SAT寫(xiě)作考試提高的技巧
赴美國(guó)留學(xué) SAT寫(xiě)作考試提高的技巧
一、邏輯分
SAT寫(xiě)作6分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里第一個(gè)項(xiàng)目是這樣說(shuō)的effectively and insightfully develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates outstanding critical thinking, using clearly appropriate examples, reasons and other evidence to support its position.從這里我們可以看到,SAT滿(mǎn)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最強(qiáng)調(diào)和重視的是眾考生的邏輯思維以及他們對(duì)特定事物的思辨性的考慮。Insight是指大家對(duì)事物深入而深刻的看法,中文可以理解成洞察力。Critical thinking則是辯證性的思考。Using clearly appropriate examples, reasons and other evidence to support its position是要大家用例子,理由或者其他證據(jù)去證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。需要注意的是在例子、理由和證據(jù)前面有一個(gè)clearly,也就是說(shuō)考官的要求是要大家清晰的表達(dá)自己的看法。這個(gè)清晰其實(shí)就是強(qiáng)調(diào)大家的一種邏輯性。例子理由要與你的觀點(diǎn)密切相關(guān)。例子理由如何支撐文章的觀點(diǎn)要非常清晰的得以體現(xiàn)。
我們來(lái)看一篇學(xué)生習(xí)作的開(kāi)頭段:In our world, truth and lie exist in a way the same as that of the black and white. It’s obviously for us to see that one of them is opposite to the other. So[e1] many people think directly[e2] that they are not same at all. But in fact, they are the same things in the whole, because both of them are little [e3] parts compared to the integration. Their function is to make the integration execute fluently and effective, which can benefit more people. So my idea is that truth or lie is just a kind of formation. [e4] What determines our choice is the result can really help people rather than tangle with the apparent formation.[e5]
學(xué)生習(xí)作的題目是Do circumstances determine whether or not people should tell the truth。我們看到上面的習(xí)作中有一些邏輯連接詞so,but,because等。明顯的,在這一段中,學(xué)生的邏輯非常混亂。看到第一個(gè)批注中的內(nèi)容:注意此處的邏輯關(guān)系。‘明顯的他們有區(qū)別,但是,一些人。。’注意是轉(zhuǎn)折應(yīng)該用however或者but等。但是,再接著看到后面一句你用的but,也就是說(shuō)前面不能用轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系了,要改用although的讓步關(guān)系。而且,后面解釋的時(shí)候已經(jīng)表達(dá)了第一段第二句的意思,所以建議刪掉第二句話(huà)。(該段落的其他問(wèn)題見(jiàn)旁邊的批注)
再來(lái)看一下學(xué)生根據(jù)修改意見(jiàn)修改后的開(kāi)頭段:In our world, truth and lie exist in a way the same as that of the black and white. So many people consider that they are not the same at all. In fact, both of them are parts of the integration. That is, they are the same things. And the reason of their existence is that it can supply more ways for people to release their emotion. As far as I am concerned, I vote that people don’t have to always tell the truth, because sometimes it can hurt people, whom maybe you would have helped. 修改后的內(nèi)容在表達(dá)上清晰了許多。
二、結(jié)構(gòu)分
滿(mǎn)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的第二個(gè)要求:is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating clear coherence and smooth progression of ideas.’’
一篇完整的SAT作文結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是這樣的:
P1 Introductory sentence. Thesis. Sentence previewing three examples.
P2 Transition + topic sentence. Support sentence. Additional support (Example 1). Closing sentence summarizing the paragraph (with the take-away point).
P3 Transition + topic sentence. Support sentence. Additional support(Example 2). Closing sentence summarizing the paragraph (with the take-away point).
P4 Transition + topic sentence. Support sentence. Additional support (Example 3). Closing sentence summarizing the paragraph (with the take-away point).
P5 Conclusion.
