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全國英語等級考試pets-5閱讀歷年真題
我們讀書時，是別人在代替我們思想，我們只不過重復(fù)他的思想活動的過程而已，猶如兒童啟蒙習(xí)字時，用筆按照教師以鉛筆所寫的筆畫依樣畫葫蘆一般。我們的思想活動在讀書時被免除了一大部分。以下是小編為大家搜索整理的全國英語等級考試pets-5閱讀歷年真題，希望能給大家?guī)韼椭?更多精彩內(nèi)容請及時關(guān)注我們應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)!
全國英語等級考試pets-5閱讀歷年真題 1
Part C
Answer Questions 71 to 80 by referring to the 3 articles on juvenile delinquency. Answer each question by choosing A, B or C and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. Some choices may be required more than once.
In which article(s) does (do) the author(s)
provide the fact that countries vary in their concept of adulthood? 71.________
mention that when dewing with juvenile delinquents，both the young offenders and society should be protected? 72._______ 73._______
present the view that youngsters in the developed countries face the same situation as their counterparts do in the developing countries? 74._______
explore the root of juvenile delinquency? 75._______
suggest that some youngsters are taken as offenders for crimes they have never committed? 76._______
advocate that children below a certain age should not be penalized for minor offences? 77._______
say that the juvenile justice system should aim at helping young people rather than simply punishing them? 78._______ 79.______
tell the reader that attempts have been made to prevent delinquents from becoming hardened criminals? 80.________
A
Impoverished young people experience societys linkage between poverty and crime from an early age. Many of them become involved with the police and the justice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable, or because they "look" dangerous--not because they have broken any law.
People dont have to probe very far into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stations and courtrooms to find a common denominator: poverty. In developing countries, poverty often forces children out of the house when they are as young as 10, sometimes even younger. They may never have had the opportunity to go to school, or may have attended irregularly or been"pushed" out, their performance hindered by hunger or distance from the school. Civil unrest may have forced them to flee their rural home for the city, where they arrived without papers and be- came separated from family members or friends.
At any rate, these young people are probably living on the street, where destitution may lead them to steal from a shop, pick someones pocket or barter the only thing they own--their bodies-- for survival.
In the industrialized countries, many young people are surrounded by wealth but live in depri- vation, taunted by the unattainable riches of a consumer society. Growing up in neighborhoods where every corner has its drug dealer, and lacking the role model of grown-ups who go to legiti- mate jobs every morning, some find it impossible to resist the temptation of the drug trades easy money. Eventually the police catch up with them. That is often the start of a life in which they know their probation officers better than their teachers.
B
All countries have an age at which people become adults in the legal sense of the word--they can vote, sign legal contracts, marry. But the Convention on the Rights of the Child calls for coun- tries to establish a minimum age below which young people "shall be presumed not to have the ca- pacity to infringe the penal law"--in other words, an age below which they are too young to be re- sponsible for their actions and therefore too young to face criminal sanctions.
But this age varies widely, and in many cases it is far too young : The age of criminal respon- sibility is 7 years in, for example, India, Ireland, Jordan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Su- dan, Switzerland, Tanzania and Thailand. Under common law, the age is also 7 in most US states. A child barely old enough to go to school cannot possibly have the maturity to understand the consequences of his or her behaviour.
Given that such young children can be subject to the penal code, it is all the more important that each country establish a humane and constructive juvenile justice system. Such a system is de- signed to deal with young offenders until they reach the age of adulthood. In an ideal world it
serves as a safety net, catching children who commit petty offences and, instead of locking them away, helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions. The system should be based on knowledge of child development. At the same time, the juvenile justice system must protect society from potentially dangerous criminals.
In many countries, a few brutal, highly publicized crimes by young people have led to public demands to lower the age at which children are held criminally responsible. Government leaders must resist the temptation to reduce the juvenile justice system to a structure for retribution designed for the rare hardened child criminal. Glib slogans like "Adult time for adult crime" betray the very people that society has failed and encourage "warehousing" of juveniles--in prisons that in reality serve as training grounds for criminals.
