefore reinforce my standpoint to choose xxx as my final choice (for the ……to ….)
接B方案的結(jié)尾中只有結(jié)論(因?yàn)榍懊鎎ody部分已經(jīng)讓步)：一定是轉(zhuǎn)折開頭but ,as xxx, we had better……記住不一定用什么to sum up/in conclusion……有時(shí)候一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞更能體現(xiàn)鮮明的邏輯關(guān)系，用別的反而模糊了。這樣我們的B類的最后兩段就分別完成了讓步和結(jié)論的功能。
當(dāng)然，如果你沒有時(shí)間了，我這里同樣有緊急方案，而且效果同樣很好。
這樣地結(jié)尾只有兩個(gè)部分:in conclusion/ to sum up/in summery/from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…/it is wiser… xxx has more/better(比較級(jí))， I hence/therefore reinforce my standpoint to choose xxx as the final choice for…我測(cè)了一下時(shí)間，應(yīng)該可以在一分鐘之內(nèi)搞定結(jié)尾。(旁白：不就是背么?!)
二，比較類 (兩種事物或一個(gè)事物的兩種情況比較advantage and disadvantage)
開頭同上，不過可以不寫觀點(diǎn)：
(我們加一種經(jīng)典開頭寫觀點(diǎn)的)since the announcement of xxx to do xxx(university’s plan to develop a new center), many people have showed their concern for the project and expressed their views of xxx. ………… it is clear that the diversified views have converged to two: …… Now that we have to make a decision, I think we should choose the latter without hesitation. / But I prefer……..
中間：
as everybody knows, ……………in short,……………..
there are several reasons.
first of all
the second
the third
the reasons above may can answer why I prefer to ……..
結(jié)尾
because of the above reasons, I strongly recommend that we ……
不寫觀點(diǎn)的開頭( 很普便，提倡!!!)：some people like ……while others……often It depends on the……Those who……will choose/like ……They like ……will prefer…….
然后分類陳述優(yōu)點(diǎn)
倒數(shù)第二段就要開始駁論，說出你選擇的具有更多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：some people would say that ……然后根據(jù)這個(gè)駁論他。就是自己立個(gè)靶子打。
結(jié)尾和其他的不一樣了，要注意始終兩邊說，并可以有也可以沒有自己的偏向。Both ……and …….. are………and both are……….. I prefer………because………but people will make the choice that fit their lifestyle best.
大家都知道，比較類和對(duì)立類區(qū)別不大，所以看看對(duì)立類的基本上兩種就都能掌握。不過要注意的是，這兩種類型的文章
如果沒提點(diǎn)對(duì)立面或其他選擇(包括讓步)，是不可能上4分的。 (from redrock)
三，自定義類(自己的觀點(diǎn)imagine…… , why do you think……how can……)
個(gè)人認(rèn)為自定義類是更自由一些，所以前面的模板自然可以沿用，不過，自由就需要我們準(zhǔn)備更多的例子和更利于寫作的選擇。比如問題問你最希望見的歷史人物，最愿意回到過去哪個(gè)地方哪個(gè)時(shí)候，問你家里的哪個(gè)空間在你看來最重要……最好把所有的題目都想一遍，如果時(shí)間緊，也要把自定義類的好好想想，有備無患。
第四部分：綜合寫作滿分范文
一、旅行交通工具
You need to travel from your home to a place 40 miles (64 kilometers) away. Compare the different kinds of transportation you could use. Tell which method of travel you would choose. Give specific reasons for your choice.
There are many different types of transportation which I could use to travel 40 miles from my home. The type of transportation I would choose depends mainly on how fast I need to get there and how much money I have. Some possibilities are walking, horseback riding, driving, or using a taxi, bus, or train.
The most economical choice is walking. It costs nothing, is healthful, but it is time consuming. The average person can walk about 4-5 miles per hour, so this trip would take at least 10 hours to complete. That means I would probably have to spend the night somewhere along the way. If I have to spend money for a hotel, then this choice really isn't free. Plus, I might arrive at the end tired and with sore feet! After walking comes animal transportation. In my area, horses are not common, so it wouldn't be a likely choice. I believe that a 40-mile trip would take 2 or 3 hours on a horse. If I had free access to a horse, the cost would be minimal. Of course, I'd have to know how to ride!