現(xiàn)在許多學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作的一個(gè)很大的問(wèn)題在于,開(kāi)頭段結(jié)尾段的結(jié)構(gòu)能夠得到保證,但是中間段落的Topic Sentence和 Concluding Sentence不喜歡寫(xiě)。單純的在開(kāi)頭段后舉例是不能有力的證明自己的觀點(diǎn)的。每個(gè)中間段的完整結(jié)構(gòu)必須有分支觀點(diǎn)句,支撐句和結(jié)論句。分支觀點(diǎn)句往往是例子要告訴人們的道理或者作者要通過(guò)例子表達(dá)的內(nèi)容的總括。結(jié)論句往往是對(duì)例子的分析:在這個(gè)例子中,通過(guò)什么從而使什么怎么樣。
通過(guò)上文提到的題目為例,以下是依據(jù)該題的一個(gè)完整中間段落:
If life is considered more important than honesty, lies can be justified.
A very representative example of this point is the story of Nicolaus Copernicus, the vanguard of modern astronomy. His idea that the earth rotates around the sun and human beings are just part of the nature was so radical at his time that the Roman Catholic Church accused him of serious crime of heresy. Knowing that he would die if he continued to tell his theory publicly, he told lies that he recanted his theory. And so he protected his life. His idea though he renounced in front of the church, he secretly continued his research. In this case, Nicolaus did not tell the truth. However, he followed his heart and he contributed tremendously to the scientific community. Circumstances justified his lies because life is much more valuable than anything else on earth.
黃色標(biāo)注的部分為結(jié)構(gòu)提示部分。第一個(gè)和最后一個(gè)句子是分支觀點(diǎn)句和結(jié)論句。Example所在的句子是例子的引出,in this case 舉例完后對(duì)例子的總結(jié)分析。這樣一個(gè)中間段落才稱(chēng)得上是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)完整的中間段。這也是眾多考試寫(xiě)作是應(yīng)該注意的一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題。
三、詞匯分
同樣來(lái)看評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對(duì)詞匯方面的描述:exhibits skillful use of language, using a varied, accurate and apt vocabulary.
這里,college board 要求大家展示出非常有技巧的語(yǔ)言使用,并選擇多變的精準(zhǔn)的合適的詞匯。注意到這里的要求是精準(zhǔn)和合適,并沒(méi)有要求大家去使用各種所謂的大詞。
現(xiàn)在寫(xiě)作的`一個(gè)誤區(qū)是許多學(xué)生在表達(dá)一個(gè)意思的時(shí)候喜歡選用一些音節(jié)很長(zhǎng)但是意思并不精準(zhǔn)的詞匯。這樣一來(lái)導(dǎo)致的直接后果就是詞匯的誤用。因?yàn)樗姓Z(yǔ)言在翻譯的過(guò)程中必定會(huì)造成某些含義的丟失。比如send這個(gè)詞,我們翻譯成送。那么在表示我昨天送朋友去火車(chē)站了這樣一個(gè)表達(dá)是,許多中國(guó)學(xué)生可能會(huì)選用send這個(gè)詞。但是我們需要注意到的是在韋氏字典里對(duì)send這個(gè)詞的解釋是to convey by an agent 也就是說(shuō)用send 這個(gè)詞的時(shí)候意味著自己是不用去的。這是一個(gè)因翻譯導(dǎo)致的詞匯誤用的例子。
另外,還有一些不地道的表達(dá)。例如我們?cè)诒硎咎岣呱钯|(zhì)量的時(shí)候,很多學(xué)生習(xí)慣用improve one’s living standard。首先這個(gè)表達(dá)從語(yǔ)法上來(lái)說(shuō)是沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤的,考官看不看得懂這個(gè)詞?考官是看得懂的,但是這個(gè)并不是美國(guó)人的習(xí)慣性表達(dá)。習(xí)慣的地道的表達(dá)就是improve one’s life。我們?cè)谶x用詞匯的時(shí)候一定要注意選擇合適的精準(zhǔn)的詞匯,而不要一味的偏向于使用長(zhǎng)難詞。
最后,關(guān)于詞匯的多樣性。換詞是寫(xiě)作中一個(gè)重要的技巧。當(dāng)然前提是大家能夠換用成正確的詞匯。其實(shí),換詞有兩個(gè)方法——換同義詞或近義詞以及換詞性。并不是所有的詞匯我們都知道它的同、近義詞,所以我們可以通過(guò)換詞性的方法來(lái)達(dá)到換詞的要求。例如,important的近義詞我們可以用significant,換詞性呢又可以將其換成importance,importantly等。所以在表達(dá)A is important.的時(shí)候我們還可以說(shuō)成 A is significant.或者 A is of vital importance.