C
There is no question that preventing crime is preferable to punishing it. Never is that more true than in the case of juvenile delinquency, so often a cry for help from a troubled youngster.
The UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, known as the "Riyadh Guide- lines", recognize the importance of preventing young people from being stigmatized by the justice system. The Guidelines call for the development of measures that "avoid criminalizing and penali- zing a child for behaviour that does not cause serious damage to the development of the child or harm to others. " This statement sends a profound message: Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a matter of protecting society--its aim is to help children overcome their misdeeds and fulfill their potential. It is also less costly and more efficient for society to prevent young peo- ple from starting on criminal careers than to pay for the outcome of criminal behaviour.
Many programmers have been established to help young people. In the Canadian province of Ontario, a Reasoning and Rehabilitation Project run by probation officers helps juveniles to modify impulsive behaviour and learn alternative responses to interpersonal problems. Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the participants. In the Netherlands, Project HALT requires vandals to person- ally compensate their victims but in such a way that avoids stigmatizing them with the label of"criminal "..
參考答案
A
貧窮的年輕人從小就體會到了社會上貧窮和犯罪的聯(lián)系。他們中的許多人與警察和司法系統(tǒng)扯上關(guān)系，僅僅因為他們看起來貧窮或不受社會他們的潛能。比起犯罪行為造成的影響，對社會來說，防止年輕人犯罪成本更低，也更有效。
政府已經(jīng)為幫助年輕人建立了許多程序機(jī)制。在加拿大的安大略省，一位緩刑執(zhí)行官在推行一個推理及康復(fù)項目，旨在幫助青少年約束沖動行為，幫助他們學(xué)習(xí)人際交往過程中出現(xiàn)問題后的反應(yīng)。參與者中，累犯率大幅度下降。在荷蘭，“暫停”項目要求破壞者親自補(bǔ)償他們的受害者，但是用這種方式，避免了他們因為“罪犯”這個標(biāo)記而被污蔑。答案及解析
71.B【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到每個國家定義的`成年的概念是不一樣的?”。根據(jù)B篇第二段“But this age varies wide—ly，and in many cases it is far too young：The age of criminal re—sponsibility is 7 years in，for example，India，Ireland，Jordan，Ni—geria，Pakistan，South Africa，Sudan，Switzerland，Tanzania andThailand.Under common law.the age is also 7 in most US states…”可知，每個國家法定成年年齡是不一樣的，也就是說各個國家對成年這個概念的定義也是不同的，故選B。
72.B【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到在處理青少年犯罪時，罪犯和社會都應(yīng)該受到保護(hù)?”。根據(jù)B篇第三段最后兩句“The system should be based on knowledge of child development.Atthe same time，the juvenile justice system must protect society frompotentially dangerous criminals.”可知，B篇中提到了個人和社會都應(yīng)被保護(hù)不受潛在危險的罪犯的影響，故選B。
73.C【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到在處理青少年犯罪時，罪犯和社會都應(yīng)該受到保護(hù)?”。根據(jù)C篇第二段第三句“…Preventing juvenile definquency or crime is not just a matter of pro—tecting society--its aim is to help children overcome their misdeedsand fulfill their potential.”可知，這篇也有提及“both the young of-fenders and society should be protected”，故選C。
74.A【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到在發(fā)達(dá)國家的青少年和在發(fā)展中國家的青少年面臨著相同的問題?”。A篇第二段第二句“In developing countries，poverty often forces children OUt ofthe house when they ale as young as l0，sometimes even younger.’’和第四段第一句“In the industrialized countries，many young peo—pie are surrounded by wealth but live in deprivation，taunted by theunattainable riches of a consumer society.”前后呼應(yīng)，說明不管是在工業(yè)化國家還是在發(fā)展中國家，現(xiàn)象都是存在的，故選A。
75.A【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者追溯了青少年犯罪的根源?”。根據(jù)A篇第二段第一句“People don’t have to probe veryfar into the backgrounds of children who wind up in police stationsand courtrooms to find a common denominator：poverty.”可知，歸根結(jié)底，貧窮是犯罪的源頭，故選A。
