中考英語：閱讀理解和作文提分要領

　　中考復習到最后，考生大都處于“聽力趨于穩定，背單詞、記語法難有突破”的狀態，要拉分就必須在閱讀理解和作文上做文章。下面講講閱讀理解和作文的拉分要領。

　　1.首字母填空 熟記單詞是王道，分析語法很重要

　　近幾年中考英語“首字母填空”出現的單詞全部在考綱范圍內，所以單詞要“滾瓜爛熟”。另外，七個填空單詞的詞性很少重復，“山窮水盡疑無路”時如果能結合語法分析，或許會靈光乍現，“柳暗花明又一村”。

　　2.回答問題 找到答案別得意，細節到位才稀奇

　　很多學生自認“回答問題”部分做得不錯，可得分卻不高。原因往往在于細節上失分，比如人稱時態變化、語法使用上的忽略。因此，一定要周密思考、謹慎落筆。

　　3.作文 主旨立意有新意，好詞佳句需累積

　　中考英語作文，8分內容、8分結構、4分文采。前兩項得高分才可能攬進文采分。英語寫作要打開思路，如果一提到“難忘的事”就是爬長城時在爸爸的鼓勵下到達終點;一提到“難忘的人”就是我愛媽媽、媽媽愛我的“陳詞濫調”，難得高分。可收集好詞好句、名人名言，或與時俱進的話題，如感恩、環保、志愿者。寫作時夾敘夾議、擺數據講道理，成為讓中考閱卷老師眼前一亮的點睛之筆。

　　中考英語閱讀理解技巧：

　　1. 講究閱讀方法

　　(1)依據主題句定短文的中心：任意一篇文章通常是圍繞一個中心展開并且由段落組成的;段落之間有著內在的緊密聯系，而表達段落主題的句子叫主題句，通常置于段落的開頭，有時在段落末尾和中間;其它的句子是用來說明和闡述主題句的;若把一個個主題句加以整理，你能悟出其中心思想，同時還可以回避、排除個別生詞、難句(等困難信號)所帶來的干擾，但也有一些文章的中心思想常貫穿在全文中，因而要綜觀全文，對全文有一個透徹的理解才行。

　　如：

　　My friend Matt and I arrived at the Activity Centre on Friday evening. The accommodation wasn’t wonderful, but we had everything we needed (beds, blankets, food )， and we were pleased to be out of the city and in the fresh air。

　　On Saturday morning we met the other ten members of our group. Cameron had come along with two friends, Kevin and Simon, while sisters Carole and Lynn had come with Amanda. There were some other members I didn’t know. We had come from different places and none of us knew the area。

　　We knew we were going to spend the weekend outdoors, but none of us was sure exactly how. Half of us spent the morning caving while the others went rock-climbing and then we changed at lunchtime. Matt and I went to the caves (巖洞) first. Climbing out was harder than going in, but after a good deal of pushing, we were out at last. Though we were covered with mud, we were pleased and excited by what we’d done。

　　This passage mainly talks about ______________。

　　A. the writer’s friends at the Activity Center

　　B. the writer’s experience at the Activity Center

　　C. outdoor sports at the Activity Center

　　D. how to go rock-climbing and caving

　　[參考答案B] 上述這段短文的中心是說明“the writer’s experience at the Activity Center。”。作者以及作者的朋友，還有組上的其他一些成員一起在活動中心度周末的一些活動以及感受。

　　(2) 掌握具體事實和重要細節：閱讀文章時，要求學生養成辨認和記憶具體事實、重要細節的習慣。因為具體事實、重要細節是主題句的擴展、補充、說明或例證，是用來支持和說明中心思想的，而且是閱讀理解測試的重要組成部分。

　　如：If someone asks me: “Do you like music?” I’m sure I will answer him or her: “Of course, I do。” because I think music is an important part of our lives。

　　Different people have different ideas about music. For me, I like rock music because it’s so exciting. And my favorite rock band, the “Foxy Ladies” (酷妹) is one of the most famous rock bands in the world. I also like pop music. My classmate LiLan loves dance music, because she enjoys dancing. My best friend, Jane, likes jazz music (爵士樂). She thinks jazz is really cool。

　　“I like dance music and rock very much。” says my brother, “because they are amazing。”

　　But my mother thinks rock is boring. “I like some relaxing (輕松的) music,” she says. That’s why she likes country music, I think。

　　①The writer likes music because he thinks ____________。

　　A. it’s an exciting part of our lives

　　B. it’s an amazing part of our lives

　　C. it’s an important part of our lives

　　②What kind of music does the writer like?

　　A. Rock and pop music. B. Rock and dance music. C. Jazz and country music。

　　③Who likes dancing?

　　A. The writer. B. Li Lan. C. Jane。

　　④The writer’s mother thinks that country music is __________。

　　A. amazing B. boring C. relaxing

　　⑤ How many people’s ideas about music are talked about in this passage (短文)?