With a car, the travel time is minimal (under one hour), with onl the cost of gasoline to consider. However, I don't own a car, and car rentals are expensive. Shared taxis are one form of affordabletransportation, with 4 or 5 people sharing the cost of a car trip to a common destination. The only downside is finding people to share the fare with me. Fortunately, I live in an urban area, where there are buses and 'trains to ride. One of these would be my first choice.
In short the kind of transportation depends on how fast I need to get to my destination and how much money I have. If I need to get there fast, and money isn't important, I can hire a private taxi.Since I don't own my own car, I don't have that option, and I have never walked 40 miles in one trip. I usually depend on the bus and trains, and would do so in this circumstance. They are cheap, dependable and reliable.
二、人類對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)
When you write your answer, you are not limited to the examples listed in the question. It is generally agreed that society benefits from the work of its members. Compare the contributions of artists to society with the contributions of scientists to society. Which type of contribution do you think is valued more by your society? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
Artists and scientists both make valuable contributions to our society. It may seem sometimes that artists are more valued. That's because those artists who are famous make a lot of money.However, they are relatively few. The fact is that scientists are more valued. They get more respect from society for the work they do.
Artists reflect their times and their culture. A painter or a writer shows us in pictures and words what we're like as a people. They record our culture for future generations. Actors and other performers, like singers and dancers, entertain us. They take our minds off our troubles, and remind us how beautiful and exciting our imaginations can be. Artists also help keep their societies mentally and emotionally healthy.
For example, children that participate in the arts, such as painting or music, in school do better in their other studies. Art of all types is necessary to the human spirit.
The contributions scientists make to society are more obvious. They include the cars we drive, the computers we use at home and at work, and the appliances that help us cook our meals and clean our houses. All of these come from the ideas and hard work of scientists. Because of scientific discoveries, we're living longer and more healthful lives. Scientists also contribute to the arts. Movies are the result of science. So are television, radio, and the recording of music on CDs.
Generally, scientists don't make as much money as famous artists like film stars, opera singers or successful painters. However, our society gives them more respect, and they generally make a good living. Scientists are considered to be serious professionals, while artists are sometimes viewed as flaky, irresponsible people. So overall, I'd have to conclude that we value scientists more.
三、學(xué)習(xí)親身體驗(yàn)
Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience. Compare the advantages of these two different ways of learning about life. Which do you think is preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference.
Both learning through personal experience and learning through the advice of others can help you in life. If you don't have a lot of knowledge about something, the advice of people you trust can be very valuable. They can tell you about their own experiences, and about the advantages and disadvantages of a situation. Then you can consider your own wants and needs and decide what you should do. Pretty soon, you'll have more experience of your own.
When you 're thinking about what you want to do with your life, friends and relatives are a great resource. They can give you information about things like jobs, school, volunteering, and traveling to other parts of the world. They've done a lot of learning in their lives, and you can use it to decide what you want to do with yours.
In some cases, there's no real substitute for personal experience. For example, I really don't like to make presentations in class. I know I'll make mistakes, even if I'm thoroughly prepared and know all about my topic. Nothing but experience can help me deal with the nervousness I feel. I know that the feedback I get from the teacher and from the other students will help me learn from those mistakes. At least I'm confident that the next class presentation I make will be much better than the last one.
In the end, I think that the best way to learn about life is by experiencing it firsthand. No one else can teach you how to get along with other people, how to realistically judge your own abilities, or how to understand who you are. You can only learn these things by dealing with situations every day. Experience is the best teacher.
四、藥品廣告(drug advertisement)
提出命題：藥品廣告所提供的信息都是客觀全面的，且病人對(duì)藥物了解得越多越好
1.病人可以更多了解處方藥的相關(guān)信息(information)
2.醫(yī)生開藥時(shí)，病人可以與廣告上進(jìn)行比較，有利于選藥
3.通過廣告，病人可以了解到新藥的發(fā)展，提醒醫(yī)生
挑戰(zhàn)命題：病人不需要對(duì)藥物了解太多，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)候了解得太多會(huì)對(duì)非專業(yè)的病人產(chǎn)生困擾，而且廣告所提供的信息也不完整全面
1.廣告通常只有宣傳好處，對(duì)副作用(side effects)一筆帶過，病人很難判斷
2.病人對(duì)藥物的準(zhǔn)確用法用量不了解，可能會(huì)用錯(cuò)
3.廣告只宣傳新藥，對(duì)舊藥沒有宣傳，但是針對(duì)不同的病情，也許舊藥更為合適
高分范文
The speaker raises serious counterarguments against the reading paragraphs by providing drastically different evidences regarding the effects of the advertisement, the impact of self-selecting medication, and the impact of trends in the pharmaceutical industry.