76.A【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中作者提到了‘將沒有犯罪的青少年作為罪犯’�！庇葾篇第一段第二句“Many of them becomeinvolved wit}l the police and the iustice system simply because they appear poor or socially undesirable，or because they‘look’danger—ous—not because they have broken any law.”可知，一些青少年被當(dāng)做罪犯，僅僅因為他們貧窮，看起來危險，而并不是他們犯法，故選A。
77.B【精析】題目問的是“哪篇文章中提倡在某一年齡之下的犯了法的孩子不應(yīng)該接受法律的制裁?”。根據(jù)B篇第一段第二句“But theConvention on the Rights of the Child calls for countries to establisha minimum age below which young people‘shall be presumed not tohave the capacity to infringe the penal law’--in other words.an agebelow which they are too young to be responsible for their actionsand therefore too young to face criminal sanctions.”可知，這一建議是《兒童權(quán)利公約》提出來的，故選B。
78.B【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中提到建立青少年司法體系是為了幫助那些年輕人而不是單單的懲罰他們?”。在B篇第三段第三句中，“In an ideal world it serves as a safety net，catching chil—dren who commit petty offences and，instead of locking them away，helping them learn a sense of responsibility for their actions.”，青少年司法體系只是作為一個安全網(wǎng)，不是把那些犯罪的孩子給抓起來，而是幫助他們從其行為中學(xué)到責(zé)任感，故選B。
79.C【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中提到建立青少年司法體系是為了幫助那些年輕人而不是單單的懲罰他們?”。在C篇第二段第三句中，“Preventing juvenile delinquency or crime is not just a mat—ter of protecting society--its aim is to help children overcome theirmisdeeds and fulfiU their potential.”，青少年司法體系是為了幫助孩子戰(zhàn)勝那些錯誤的行為，使他們的潛能得以實現(xiàn)，故選C：
80.C【精析】題目問的是“在哪篇文章中告訴作者有關(guān)部門為了阻止青少年犯罪演變成更加嚴(yán)重的犯罪已經(jīng)做出了嘗試�！备鶕�(jù)C篇第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Recidivism has fallen dramatically among the par—ticipants.”，可知，經(jīng)過努力，犯罪率降低了，避免了更深程度的犯罪，故選C。
全國英語等級考試pets-5閱讀歷年真題 2
Technology has been an encouragement of historical change. It acted as such a force in Eng- land beginning in the eighteenth century, and across the entire Western World in the nineteenth. Rapid advances were made in the use of scientific findings in the manufacture (制造 ) of goods, which has changed ideas about work. One of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufac- ture products in less time..
People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for a product: each nail was exactly like every other nail, meaning that each nail could be changed for every other nail. This means that goods could be mass produced, though mass production required breaking production down into smaller and smaller tasks.
Once this was done, workers no longer started on the product and labored to complete it. In- stead, they might work only one thousandth of it, other workers completing their own parts in cer- tain order. There is nothing strange about this manufacturing work by today s standards. Highly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques, as mass production al- lowed goods of high standard to be produced in greater number than could ever be done by hand. But the skilled worker wasn t the only loser, the common workers lost too. Similar changes forced farmers away. The increased mechanization(機(jī)械化) of agriculture freed masses of workers from ploughing the land and harvesting its crops. They had little choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers. Increasingly, standards were set by machines. Workers no longer owned their own tools, their skill was no longer valued, and pride in their work was no longer pos- sible. Workers fed, looked after and repaired the machines that could work faster than humans at greatly reduced cost.
26. In this passage, which of the following is NOT considered as a change caused by the use of scientific findings in the production of goods?
