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2015年6月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試真題預(yù)測(cè)：閱讀理解（三）
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions (工會(huì))such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries' economic blood supply.
This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States.
For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade (行業(yè)) and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.
Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies,unions can fight for their members' disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" (工廠工人代表) in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or work level.
56. Why is the trade union power crucial in Britain?
A. Because the economy is very interdependent.
B. Because the unions have been established a long time.
C. Because there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.
D. Because there are many essential services offered by the unions.
57. Because of their out-of-date organization, some unions find it difficult to __________.
A. bargain for high enough wages
B. get new members to join
C. learn new technologies
D. change as industries change
58. Disagreements arise between unions because some of them__________.
A. try to win over members of other unions
B. ignore agreements
C. protect their own members at the expense of others
D. take over other unions' jobs
59. Why does the author compare the trade unions with managers in companies?
A. They are both influential in company affairs.
B. They both face problems of internal communication.
C. They both work with a system of "shop stewards".
D. They both work efficiently.
60. The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be __________.
A. British Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks
B. A Centralized and Concentrated Society
C. The Power of Trade Unions in Britain
D. The Structure of British Trade Unions
參考譯文：
一個(gè)工業(yè)社會(huì)對(duì)某些基本服務(wù)(比如電力供應(yīng)、水、鐵路和公路運(yùn)輸以及港口)有著很強(qiáng)的依賴性，特別是在英國(guó)這樣集權(quán)而集中的國(guó)家更是如此。而今，依賴的領(lǐng)域已擴(kuò)大到垃圾清運(yùn)、醫(yī)院和救護(hù)車(chē)服務(wù)，而且，隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，中央計(jì)算機(jī)和信息服務(wù)也包含其中。一旦這些服務(wù)中的任何一項(xiàng)停止運(yùn)作，整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系就會(huì)處于危險(xiǎn)之中、
[56]正是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系內(nèi)各種經(jīng)濟(jì)因素相互依賴，才使得工會(huì)權(quán)力成為如此重要的問(wèn)題。單是工會(huì)就能切斷許多國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈。相比其他國(guó)家，這種情況在英國(guó)更有可能發(fā)生，一部分原因是，英國(guó)的工人力量具有高度組織化的特征。在英國(guó)，約有55%的工人是工會(huì)的成員，而在美國(guó)，這一比例還不到25%。由于一些歷史原因，英國(guó)的工會(huì)趨向于沿著行業(yè)和職業(yè)的方向發(fā)展，而不是各行業(yè)獨(dú)立發(fā)展。這種情況導(dǎo)致薪金政策、行業(yè)民主以及薪金水平規(guī)定流程的改進(jìn)很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。
[57]工會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)面臨許多限制和壓力，其中一些源于工會(huì)本身落后而低效的結(jié)構(gòu)。由于產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整，一些工會(huì)已經(jīng)失去了很多成員。另外一些工會(huì)則面臨一系列爭(zhēng)論：新的行業(yè)中究竟由誰(shuí)來(lái)代表工人?技術(shù)性行業(yè)的工會(huì)跟一般意義上的工會(huì)是分離的，這意味著，某些工作薪金水平的不同通常會(huì)在各工會(huì)之間引發(fā)摩擦，[58]傳統(tǒng)的行業(yè)正逐漸被先進(jìn)的技術(shù)所替代，在這些行業(yè)里，工會(huì)會(huì)為其成員渺無(wú)前景的工作努力抗?fàn)帲蛊渌?huì)成員的工作也受到威脅或者破壞。美國(guó)和英國(guó)的報(bào)紙印刷經(jīng)常會(huì)中斷，因?yàn)橛∷⒐ひS護(hù)本行業(yè)的傳統(tǒng)地位和高額薪酬。
[59]和公司中的經(jīng)理們一樣，工會(huì)內(nèi)部也同樣面臨著交流問(wèn)題。在那些大型工會(huì)或者聚集了不同行業(yè)工人的工會(huì)里，這些問(wèn)題成倍增加。有些工會(huì)需要定期選舉并更換主席;另一些工會(huì)則采取選舉或指定一名終身主席一在很多工會(huì)里，干部必須在“工廠工人代表”的體制下工作。工廠工人代表由其他工人在整個(gè)工廠或者車(chē)間內(nèi)選舉產(chǎn)生，來(lái)代表其他工人的利益。
參考答案：
56.A
定位：根據(jù)題干信息thetrade union power和crucial可將答案定位到第二段第一句。
解析：該句提到：“正是由于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系內(nèi)各種經(jīng)濟(jì)因素相互依賴(this economic interdependency of the economic system)，才使得工會(huì)權(quán)力成為如此重要的問(wèn)題。”選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
57.D
定位：根據(jù)題干信息out-of-date organization可將答案定位到第三段第一句。
解析：第三段開(kāi)頭處提到：“工會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)面臨許多限制和壓力，其中一些源于工會(huì)本身落后而低效的結(jié)構(gòu)。由于產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整，一些工會(huì)已經(jīng)失去了很多成員。另外一些工會(huì)則面臨一系列爭(zhēng)論：新的行業(yè)中究竟由誰(shuí)來(lái)代表工人?”可見(jiàn)由于其落后的結(jié)構(gòu)，工會(huì)適應(yīng)不了產(chǎn)業(yè)的變化和調(diào)整。故D為正確答案。
58.C
定位：根據(jù)題干信息disagreements arise between unions可將答案定位到第三段第四句。
解析：該句提到：“技術(shù)性行業(yè)的工會(huì)跟一般意義上的工會(huì)是分離的，這意味著，某些工作薪金水平的不同通常會(huì)在各工會(huì)之間引發(fā)摩擦。”可見(jiàn)differentlevels ofwagesfor certainjobs是引發(fā)矛盾的一大原因，但在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中找不到意思相近的表述。我們繼續(xù)向下尋讀即可發(fā)現(xiàn)下一句中提到：“傳統(tǒng)的行業(yè)正逐漸被先進(jìn)的技術(shù)所替代，在這些行業(yè)里，工會(huì)會(huì)為其成員渺無(wú)前景的工作努力抗?fàn)帲蛊渌?huì)成員的工作也受到威脅或者破壞。”也就是說(shuō)，一些工會(huì)會(huì)為了保護(hù)自己成員的利益而犧牲其他工會(huì)成員的利益。故選項(xiàng)C為正確答案。
59.B
定位：根據(jù)題干信息managersin companies可將答案定位到最后一段第一句。
解析：該句提到：“和公司中的經(jīng)理們一樣，工會(huì)內(nèi)部也同樣面，臨著交流問(wèn)題二在那些大型工會(huì)或者聚集了不同行業(yè)工人的工會(huì)里，這些問(wèn)題成倍增加。”可見(jiàn)，工會(huì)和經(jīng)理們的共同點(diǎn)就是在其內(nèi)部存在著溝通不暢的問(wèn)題，故選B。
60.A
定位：根據(jù)題干信息詞tire可知解答本題需通現(xiàn)全文。
解析：本題問(wèn)選項(xiàng)中最適合做文章題目的是哪一項(xiàng)，考查的是全文的主旨。從全文的內(nèi)容看，文章主要闡述了英國(guó)工會(huì)的狀況及其存在的問(wèn)題。故應(yīng)選A。最具迷惑性的是D項(xiàng)The Structure ofBritishTrade Unions，但其只提到英國(guó)工會(huì)的結(jié)構(gòu)，而沒(méi)有概括其存在的問(wèn)題，故不夠全面。
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