Firstly, knowing more information from the ads will not necessarily help the patients make better-informed decisions, as the reading argues. On the contrary, patients, without professional training and knowledge, will be more susceptible to misunderstanding information. For example, they would focus only on the positive sides of a certain medicine while ignoring the serious side effects.
In addition, if the patients bear the responsibility of prescribing their own medication, they assume more responsibility to their own health. This makes doctors less liable for potential risks and undesirable consequences.
Lastly, as for the new trends' benefits to the patients, the speaker does not challenge the reading directly. Instead, he argues that the new medicine, which will count for most of the ads may not necessarily be the best medicine, even though the patients can inform their doctors about the new products.
五、網(wǎng)絡(luò)問卷(web based survey)
reading
網(wǎng)絡(luò)問卷相對(duì)傳統(tǒng)問卷的優(yōu)勢(shì)
1.調(diào)查范圍更廣，所以調(diào)查結(jié)果就更為準(zhǔn)確(邏輯錯(cuò)誤：參加人多并不代表范圍廣，也不能保證效果好)
2.發(fā)放，填寫和收集問卷更加方便簡(jiǎn)單
3.成本低 lecture
反駁網(wǎng)絡(luò)問卷的優(yōu)勢(shì)
1.所取得的調(diào)查結(jié)果不全面(biased)，因?yàn)椴皇撬腥硕紩?huì)上網(wǎng)，中老年人上網(wǎng)會(huì)比較少，而年輕人上網(wǎng)比較多
2.成本并不會(huì)低，因?yàn)橐粋�(gè)好的網(wǎng)絡(luò)問卷需要一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的大量工作(提出新的證據(jù)：網(wǎng)絡(luò)問卷也需要成本和人力資源)
3.大多數(shù)人對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)問卷都不嚴(yán)肅，會(huì)得到不正確的信息，容易混淆視聽。
高分范文：
The speaker questions the effectiveness of web based surveys by providing evidences contradictory to the reading. Firstly, he identified the reading's logical flaw in assuming that an increase in the scope and quantity of the survey will automatically translate to greater precision of the surveys.
However, if surveys aim to question people over 60 years old, how can these old people conduct surveys online since this group seldom surf the Internet? The web surveys are effective in reaching mainly the young generation. Thus the results cannot be extended to demonstrate the views of the whole population.
Secondly, although the web-based surveys will lower paper cost, they will inevitably incur new costs in web designing, flashy features, and other elements, which will require more costly team work. This evidence effectively attacks the reading's argument that web surveys will certainly reduce the cost of the survey.
In the end, many web designers tend to overdo in the webpage and add fancy and flashy features. As a result, many people perceive the web-based surveys as not serious and are thus not willing to respond to the surveys. Unlike physical surveys that draw attention effectively, many web based surveys are simply ignored or even deleted.
六、打分偏高(inflation of marks)
reading
老師給學(xué)生打的分?jǐn)?shù)越來越高
1.分?jǐn)?shù)打得低會(huì)減低學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)意志
2.2.會(huì)影響教師自己的測(cè)評(píng)結(jié)果
3.3.因?yàn)閯e的老師給的成績高，如果不跟著給高分，學(xué)生出去找工作會(huì)吃虧
lecture 解決方案
1.應(yīng)從小灌輸正確的學(xué)習(xí)觀念，不應(yīng)因一次小失利而喪失信心
2.教師的評(píng)測(cè)可以改在學(xué)期結(jié)束前進(jìn)行，這樣學(xué)生的成績就不會(huì)影響到評(píng)測(cè)結(jié)果
3.企業(yè)在選拔人才時(shí)可以看學(xué)生在班級(jí)中的排名而不是單純的成績
高分范文：
The speaker challenges the reasoning that supports the current inflation in college grading system, provides very specific alternatives to teacher evaluation timing and employer methodology in judging a student. The speaker firstly argues that the inflated grades will not enable students to truly know their weakness, not to mention improve upon them.
