人稱代詞主格與賓格的選擇方法
英語中的人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns)有主格、賓格和所有格之 分,如:
I, me, my ; he, him, his ; they, them,their等。
顧名思義,主格(The nominative case)用作主語,賓格(The objective case)用作賓語,所有格(The possessive case)則表示所有之物。
在實際運用中,主格和賓格代詞有時會混淆。下面是常見的問題:
⒈在復合結構里,人稱代詞的主格和賓格在單獨使用時,沒有問題,如很少人會犯下這樣的錯誤:
(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在復合結構中,錯誤就難免了,如:
(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
(4)He and her knew what had happened.
(5)This is between you and he.
這種錯誤是可避免的。第一,在有介詞的復合結構中,特別要注意,第二個人稱代詞,必須用賓語,如:"for you and me"和 "between Maria and him".第二,試把復合結構中的另一部分暫時用括號圍起來,那么該用的格就容易辨別了,如:
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
顯然的,(5)里的代詞是賓格的"me", (6)里的代詞是主格的`"he".
⒉在比較結構里,連接詞"as"或"than"后面,按理用主格式,但在口語中,人們常用賓格形式,學美式英語者,更是如此:
(8)a. You did as well as she.
b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he.
b. I am older than him.
(a)和(b)兩種說法,都可接受。但如果"as"和"than"后頭分句的主語和詞動都要完整出現的話,這時的人稱代詞,就必須是主格,如下:
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外,還有一點要注意,就是"as"和"than"后面雖然在語法上用主格好,用賓格也可,但是有時意思會有所不同。試比較(a)和(b):
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等于(13)a,而(12)b等于(13)B:
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
顯然,這兩句的深層意思大有差別。遇到這種情形,為了避免誤解,不妨根據要表達的意思用完整的句式表達出來。換句話說,必要的話,要用(13)這句子。
不然,把(13)a變成(14), (13)b變成(15)也可:
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.
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