A. Other forms of energy have taken the place of human power.
B. The increased exploitation of workers in the 19th century.
C. The increased use of machines to make products in less time.
D. The use of machines producing parts of the same standard.
27. The underlined word "this" in the fLrSt paragraph refers to
A. the use of scientific findings
B. the practice of producing the same parts for a product
C. the human power being replaced by other forms of energy
D. the technology becoming the encouragement of historical change
28. The underlined word "this" in the second paragraph refers to the change that
A. each nail could be taken the place of by every other nail
B. each nail was exactly like every other nail
C. producing tasks became smaller and smaller
D. goods could be mass produced
29. According to the writer, highly skilled workers
A. completely disappeared with the coming of the factory system
B. were dismissed by the boss
C. were unable to produce goods of high standard
D. were unable to produce fine goods at that same speed as machines
30. According to the passage, what did the farmers have to do with the coming of mechanization of agriculture?
A. Many of them had to leave their farmland for industrial centers.
B. They stuck to their farm work.
C. They refused to use machines.
D. They did their best to learn how to use the machines.
參考譯文
技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為歷史性改變的一種激勵。在十八世紀(jì)初的英國和十九世紀(jì)的整個西方世界，技術(shù)就具有這樣的一種力量。在商品制造領(lǐng)域，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)物的使用使得商品制造領(lǐng)域取得了快速改進(jìn)，這改變了人
們對工作的看法。最初的一種改變就是人力被其他形式的能量所代替。隨之而來的是機(jī)器的加大使用，以便在更少的時間里生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。
人們也開發(fā)了可以用來生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品相同零件的機(jī)器：每個釘子都造得跟其他任何釘子完全相同，也就是每個釘子都可以跟其他釘子互換。這就意味著商品可以大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，雖然大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)要求把生產(chǎn)分成一個一個更小的部分。
一旦它實現(xiàn)，工人們再也不用著手處理產(chǎn)品以及花力氣完成產(chǎn)品。取而代之的是，他們也許只工作過去工作量的千分之一，另外的工人按一定工序完成各自的部分就可以了。按照今天的.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這種生產(chǎn)工作沒什么令人奇怪的。技術(shù)高超的工人無法跟這種新的生產(chǎn)技藝相媲關(guān)。因為大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)使高規(guī)格的商品的大批量生產(chǎn)成為現(xiàn)實，而手工制作相形見絀。然而，技術(shù)好的個人并非唯一的受損失者，普通工人也如此。相似的改變讓農(nóng)民地位不保。不斷增加的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化把大批農(nóng)民從耕地和農(nóng)作物收獲中解放出來。除了涌入快速發(fā)展的工業(yè)中心，他們別無選擇。規(guī)則日益被機(jī)器制定。工人不再擁有自己的工具。他們的技術(shù)不再有價值，從而工作中的自豪感不再存在。工人供養(yǎng)、照顧和維修那些遠(yuǎn)比人類更有工作效率的機(jī)器，這大大減少了花費(fèi)。
答案及解析
26.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。原文中并未說l9世紀(jì)開始對工人剝削的增加。其余三項均在第一段中間出現(xiàn)。所以此題選擇B。
27.c【解析】理解題。單詞this指上文“0ther forms of energy have taken the place of human power.”(其他形式的能源已經(jīng)代替了人類的勞動力)的內(nèi)容。所以此題選擇c。
28.D【解析】理解題。在條件句中，this指下文“goods could be mass produced”(貨物大批生產(chǎn))。所以此題選擇D
29.D【解析】判斷推理題�？蓮牡谌蔚谒木洹癏ighly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques.”(技術(shù)高超的工人也無法和新的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相比)可知答案。所以此題選擇D。
30.A【解析】判斷推理題�？筛鶕�(jù)第三段中的“Similar changes forcedfarmers away.”(類似的改變趕走了農(nóng)民)及“They had littlechoice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial cen-ters.”(除了慢慢向工業(yè)中心轉(zhuǎn)移，他們沒有其他選擇)。所以此題選擇A。
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