According to the reading, low grades will discourage students. The speaker rebuts this point and argues that the true meaning of education is not just to satisfy students. Letting the students make progress is the purpose and inflated grades will not help students in this way.
As for the reading's concerns that low grades will adversely affect teachers' evaluation, the speaker offers a solution. By finishing the teachers' evaluation before the end of the semester, we can sever the connections between the students' grades and teachers' evaluations.
Lastly, the speaker argues that the school does not have to follow the trend of inflated grades invariably. The reading argues that if the school does not follow the trend, their students will be discriminated, the lecture says that this problem can be solved by providing a weighted relative score.
This score will pinpoint a student's percentile in the whole student body and show the other students' scores, thus allowing employers to clearly position the student among the entire student body.
八、加氟自來水(adding fluoride in public water)
reading
在自來水中加氟的好處
1.防止蛀牙
2.殺死細(xì)菌
3.對(duì)骨骼有好處(decrease bone diseases)
lecture 反駁
1.自來水并不會(huì)留在口中，對(duì)防止蛀牙沒有幫助
2.氟會(huì)與輸水管(water pipe)中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)反應(yīng)，產(chǎn)生有毒物質(zhì)，其危害大于細(xì)菌
3.過量的氟會(huì)使骨骼變脆
高分范文：
The speaker refutes the reading's argument about the benefits of adding fluoride to pipe water by providing contradictory evidence about pipe water's fluoride's effectiveness in preventing cavities in teeth, killing bacteria, and decreasing bone diseases.
Firstly, the speaker points out that the short contact of fluoride with teeth will not enable the fluoride to prevent cavities, as the reading argues. Instead, the water will pass the mouth and teeth quickly and go directly to the stomach.
Another argument raised in the lecture is that fluoride could undergo chemical reactions with heavy metals in the pipe, such as lead. This will create toxic substances which will pose serious health threat. In this way fluoride could be even more deadly than bacteria. Although the fluoride, as the reading says, will kill some bacteria, the cure here is worse than the disease.
In the end, the speaker maintains that overdose of fluoride will backfire to human bones. Although the reading illustrates that fluoride will improve bone strength, the lecture says overdose will cause serious damage to human bones.
九、倫勃朗的油畫
The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet”.
The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over the original painting to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman.
In addition, the assumption that light and shadow in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting, the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus the presentation of light and shadow was indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings.
Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture. Actually, the wood panel was later enlarged to make it more grand and valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done it. Furthermore, the wood is of the same tree used in other Rembrandt paintings, like the "Self-Portrait with a Hat”.
All the information point out that Rembrandt is the painter of the controversial painting.
十、關(guān)于恐龍是否是恒溫動(dòng)物
The professor actually contradicts the statements made in the passage. She is of the view that dinosaurs are not endotherms i.e. they were not able to keep their body temperature at a constant rate.
The professor contradicts the issue of dinosaurs being endothers based on the availability of fossils being available in thwe polar regions, she say that the polar regions in those days were not as cold as they are today i.e at least warm enough for dinosaurs to live. Durin harsh winters she says that there is a possibility of the dinosaurs actually migrating to warmer regions.
The issue of leg position and movement being used as a reason to clasify the dinosaurs as endotherms does not please the professor either. She says that dinosaurs had legs under their bodies to support their huge bodies i.e the legs under the body of the dinosaur were actually to support the huge weight of the dinosaur and not to provide it with a body structure like endotherms(which is actually suited for running).
The professor acknowledges the presence of haversian canals but also points out that that the fossils show the presence of growth rings. These rings occur due to the thickening of the bone. The thickening indicates that the dinosaurs were'nt actually growing continuously but were experiencing periods of rapid growth and periods of no growth in succesion.
This pattern. she says is characteristic of non endothermic aanimals. Thus it can be inferred that the professor challenges the passage by giving reasons as to why she thinks that the dinosaur is not an endotherm.
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