　　A. 4. B. 5. C. 6.

　　這是幾道重要事實和細節的辨認題，全是圍繞短文的主題句“Different people have different ideas about music”來展開說明的，起補充舉例作用。答案分別為 ① C ② A ③ B ④ C ⑤ B。

　　(3) 運用構詞法、語境線索等幫助來推測關鍵詞義：在閱讀文章的過程中，常常會遇到一些生詞，如果不懂得這些詞義就會妨礙理解，但大部分生詞的詞義是可以根據上下文，結合構詞法、借助文章中的語境線索幫助在理解基礎上猜測其詞義，這有助于加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀理解能力。如：

　　Water is all around us. Water is in the ocean. Water is in the lakes and rivers. Water is in the air. There is more water than land on the earth. All living things must have it. We must have it, too. We cannot live without drinking water. Sometimes, we do not have all the water that we need. The land will dry up without water. Sometimes, there can be too much water in the land. If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hill. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills. It is called erosion when the water takes the land away。

　　“Erosion” in the passage means ____________。

　　A. 地震 B. 雪崩 C. 侵蝕 D. 霜凍

　　根據前面的語句If it rains very, very hard, the rain water will run down the hills. It takes some of the land with it when it runs down the hills。解釋可以推知erosion是一種自然地理現象，即“侵蝕”，答案為C。

　　2. 訓練閱讀速度

　　在閱讀中，我們或多或少會碰到一些生詞和不熟悉的短語，這些生詞和短語會妨礙我們對文章中心的理解，但我們總是查閱詞典也會影響閱讀的速度。為了不查詞典又能破解生詞詞義，并理解好文章的中心，要求考生根據構詞法判斷詞義。如：This material is unreadable。中 unreadable是生詞。學生可以根據詞根 read ，知道 un和 able分別為前綴和后綴，那么 unreadable的意義就不難猜測了;還可以培養學生根據生詞與上下文的關系來猜測其意義。生詞所在的句子、段落會提供很多的暗示和線索，依據這些暗示和線索就可以理解生詞的詞義了。如：同義詞反義詞線索;解釋性線索;例證性線索;標點符號線索等。如：

　　A. The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year。

　　定語從句中的 looks after sheep 就解釋了 herdsman的詞義為“牧人”。

　　B. Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends。句首的 like(像)這個語境線索說明：句中的gregarious與 likes to make friends意義相近。

　　通過這些方式可以幫助學生加快閱讀速度，進一步提高閱讀正確率。

　　3. 改進閱讀方式

　　(1)預測：培養學生依據文章標題(副標題)、插圖以及相關的背景知識和社會生活經驗，對文章的大致內容預測以及可能涉及到的詞匯，然后閱讀文章的第一段，并對自己的預測進行驗證、糾正，同時抓住主題句、關鍵詞，從而更好地從整體上去理解和把握文章的中心。

　　(2)略讀：指導學生快速瀏覽全文，領會文章大意，辨析文體，掌握篇章結構，進而抓住文章的中心。

　　(3)查讀：指導學生在瀏覽全文的基礎上進行查讀，以回答個別事實細節性的問題。有些細節性的問題不能直接在短文中找到答案，必須進行必要的綜合、歸納、轉換才能獲得，也就是要在直接可獲得的事實和細節的基礎上經過綜合、歸納、轉換間接地獲得所需要的事實和細節。它通常涉及數據、時間、人稱、代詞的指代、動作的行為的關聯、動作行為者與承受者、地點和空間、表態方式、因果、條件、內涵與外延等。如：

　　One day Mrs Wison went shopping with Tracy and Ben. They went to the supermarket in the new shopping center。

　　“Why do you buy things here?” Tracy wanted to know. “Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home,” Mrs. Wilson said. “Help me check the prices, please。”

　　The Wilsons were not rich and Mrs. Wilson was always careful with her money. She looked carefully at the prices of things. She bought lots of things in the supermarket. When they got home, the children said, “We don’t think you saved money by going to the supermarket。” “Of course I did,” Mrs. Wilson said “Everything was cheaper there。”

　　“We know,” the children said, “but we came home by taxi because we had too much to carry. The taxi fare was more than the money that you saved !”

　　Mrs Wilson added everything up. Her children were right。

　　“Well done,” she said. “Next time we’ll do the shopping nearby。”

　　①The things at the corner store were ____ than those in the supermarket。

　　A. cheaper B. nicer C. more expensive D. Better

　　② Mrs. Wilson _________ in the end。

　　A. spent more money B. paid less money

　　C. lost some money D. saved a little money

　　這兩個問題都是細節性問題，但又不能直接從文章中得出答案，要經過分析和計算間接地獲得事實細節。①選C。由 Mrs. Wilson 的話“Because they are cheaper here than at the corner store near our home. ”分析可知the things at the corner store were more expensive.②選A。 Mrs. Wilson 在超級市場買的東西是便宜的，但返回時由于東西多結果打的士回家將打的士的費用攤進去就高于節省的費用了，因此可以知道：Mrs. Wilson spent more money in the end。

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