2016年托福考試閱讀題各種題型解題方法

　　前面應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生小編已經(jīng)給諸位2016年托�？荚嚨目忌�分享了五種閱讀題型的解題策略，今天小編要給大家講另外五種題型的解題策略，希望同學們掌握這些方法，在考試的時候運用，幫你拿到托福考試閱讀高分。

　　否定信息題

　　Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )

　　首先我們來介紹一下否定信息題，Negative Factual Information questions。這種題型的提問方式一般為：

　　l According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true of X?

　　l The author’s description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT ?

　　在解答這種題目的時候首先要注意的是避免慣性思維的影響。在前面講過的所有題目當中，或者是平時大家的做題習慣當中，我們都是看到與原文相符或者和原文一樣的選項就選，但是到了這個題目，需要選擇不屬于題干內(nèi)容或者與原文相反的選項，這是需要注意的一點。

　　一般這種題目的定位范圍都在原文的某一個或者兩個自然段，所以第一步需要的就是根據(jù)題目大定位到某個自然段，然后根據(jù)選項特征對應(yīng)原文進行選題。我們來看一個例題：

　　Paragraph 7: The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

　　Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. These feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people oftendistort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.

　　9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of the following may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person’s

　　○Moral values

　　○Previous experiences with aggression

　　○Instinct to avoid aggression

　　○B(yǎng)eliefs about other people’s intentions

　　這道題目的定位范圍是兩個自然段，四個選項中有三個會influence the decision whether to act aggressively，有一個選項不會“影響一個人決定是否要表現(xiàn)的具有侵略性”，我們要選擇這個選項。首先，在第七自然段的第二句“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.”中就提到moral values，對應(yīng)A 選項。其次，在第八自然段中，第四句“People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of other people’s motives.”中提到兩個選項，一個是“their experiences with aggression”對應(yīng)B選項，另外一個是“interpretation of other people’s motives”對應(yīng)D選項。只有C選項的instinct沒有提到，這道題目選擇C選項。

　　Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )

　　Inference questions 推理題

　　推理題的標志是在題干中出現(xiàn)infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞匯，它和細節(jié)題屬于同源題目，都需要定位并且根據(jù)文中信息來選擇答案。與細節(jié)題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點之后考察的是學生對于文中信息的總結(jié)概括，或者反向推理的能力。我們來看一道例題，

　　It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

　　○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

　　○There were great numbers of them.

　　○They lived in the sea only.

　　○They did not leave many fossil remains.

　　首先我們來對題目的出題范圍進行定位，題干的blowhole可以作為定位詞匯，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”在這句話里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters不一樣的是，whales的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什么樣子。而sea ottter是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項，即不難看出第一頭sea otter長什么樣子。所以實際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是并不需要同學們在做題的時候推的過遠，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結(jié)的能力。

　　作者目的題

　　Rhetorical Purpose questions目的題

　　• 目的題的提問方式一般為：

　　• Why does the author mention/include/use …?

　　• The author …in order to …

　　• The author uses the example to ?

　　• …for … purpose?

　　這種題目一般問的是作者舉某個例子，說某句話的目的是什么，判斷好題干是第一步。一般的閱讀文章的思路，作者在舉例子的時候的主要目的都是為了證明自己的觀點，所以在做這類題目的時候，真正的解題關(guān)鍵在于，所問例子前方的觀點，我們來看一道例題：

　　The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan’s dream of setting up one’s own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

　　4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

　　○Support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

　　○To show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

　　○Argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

　　○Emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

　　題目問，作者為什么引用工人的話。工人的話“One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines."”在文章的第三句出現(xiàn)，作為和例子一樣的目的，來支持本段的觀點句，即第一句，The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily.(第一代經(jīng)歷這些變化的人沒有輕易的適應(yīng)新的觀點)。所以正確選項應(yīng)該為觀點句的同義替換。正確答案選擇A，即支持一種觀點，對于工人來說很難調(diào)整在工廠工作。B選項里面的工人退出(workers sometimes quit)沒有提到，C選項里面的clocks did not have a useful function(鐘表不能發(fā)揮有效作用)不對，最后D選項里面說到當工人抱怨的時候工廠最成功，顯然是不正確的。

　　Prose Summary 小結(jié)題

　　小結(jié)題是每一篇文章最后的那一道大題，需要從六個選項中選出三個作為正確答案，每一題兩分。我們首先來分析一下這個題目的題干要求：

　　An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　(一個總結(jié)性句子已經(jīng)給出。通過選擇三個選項來完成這個總結(jié)，所選的選項需要表達原文最重要的信息。有些選項不屬于總結(jié)性選項，因為他們表達了沒在原文中出現(xiàn)的信息或者是原文中的細節(jié)信息。此題兩分。)通過分析題干給出的具體信息，我們能夠看出，這道題目的關(guān)鍵要求在于選擇重要信息，總結(jié)性信息。也就意味著，有的選項雖然正確，但是如果它表達的是原文中的細節(jié)信息，那么依然不能作為正確答案，這是這道題目中最難的一個點。

　　讓我們來看一道例題:

　　13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.

　　Answer Choices

　　1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.

　　2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

　　3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.

　　4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.

　　5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.

　　6. Ambulocetus’ hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.

　　這是每篇文章最后的一個大題，基于全文的基礎(chǔ)進行提問，所以，我們可以根據(jù)文章的關(guān)鍵句，先來判斷這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容。以下摘選了文章的每個自然段的關(guān)鍵句，我們一起來看一下：

　　THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS

　　第一自然段：It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. …

　　第二自然段：Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. …

　　第三自然段：The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. …

　　第四自然段：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. …

　　第五自然段：An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. …

　　首先，第一自然段綜述關(guān)于鯨類動物是哺乳動物的事實，到了第二自然段開始揭示鯨類動物起源的具體細節(jié)，說到科學家有一些重要發(fā)現(xiàn)，到了第三自然段開始交待第一種化石的名稱Pakicetus。第四自然段又提到另外一種化石發(fā)現(xiàn)，名字為Basilosaurus，最后一自然段提到第三種化石發(fā)現(xiàn)Ambulocetus natans，總結(jié)來說，這篇文章通過介紹三個化石來揭示了鯨類的起源。

　　Fill in a Table 　圖表填空題

　　12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated in the passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust. This question is worth 3 points.

　　Features of Fishes

　　1. The absence of scales from most of the body

　　2. The ability to take advantage of eddies

　　3. The ability to feed and reproduce while swimming

　　4. Eyes that do not protrude

　　5. Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth

　　6. The habit of swimming with the mouth open

　　7. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips

　　本題要求對比文章中的某兩個部分的內(nèi)容，有的文章是全文的對照對比，有的文章是重點段落的對照對比。這種題目需要先識別要求對比的內(nèi)容，并且從原文中搜尋對應(yīng)的文章段落。本題要求對比REDUCING WATER RESISTANCE和INCREASING THRUST，因此我們先通過讀每段的關(guān)鍵句來確定對比內(nèi)容所在段落。通過檢索我們發(fā)現(xiàn)以下兩個段落對應(yīng)本題：

　　第三自然段：Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

　　本段重點陳述了減少水阻力的幾種設(shè)計，通過對于本段的精讀我們發(fā)現(xiàn)陰影處信息可對應(yīng)選項145.

　　第八自然段：There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers.Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships.

　　本段重點介紹了關(guān)于提升推進力的幾種設(shè)計，通過對本段的精讀可對應(yīng)選項2和7.選項2和7對應(yīng)原文中如陰影所示的句子，此題要求學生在做題時有快速檢索信息的能力。

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