四、句法分
Demonstrates meaningful variety in sentence structure. 這里的要求是讓大家寫(xiě)出結(jié)構(gòu)多變的句子。不要單調(diào)的只用主謂賓的形式。其實(shí)很多句型都可以使用。例如there be句型,形式主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭句,倒裝句,強(qiáng)調(diào)句,副詞開(kāi)頭句等等。每個(gè)句型不要使用的太多,交叉使用即可。需要注意到的是有時(shí)候一些意思可以用簡(jiǎn)單明了的方式表達(dá)出來(lái)就不要故意用一些累贅的句型去表達(dá)。注意到variety前面有個(gè)meaningful的限定。寫(xiě)作在于自然,自然的運(yùn)用各種句型。這需要考生在考前進(jìn)行大量的訓(xùn)練。孰能生巧。
五、語(yǔ)法分
Is free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics. 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中最后一項(xiàng)是關(guān)于語(yǔ)法的。在短短的25分鐘之內(nèi)大家要寫(xiě)出一篇完全沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤的文章是不可能的。所以collegeboard也允許大家存在一定的錯(cuò)誤。但是錯(cuò)誤的數(shù)量不能太多。
中國(guó)學(xué)生普遍習(xí)慣性的錯(cuò)誤主要在于:第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),an/a的使用,詞匯搭配(詞匯后面的介詞搭配或者to do/doing 搭配等),主謂一致,一個(gè)句子出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞以及用副詞連接兩個(gè)句子或用逗號(hào)連接兩個(gè)句子的情況。例如there be 句型中be動(dòng)詞已經(jīng)是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞了,如果表達(dá)成 there is an example can support my point of view就錯(cuò)了。兩種方法改正這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤:1,there is an example that can support my point of view 用定語(yǔ)從句去解決兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的問(wèn)題;2,there is an example to support / supporting my point of view 用分詞的形式作后置定語(yǔ)。其他的語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題在這里不贅述了。說(shuō)出來(lái)其實(shí)學(xué)生都懂,在寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候大家都習(xí)慣性忽略了。歸根結(jié)底是不認(rèn)真和練習(xí)少了的緣故。
六、如何訓(xùn)練及習(xí)慣培養(yǎng)
看完了評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),要將理論落實(shí)到行動(dòng)。要想將寫(xiě)作提高到一定的分?jǐn)?shù)必須進(jìn)行大量的訓(xùn)練。而且訓(xùn)練的方法也有一定的講究。首先,在下筆前,列一個(gè)提綱,內(nèi)容主要是總論點(diǎn)分論點(diǎn)的表達(dá)以及例子的大概內(nèi)容。保證邏輯上的正確性。然后,剛開(kāi)始訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候不用掐時(shí)間,而是以完整的寫(xiě)完一篇為基本要求。寫(xiě)的過(guò)程中注意各種表達(dá)和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,養(yǎng)成寫(xiě)出正確句子的習(xí)慣。同時(shí)要注意文章的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,保證結(jié)構(gòu)完整性。接下來(lái),掐時(shí)間完成文章,時(shí)間控制在24分鐘。在這個(gè)階段強(qiáng)度要求比上個(gè)階段大。每天一篇為佳。
另外需要注意的是,在所有的訓(xùn)練階段,大家必須同時(shí)注意的兩點(diǎn):一,寫(xiě)完作文后必須有一個(gè)自己檢查的過(guò)程。很多學(xué)生沒(méi)有這樣的習(xí)慣,這樣不利于學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)自身的錯(cuò)誤,而這種錯(cuò)誤往往是他們經(jīng)常犯的。二,寫(xiě)完一篇文章并經(jīng)老師給出意見(jiàn)后,一定要有一個(gè)重寫(xiě)的過(guò)程。就像上文提到的一個(gè)學(xué)生習(xí)作,第一次寫(xiě)完后邏輯錯(cuò)誤眾多,經(jīng)過(guò)修改和重寫(xiě)后進(jìn)步非常明顯。作文一來(lái)要練,二來(lái)一定要重寫(xiě)。重寫(xiě)不但可以幫助學(xué)生意識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤還可以加強(qiáng)記憶,幫助學(xué)生避免以后犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。
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